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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5445_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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by acting as a prebiotic. These bacteria digest INU to create short-chain fatty acids
(SCFAs), including butyrate, propionate, and acetate. As they give colonocytes
energy and support normal gut function, SCFAs are critical for colon health.
Additionally, INU’s fermentation by gut bacteria leads to a decrease in pH in the
colon. This acidic environment promotes the growth of benecial bacteria while
inhibiting the proliferation of harmful bacteria, contributing to a balanced gut
microbiota. This balance is crucial for digestion, immune function, and overall
health (Petrova and Petrov 2017). SCFAs, particularly butyrate, play multiple roles
in maintaining gut health. Butyrate serves as the primary energy source for colono-
cytes, supporting their growth and function.
Furthermore, butyrate helps maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier, which
prevents harmful substances from entering the bloodstream. Moreover, INU may
enhance mineral absorption in the colon, including minerals like calcium and mag-
nesium. This potential increase in mineral absorption could benet bone health.
Some studies also suggest that INU may help regulate lipid metabolism by reducing
the absorption of dietary fats and cholesterol in the intestine. This regulatory effect
could have positive implications for cardiovascular health. To sum up, INU’s mech-
anism of action revolves around its prebiotic effects, leading to fermentation by gut
bacteria and the production of SCFAs. These effects contribute to improved gut
health, enhanced mineral absorption, and potential benets for lipid metabolism and
overall health (Aravind etal. 2021).
15.3 Extraction Techniques
Most of the recent and conventional methods practiced for INU extraction include
soaking the chicory roots in hot water and then purifying the extracts using CaCO3
sludge, ion-exchange resins, and active carbon (Paseephol 2008; Igoe 2011).
However, this method is criticized because of high energy consumption and imple-
mentation of many purication steps. To overcome these challenges, scientists are
working on the new ways of extraction that would be effective, environmentally
friendly, and applicable on an industrial level. Among these techniques, some of the
widely used methods are ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted
extraction (MAE), supercritical uid extraction (SFE), enzyme-assisted extraction
(EAE), and pulsed-electric eld extraction (PEF). All these methods have their own
advantages with regard to efciency of extraction, maintenance of INU, and the
impact to environment; however, these all include the use of expensive equipment
and tuning of several parameters for determination of the best outcomes (Petkova
etal. 2018; Zhu etal. 2016; Chatzimitakos etal. 2023). Table15.1 summarizes the
advantage and challenges of nonconventional extraction techniques of INU.
15 Future Prospects inInulin Research
328
Table 15.1 Advantage and challenges regarding nonconventional extraction techniques of INU
Extraction
method
Advantages
Challenges
UAE Enhances mass transfer, lower
temperatures
Requires specialized equipment,
parameter optimization
MAE Rapid extraction, lower
temperatures
Needs specialized equipment, safety
precautions
SFE Non-toxic, environmentally
friendly
Expensive equipment, complex
optimization
EAE Higher yield, operates at lower
temperatures
Choosing and optimizing enzymes, cost
of enzymes
PEF High yields, non-thermal
technique
Expensive equipment, complex
optimization
15.4 Evolution ofINU Research
INU has received much attention because of its biological activities and its uses in
medicine, going from being a dietary ber to a possible therapeutic product (Ghali
etal. 2024). First of all, the research concerned its chemical constitution and some
more simple characteristics. In about the middle of the twentieth century, research
showed that INU contributed to the presence of good bacteria in the intestines and
enhanced digestion. It led to the further investigation of its work and any other
digestive processes that it may have a positive impact (Boeckner etal. 2001; Van
Loo and Bosscher 2008). Utilizing the prebiotic properties of INU, Bavaro etal.
developed a functional pasta enriched with 12% (w/w) INU.Both the INU-enriched
pasta and a control pasta (without INU) were subjected to invitro gastrointestinal
digestion followed by simulated gut fermentation. The study assessed organoleptic
traits, cooking quality, essential amino acid content, and total protein content. The
results showed a positive prebiotic activity score for the INU-enriched pasta, indi-
cating its effectiveness as a prebiotic source. Additionally, the INU-enriched pasta
supported the growth of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei IMPC2.1 and the production
of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This research highlights the prebiotic potential
of INU when incorporated into a complex food matrix like pasta (Bavaro et al.
