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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5445_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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between fructose units can partially hydrolyze. Inulin exhibits gelling capabilities at
high levels (regular chicory inulin >25%, long-chain inulin >15%) and forms a gell-
ing structure following shearing. When inulin is completely dissolved in water or
any other aqueous medium using shearing equipment such as a rotor-stator mixer or
homogenizer, it forms a white creamy structure that may be easily added to foods as
a fat replacer up to 100%. The concentration of inulin, the amount of total dry mat-
ter, shearing parameters (such as temperature, time, speed, or pressure), and the type
of shearing instrument utilized all have a signicant impact on the gelling property
of inulin; pH (between pH4 and pH9) has little effect. Moreover, cryo-electron
microscopy demonstrated that these inulin gels consist of a three-dimensional struc-
ture composed of submicron inulin pieces that are typically insoluble in water
(Panchev etal. 2011).
5.5 Inulin-Based Drug Delivery Systems
Inulin has wide applications in different drug delivery systems such as hydrogels,
micelles, microparticles, nanoparticles, liposomes, prodrugs/conjugates, inulin
complexes/chelating, and solid dispersions (Fig.5.3).
5.5.1 Inulin Film Coating Agents
Due to a high degree of polymerization of inulin, when it is combined with Eudragit
RS, inulin can withstand degradation in the stomach and intestinal environment.
This makes it suitable for the development of biodegradable lms that specically
target the colon (Rajeswari etal. 2017).
Inulin DP, an oligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 11, is a hydro-
philic chemical that aids in wetting lipophilic compounds. This, in turn, improves
the solubility and dissolving properties of solid dispersion preparations when the
spray drying method is employed. The research on co-processing Curcuma longa
extract with inulin DP 11 utilizing solid dispersions showed that the solubility pro-
le was enhanced, resulting in a threefold increase in dissolution compared to the
standard preparation (Chanda and Ramachandra 2019).
The research demonstrated that inulin-coated quercetin nanoparticles were pro-
duced using the spray dryer method. These nanoparticles exhibited a higher level of
encapsulation efciency and were effective in inhibiting the growth of human colon
cancer cell line (Caco-2) and human hepatic cancer cell line (HepG2) cells.
Importantly, they did not have any negative effects on human dermal broblasts
(HDFa) cells. Therefore, these nanoparticles have the potential to be used effec-
tively in the treatment of noncommunicable chronic diseases (Ayala-Fuentes
etal. 2022).
S. Mishra et al.
97
Fig. 5.3 Different inulin-based drug delivery system
5.5.2 Biodegradable Inulin Coatings
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over two million people
worldwide experience micronutrient deciencies in minerals such as iron, calcium,
zinc, etc. These deciencies have a negative impact on neurocognitive and physical
growth, signicantly decreasing the quality of life for a huge population (Tulchinsky
2017). Food fortication helps to tackle this problem by incorporating nanoparticles
of hematite (α-Fe
2
O
3
), calcium phosphate (CaHPO
4
), and zinc oxide (ZnO) into
food additives for fortication. However, ensuring that the biocompatible coating is
applied without altering the food’s physical or sensory properties presents a chal-
lenge. Hematite serves dual purposes as a pigment and a nutrient in animal feeding.
Calcium phosphate, a crucial component in food supplements, aids in the metabo-
lism of both animals and plants. Zinc oxide assists in fortifying grains by effectively
coating nanoparticles, thereby enhancing stability and biocompatibility. The study’s
5 Inulin asaCoating Agent
98
ndings indicated that applying a layer of inulin to the nanoparticles enhances the
stability of the preparation in the solution. Consequently, this aids in the controlled
release of inorganic micronutrients by slowing down their dissolution kinetics. The
preparations underwent comprehensive characterization using several analytical
techniques including FT-IR, EDS, TGA/DTA, DLS, TEM, and XRD to assess their
structural and chemical properties. It was shown that α-Fe
2
O
3
and CaHPO
4
exhib-
ited weak binding interactions with inulin, but ZnO demonstrated strong binding
contacts with inulin. Therefore, this work has demonstrated that inulin’s biocompat-
ibility, bioactivity, and biodegradability make it an outstanding choice for coating
inorganic nanoparticles to enhance the mineral content of food (Santillán etal. 2015).