2024). Moreover, an immunomodulatory activity of INU pointed towards the capa-
bility to bolster immunity and overcome inammation, and therefore, it could be of
value for patients with inammatory disorders and autoimmune illnesses. Making
use of this property, Du etal. investigated the protective effects of INU using a co-
culture intestinal epithelium model and a stress-recurrent IBD mouse model. The
study measured various markers, including pro-inammatory cytokines (CXCL8/
IL8 and TNFA), MUC2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells, serum inammatory
markers (IL-6, CALP), inammatory cytokine (Il6) in colon samples, SCFA levels
in cecal contents, and ER stress markers (CHOP, BiP). In the co-culture intestinal
epithelium model, INU digesta signicantly reduced pro-inammatory cytokine
expression (CXCL8/IL8 and TNFA) and increased MUC2 expression. In the invivo
mouse model, INU intake signicantly alleviated IBD symptoms, as evidenced by
A. K. Lunawat et al.
329
decreased serum inammatory markers (IL-6, CALP) and downregulated Il6
expression in colon samples. Additionally, INU intake increased SCFA levels in
cecal contents and reduced ER stress markers (CHOP, BiP). This study highlights
INU’s potential to enhance intestinal immunity and reduce inammation in stress-
recurrent IBD (Du etal. 2024).
The literature review also indicated that INU could positively inuence glucose
homeostasis and enhance the health of diabetic or metabolic syndrome patients and
exert appetite suppressive effect that would help in obesity and overweight control
(Signoret and Jacobs 2014). Zhang etal. examined the variation of gut microbiota
in normal rats and diabetic rats with and without INU intervention. The normal and
diabetic rat model was generated by feeding the rats with high fat diet streptozoto-
cin (HF/STZ), and INU was given through oral gavage to both normal and diabetic
rats. Fecal samples’ DNA extractions and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing were
used to analyze the gut microbiota composition. INU treatment resulted in several
benecial effects in diabetic rats: It leads to the lowering of fasting blood glucose
and an enhancement in glucose intolerance and in blood lipid level. Moreover, INU
raised serum concentration of GLP-1, lowered concentration of IL-6, and reduced
the levels of Il6in adipose tissue of epididymis and Pepck and G6pc in the liver. In
conclusion, applying INU enhances animal’s gut microbiota prole in T2D model
rats, increases serum GLP-1 level, decreases hepatic IL-6 level, and inhibits hepatic
glucose production resulting in better insulin tolerance (Zhang etal. 2018a).
Further, INU has found positive effect on lipid metabolism and thus can be con-
sidered to be used in cardiovascular treatment (Bao etal. 2020). Therefore, it was
proved that it may be used to enhance glycemic control in diabetic patients and to
treat irritable bowel syndrome which conrms its application in therapy. Despite its
signicant progress, challenges remain and hence more trials are required to enhance
the dosage and determine patients’ sensitivity to the therapy.
15.5 Milestones inINU Research
Prebiotic and gut health promoting role of INU has drawn a lot of interests globally,
and thus substantial innovations have been witnessed in the pharmaceuticals, cos-
metics, food industries, etc. In the eld of pharmaceutical science, the INU has been
used and formulated as supplements for digestive health and in synthesizing the
positive balance of gut health bacteria, commonly used for IBD and several other
disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (Akram etal. 2024). Also, it has been ascer-
tained that INU can be employed as a carrier and/or stabilizer in pharmaceutical
formulations, enhancing the pharmacokinetics and stability of numerous drugs
(Gupta etal. 2019). For instance, INU-coated nanoparticles have been synthesized
in order to enhance the delivery of anticancer drugs to the tumor site. Making the
use of this property, Licciardi etal. synthesis gold nanoparticles coated with INU
for the delivery of doxorubicin for the treatment of breast cancer. The in vitro
assessment on MCF-7 cell shows that the gold nanoparticles with INU show better
internalization and better anticancer activity (Licciardi etal. 2016). Kermanian etal.
15 Future Prospects inInulin Research
330
synthesized INU-encapsulated NPs for improving the MRI contrast agents. Various
assessments were done on the core/shell of these NPs such as structural analysis,
biocompatibility test, MRI efciency, and drug delivery prospect. The new devel-
oped nanocomposite offered good performance in MRI, analyzed by invitro relax-
ivity, which showed higher T2 relaxivity than the standard samples. Moreover,
invivo MRI results indicated that the contrast between the injured and normal liver
tissues in rats was signicantly distinguishable, and it is clear that the formulation
studied is positively effective for MRI diagnosis (Kermanian etal. 2021).
In cosmetic industry, INU is found to be a good moisturizing and skin cooling
agent which has made it to enjoy a good demand (Amara 2022). It is used in cosmet-
ics including creams, serums, and lotions for the purpose of ensuring skin moistur-
ization and retaining skin’s natural barrier (Bugaj 2015). In addition, the prebiotic
characteristic of INU enables it to be incorporated in antiaging products because it
aids in skin health by promoting a healthy skin microbial balance which acts against
signs of aging (Hutchinson 2023).
15.6 Emerging Trends inINU Research
INU and its derivatives are being increasingly explored for novel applications
beyond their traditional uses as prebiotics and food ingredients. Some emerging
applications include their use in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. Its
prebiotic properties also show promise in promoting skin health and wound healing
(Hussein 2022). Also, INU derivatives with modied chemical structures are being
studied for their potential in targeted drug delivery and as functional materials in
various industries. Innovative drug delivery systems, including hydrogels, micelles,
Fig. 15.1 Different drug delivery system for the delivery of INU
A. K. Lunawat et al.
331
liposomes, prodrugs/conjugates, INU complexes/chelates, microparticles, nanopar-
ticles, and others, offer versatile platforms for delivering INU and its derivatives
across various applications as shown in Fig.15.1. These systems enable targeted
and controlled release of INU-based formulations, enhancing their efcacy and bio-
availability. From hydrogels providing sustained release to nanoparticles offering
precise targeting, each delivery system offers unique advantages for optimizing the
delivery of INU and its derivatives in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics,
and beyond (Giri etal. 2021).
Hydrogels are networks of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb and retain large
amounts of water or biological uids. They are valuable in drug delivery systems
due to their biocompatibility, adjustable mechanical properties, and ability to release
drugs gradually (Ullah etal. 2015). Hydrogels can be engineered to respond to dif-
ferent stimuli like pH, temperature, or enzymes, making them versatile for medical
and biotechnological applications. Anjuomo etal. utilized the characteristics of
hydrogels to create 5-uorouracil-loaded INU hydrogels for regulated drug deliv-
ery. In comparison to physiological pH (7.4), these hydrogels released more 5-uo-
rouracil when exposed to acidic circumstances (pH 5). Hydrogels loaded with
5-uorouracil were effective against HCT116 colon cancer cells, whereas blank
gels did not exhibit any cytotoxicity. This suggests that the hydrogels may be used
for targeted drug delivery to the colon (Anjuomo etal. 2019). In a different work,
Najwa etal. used the ionotropic gelation process to create hydrogels with sodium
alginate and INU.For invitro evaluation, cow serum albumin served as a model
medication. In an alkaline medium (pH7.4), the alginate-INU hydrogels showed a
higher swelling index (pH1.2), suggesting pH-responsive swelling behavior that
can be exploited for targeting (Najwa and Solehah 2020).
Micelles are nanoparticles formed by self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules,
typically with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell. They are utilized in drug
delivery to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, enhancing their solubility and stability.
Micelles can passively target tumors through the enhanced permeability and reten-
tion effect, making them promising for cancer therapy. They can also be designed to
respond to external stimuli, such as pH or temperature changes, for controlled drug
release. Kesharwani etal. created INU-based micelles to transport chemotherapy
drugs, either alone or in combination, to treat breast cancer. Thin-lm hydration was
used to create these micelles, which were loaded with paclitaxel and/or doxorubi-
cin. As opposed to their soluble versions (~100–250times), the study showed that
the micelles considerably increased the efciency of both medicines in suppressing
cell viability. INU micelles, which have functional groups for active targeting and a
reported longer circulation duration invivo, provide a novel delivery method for
these drugs (Kesharwani etal. 2019). The mechanism INU-based micelles used to
transport chemotherapy drugs are represented in Fig.15.2.