5.5.3 Multipulse Delivery
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inammatory disease condi-
tion with unknown etiology. RA is characterized by symmetrical, erosive synovitis,
which affects the joints and can also cause damage to organs such as the heart,
kidneys, lungs, digestive system, eyes, and skin (Radu and Bungau 2021; American
College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Arthritis Guidelines
2002). Aceclofenac is a potent oral anti-inammatory medication. An experiment
was conducted to investigate the efcacy of a single-unit tablet contained within a
capsule device. The system utilized a three-component design: (1) an enteric-coated
hard gelatin capsule with two pulses, (2) a rst pulse granule composed of micro-
crystalline cellulose for rapid drug release in the intestine, and (3) a second pulse
matrix tablet made of inulin for slow drug release in the colon. This enhanced for-
mulation facilitates rapid and thorough release of aceclofenac after a delay of 2h,
followed by a progressive release of the matrix tablet’s contents. This formulation is
effective in relieving late-night pain and morning stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis
(Sharma and Pathak 2013).
5.5.4 Functional Inulin Coating Materials
Chia oil contains a high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), tocopherols,
polyphenols, and carotenoids. Therefore, it can be used as a substitute to provide
these components in supplements (Bodoira etal. 2017). It possesses strong antioxi-
dant, antithrombotic, and anti-inammatory properties, making it suitable for use as
a food emulsier (Bruna etal. 2017). Furthermore, it has been discovered that it has
the capability to enhance the functionality of food products. However, it is not stable
in various environmental circumstances. This issue can be resolved by employing
microencapsulation techniques with the use of inulin. Thus, it is possible to create a
stable processed cheese with inulin microencapsulated chia oil using the technique
of ionic gelation. This formulation will have improved solubility and encapsulation
efciency, as stated in reference (Cardoso etal. 2020).
S. Mishra et al.
99
The research demonstrated that enhancing the fortication of yogurt can be
achieved by utilizing inulin-coated nanoparticles to transport inorganic iron oxide
or zinc oxide, resulting in improved solubility and bioavailability (Sun etal. 2021).
Fish protein hydrolysates are derived from the controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of
marine sources. They are utilized for their antioxidant and antihypertensive proper-
ties as a functional food. When combined with inulin and whey protein concentrate
as a wall material, they exhibit enhanced stability and desirable characteristics
(Jamshidi et al. 2018). Different functional inulin-coated products are shown in
Table5.1.
5.5.5 Inulin Enteric Coatings/Colon Targeting
The treatment options for colon disorders involve the administration of drugs either
orally or intravenously. However, the drugs are either absorbed in the stomach and
small intestine or eliminated from the body, which prevents the medications from
reaching the colon. This results in the development of a drug delivery system that
specically targets the colon (Kishan etal. 2021). Research has shown that inulin
possesses features that make it resistant to the hydrolytic activity of digestive
enzymes found in the stomach and small intestine. As a result, inulin is not digested
in the large intestine (Paulo etal. 2021). Due to the specic hydrolysis of inulin by
inulinase and the absence of any enzymes in the stomach and small intestine that
may break it down, medications encapsulated with inulin and its derivatives can be
utilized to transport drugs to the colon. In the colon, the inulin is degraded, releasing
Table 5.1 Functional inulin-coated products
Sl.
no.
Functional inulin-coated
product Enhancement
Reference
1 Probiotic yogurt Protect from stomach acid and increase
their viability in gut
Ehsani etal.
(2016)
2 Fruits and vegetables To reduce moisture loss and also to
extend shelf life
Moreira etal.
(2015)
3 Snacks Reduce fat content and improve
nutritional prole
Tomić etal.
(2023)
4 Bakery products Enhance texture, add dietary elements,
retain moisture
Caponio etal.
(2022)
5 Chocolate and
confectionery
Reduce sugar content and improve their
texture
Franck (2002)
6 Dried fruits Maintain their softness and prevent too
sticky or hard
Kowalska etal.
(2019)
7 Frozen foods Prevent freezer burns and improve
quality during storage
Ke etal. (2020)
8 Meat and seafood Reduce oxidation and extent shelf life
retaining moisture
Kurchaeva etal.