In a different study, Han etal. intended to improve the efcacy of hydrophobic
anticancer drugs, which are often limited by their poor solubility, side effects, and
insufcient delivery. After doxorubicin was solubilized with OSA-INU, micellar
aggregates formed in an aqueous solution above a critical concentration, according
to the researchers. Comparing OSA-INU-doxorubicin micelles to free doxorubicin,
15 Future Prospects inInulin Research
332
Fig. 15.2 Mechanism INU-based micelles used to transport chemotherapy drugs
invitro experiments shown that the latter successfully reduced the development of
MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the micelles exhibited a faster rate of cel-
lular uptake, indicating that CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis was used to
quickly internalize them (Han etal. 2022).
Liposomal drug delivery systems involve encapsulating drugs within lipid vesi-
cles, known as liposomes, to improve their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution.
Liposomes can enhance drug solubility, prolong circulation time, and target specic
tissues or cells. These systems are particularly useful for delivering poorly soluble
drugs, reducing systemic toxicity, and improving therapeutic efcacy. Liposomal
formulations have been successfully used in cancer therapy, infectious diseases, and
various other medical applications. Their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic
and hydrophobic drugs makes them versatile vehicles for drug delivery. Xue etal.
synthesize cinnamaldehyde encapsulated within INU-modied nanoliposome to
enhance its physical and antioxidant stability. The result highlighted that the addi-
tion of INU improved the thermal stability of the liposomes and enhanced their
DPPH scavenging ability, highlighting the potential of INU as a surface modier for
liposomes to improve their stability and antioxidant properties (Xue etal. 2022).
Moreover, Shi and colleagues investigate the therapeutic potential of INU and its
liposomes for treatment of ulcerative colitis by directly acting on inammatory
A. K. Lunawat et al.
333
cells. The result highlighted INU liposomes demonstrated a stronger therapeutic
effect compared to INU alone and, surprisingly, a lower dose of INU liposome.
These ndings suggest that INU encapsulated in liposomes could be a promising
therapy for ulcerative colitis, offering a safer and more effective alternative to con-
ventional drugs (Shi etal. 2023).
Nanoparticles-based drug delivery systems use particles smaller than 1000 nano-
meters to deliver medications. In addition to targeted administration and controlled
release, these systems provide benets such as enhanced drug solubility, stability,
and bioavailability (Adepu and Ramakrishna 2021). Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
pharmaceuticals can be encapsulated in nanoparticles, which can be made of vari-
ous materials such as metals, polymers, and lipids. Their potential for use in cancer
treatment, infectious disorders, and regenerative medicine stems from their ability
to enter tissues and cells due to their small size (Mishra etal. 2013). Joseph etal.
created INU nanoparticles utilizing the ionotropic gelation process, which included
calcium chloride as a crosslinker and natural honey as a stabilizing agent. They
encapsulated irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate (IHT) to target colon-related dis-
orders. The drug-loaded formulation (IINPs) exhibited excellent colloidal and stor-
age stabilities and pH-dependent drug release suitable for colon-specic medication
administration. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis experiments against human colorectal
Table 15.2 Several key features of different INU-coated drug delivery system
Drug delivery
system
Therapeutic agent Key features
Reference
INU-coated
NPs
Paclitaxel and
curcumin
The NPs demonstrated enhanced
toxicity against the MDA-MB-231
cell line and exhibited a more
favorable toxicity prole compared to
other NPs
Vatansever
etal.
(2023)
INU NPs Irinotecan
hydrochloride
trihydrate
INU NPs were stabilized using
calcium chloride and natural honey
and utilized to target colon cancer and
deliver the drug to the cancer site
Joseph
etal.
(2024)
INU-hyaluronic
acid dual coated
NPs
Paclitaxel Oral delivery of paclitaxel utilizing
dual-coated NPs with INU-hyaluronic
acid for targeting colon cancer
Hou etal.
(2022)
INU-micelles Rifampicin INU-micelles loaded with rifampicin
showed activity against
mycobacterium smegmatis
Tripodo
etal.
(2019)
INU-lipid
microcapsules
Lurasidone The development of multifunctional
microcapsules demonstrates that the
pharmacokinetics can be optimized
by strategically encapsulating drug
within formulations that target the gut
microbiota for effective modulation
of the gut-brain axis
Meola etal.
(2024)
Ibuprofen
modied INU
NPs
Methylprednisolone The prepared NPs of INU were
evaluated and found to be effective
for the treatment of spinal cord injury
Zhang etal.
(2014)
15 Future Prospects inInulin Research
334
carcinoma cells revealed that the IINPs exhibited considerably better anticancer
activity compared to free IHT, indicating that INU nanoparticles can efciently
deliver therapeutic compounds (Joseph et al. 2024). Using spray drying, Ayala-
Fuentes et al. produced quercetin nanoparticles coated with INU. With a
73.33±7.86% encapsulation effectiveness, these nanoparticles suppressed HepG2
and Caco-2 cells, suggesting that they could be used as oral carriers for volatile
compounds like quercetin (Ayala-Fuentes etal. 2022). Table15.2 describes the sev-
eral key features of different INU-coated drug delivery system.
15.7 Application ofINU
As such, INU is employed in the numerous industries, and the following outlines
some of them. Due to its ability to act as a prebiotic, emulsifying agent, and textur-
izing agent in food products, it has shown application in the food, drugs, and cos-
metics industry (Tripodo and Mandracchia 2019).
15.7.1 In Pharmaceutical Sector
15.7.1.1 Stabilizer ofProtein-Based Drug
INU acts as a stabilizer for the protein-based drugs in the following processes as it
forms a protective layer around protein molecules, which helps the functional struc-
ture of therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, growth hormones, etc. (Madani
etal. 2020). In lyophilization, INU operates as the cryoprotective agent forming the
glassy matrix around a protein molecule (Hinrichs etal. 2005). INU has the power
of improving heat stability of proteins against heat inactivation, which is benecial
in production procedures and storage, which has been illustrated in vaccine adju-
vants. Honda-Okubo etal. utilized an INU derivative to protect an inuenza vac-
cine, nding that the adjuvant increased neutralizing antibody and memory B-cell
responses to inuenza. It similarly enhanced CD4 and CD8 T-cell proliferation and
increased inuenza-stimulated IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-6, and GM-CSF responses
(Honda-Okubo etal. 2012).
15.7.1.2 Used forImproving Dissolution Rate ofSolid Dosage Form
INU can be used to enhance the dissolution rate of solid dosage forms in pharma-
ceuticals. Its hydrophilic nature makes it capture and hold water enabling the disin-
tegration and solution of the solid matrix of the drug when taken (Thakkar etal.
2016). When INU is used in solid dosage form, then the drug particles are well
dispersed rather than agglomerated and more surface area of body uids is exposed
to the drug particles to be dissolved (Baral etal. 2021). Better dispersion and wet-
ting characteristics result in faster dissolution rate especially for drugs with poor
solubility (Zhang etal. 2018b). Thus, in consequence of a higher dissolution rate
that INU incorporation leads to, the bioavailability of the API is improved, and the
substance penetrates the bloodstream more effectively and to a greater extent
A. K. Lunawat et al.
335
(Lombardo et al. 2021). This characteristic of INU is a boon when it comes to
poorly soluble drugs, thus making it a rather suitable excipient for use in solid dos-
age form preparation. Khanfar etal. enhance the dissolution of the poorly water-
soluble drug Irbesartan and regulate its release rate; INU and poly(acrylic acid)
grafted INU copolymer were employed. The dissolution of the drug improved pro-
gressively with an increase in INU content within the polymeric matrix, reaching a
peak dissolution of around 90% within the rst hour. The release rate adhered to a
zero-order transport mechanism (Fares and Khanfar 2011).
15.7.1.3 For Targeting Agent andDelivery ofTherapeutic Agent
As was stated in the earlier section, INU is used as targeting moiety and carrier for
the delivery system of the therapeutic agents because it is biocompatible and can be
chemically altered. In this context, drugs can be conjugated to INU or INU nanopar-
ticles, thus selectively reaching cancer cells particularly in colon cancer cases
(Cavallaro etal. 2021; Chadha et al. 2020). Additionally, the effectiveness of the
diagnostic and therapeutic agents is improved while side effects are minimized.
Taste masking and prolonged stability of drugs are prominent factors that make INU
as a good carrier to deliver drugs to a specic site (Okafor 2022).
15.7.1.4 As Vaccine Adjuvant
INU serves as a promising vaccine adjuvant due to its immunostimulatory proper-
ties and biocompatibility. Its ability to activate the immune system lies in its interac-
tion with immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages (Kumar etal. 2017).
INU can enhance antigen presentation, leading to increased activation of T cells and
production of cytokines crucial for initiating and sustaining immune responses
(Jangid etal. 2024). By promoting a robust immune reaction, INU can improve the
efcacy of vaccines, enhancing both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune
system (Wei etal. 2023). Additionally, INU’s role extends beyond enhancing immu-
nogenicity; it can also improve vaccine stability and storage, which is critical for
vaccine distribution and effectiveness, particularly in resource-limited settings.
Kumer etal. introduce INU acetate as a novel vaccine adjuvant designed to mimic
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate Toll-like receptor-4
(TLR-4). INU acetate effectively stimulates immune cells to release cytokines cru-
cial for immune response, demonstrating signicant potential in enhancing antigen
delivery to dendritic cells compared to conventional delivery systems like soluble
antigens or PLGA particles. This innovative approach suggests INU as a promising
candidate for developing robust platform vaccine delivery systems against cancer
and viral diseases (Kumar etal. 2016).
15.7.2 In Food Sector
INU has many applications in the food industry because of its functional and health
qualities. INU is one of the common types of soluble diet ber that is famed for its
15 Future Prospects inInulin Research
336
prebiotic effects that provide favorable condition for the growth of Bidobacteria
and Lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract.
Among the multitude of functions of INU in the process of food production, one
of the most important is the substitute for fats. A study by Alaei etal. explored the
impact of using INU as a fat replacement in chicken sausages. The ndings indi-
cated that increasing the amount of INU resulted in a decrease in hardness, cohe-
siveness, gumminess, and stringiness, while enhancing springiness and chewiness
up to a 25% INU substitution. Completely replacing the fat in the sausage formula-
tion with INU produced the optimal physicochemical, textural, colorimetric, and
sensory characteristics. Consequently, INU is recommended as a viable fat substi-
tute in chicken sausage formulations (Alaei etal. 2018).
Due to its bland taste and desire for mimicking the density of fats in a food item,
it is often incorporated in low-fat or low-calorie food products. For instance, prod-
ucts such as INU are commonly added to food and drinks such as yogurts, cheese,
cream, or ice cream to contribute creaminess without contributing to the calorie and
fat content also enhancing the probiotic characteristics. Kamel etal. explored how
different concentrations of INU (INU) affected the survivability of probiotic bacte-
ria (Bidobacterium bidum) and the sensory qualities of probiotic yogurt. The
ndings showed that INU can be utilized effectively as a prebiotic in the production
of probiotic yogurt, boosting the growth of Bidobacterium bidum and extending
the shelf life (Kamel etal. 2021).
Moreover, it is used in cakes, cookies and biscuits, and other bakery products and
in salads and sauces preparations as a stabilizer and sweetening agent. Salvador
etal. investigated the use of INU and oligofructose as fat and sugar replacers in
cakes, experimenting with different fat and sugar replacement percentages (0, 20,
30, 40, and 50%). The results showed that fat and sugar substitutes reduced better
viscosity and inuenced bubble expansion during baking, resulting in cakes with
different cell architectures and heights than control cakes. Sugar-replaced samples
had smaller cells and a lower hardness and cohesiveness. Sensory investigation
revealed that substituting up to 50% fat and 30% sugar had no signicant effect on
overall acceptability, while sponginess and sweetness could be enhanced (Rodríguez-
García etal. 2014).
Also, when it comes to the nutritional value, INU contributes to the increase of
minerals solubility especially calcium and magnesium. Coudray etal. investigate
how short- and long-term dietary Ca consumption affects INU’s effect on calcium
absorption. Sixty male Wistar rats were placed into two groups, with one given a
diet containing 10% INU.Each group was then divided into three subgroups that
received dietary Ca amounts of 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% (Coudray etal. 2005a).
The rats were fed ad libitum for 40days, and Ca and Mg absorption were assessed
on days 13 and 36. INU boosted Ca and Mg absorption at all Ca levels during both
times, but its effect on Ca absorption varied with dietary Ca levels and experiment
duration (Coudray etal. 2005b). Thus, it makes it a popular item added to fortied
foods and supplements used for bone and other health-related conditions. In its use
in nutritional products, it also acts as a weight loss compound since INU is capable
A. K. Lunawat et al.