(2018)
9 Cereal products Enhance prebiotic ber content and add
their crunchiness
Ferreira etal.
(2021)
5 Inulin asaCoating Agent
100
the drug and allowing it to exert its effects on the colon tissue (Sampathkumar and
Loo 2018).
The efcacy of synbiotics, which encompass both probiotics and prebiotics, in
food products is diminished by the presence of environmental factors such as pH
and oxygen. Consequently, microencapsulation is essential to establish a physical
barrier that offers protection (Rovinaru and Pasarin 2020). Researchers found that
the use of a double-layered outer coating made of alginate and gum arabic, along
with an inner coating made of poly(,-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), effectively
blocked the release of inulin in a simulated stomach solution. Nevertheless, as the
alkaline pH environment caused the outer coat to slowly deteriorate, the inulin was
liberated, resulting in the gradual deterioration of the PLGA layer (Fayed etal.
2018; Gupta etal. 2009; Huyghebaert etal. 2005). These ndings demonstrated that
synbiotics remained viable and were shielded from the harsh conditions of the sim-
ulated stomach solution, hence increasing their potential effectiveness. Moreover,
studies have demonstrated that prebiotics are employed to improve the viability of
probiotics in coatings, which hold great potential in the development of functional
food products (Darjani etal. 2016). A novel formulation was developed to speci-
cally target the colon. The formulation contained the model drugs diltiazem HCl
and indomethacin, with pectin serving as the carrier. The formulation was coated
with inulin and then shellac. It was observed that the formulation had limited drug
release in the stomach and small intestine but achieved maximum drug release in the
colonic area (Rachmawati etal. 2011).
The use of Lactococcus lactis to deliver cytokines locally has been found to be a
successful alternative to interleukin-10 in reducing the regulatory inammatory
responses for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. This can be achieved by using lay-
ered recombinant L. lactis that produces hIL-10. The highest viability of the recom-
binant form was observed in a matrix media consisting of 10% skim milk
supplemented with 5% inulin, which allows for delivery to the ileum (Jain etal.
2014). There are many studies that conrmed that the drugs used for treating local
as well as systemic disorders can be colon-targeted and can be coated using two
layers where the inner layer is made out of inulin and the outer coat using shellac to
obtain maximum efciency (Soltani etal. 2023). During microencapsulation, with
the application of inulin along with chitosan coating, it signicantly affected the
survival and the stability of the probiotic bacteria: Lactobacillus casei within the
gastrointestinal uid (Khan etal. 2019). Inulin was used as the lm-coating material
along with the shellac to formulate double-coated pelleted ibuprofen to obtain
delayed absorption time invitro condition to achieve colonic release and thereby an
increased colonic absorption (Ford etal. 2011). The study indicated that when inu-
lin was modied into inulin acetate, it made it into electro-sprayable form and thus
electro-spraying help it to deliver indomethacin loaded spherical insulin acetate
microparticle for the colon-specic targeted drug delivery of the indomethacin
(Shahdadi Sardou etal. 2021).
S. Mishra et al.
101
5.5.6 Tumor Targeting
Inulin has excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and exibility making it as a
potential vehicle for the tumor targeting of drug delivery. The studies depicting the
results explain that the epirubicin in its free form has less antitumor activity com-
pared to inulin-ibuprofen polymer-based nanoparticle loaded with epirubicin, while
the antitumor activity was found to increase by 100–200 times when the doxorubi-
cin and paclitaxel were loaded within the nanomicelles of inulinated lauryl carba-
mate derivatives than their insoluble forms (Li Volsi etal. 2016).
In a study that reported the synthesis of 40nm gold nanospheres made out with
double coating with PEG-thiol as stabilizer and a novel amino derivative of inulin
(INU-EDA: inulin-2-aminoethyl-carbamate). From this it was found that the pres-
ence of thiol and amine groups present in them helped to activate the gold nanopar-
ticle surface to obtain a stable polymer coating, where the INU-EDA which is both
biocompatible and biodegradable one as a further coating copolymer that helps to
achieve an improved physical stable system and also enhance the amount of loaded
drug (doxorubicin). All these added to the increased antitumor activity with reduced
nonspecic cytotoxicity to the neighboring tissue mass (Wang etal. 2019).
5.5.7 Inulin Sustained Release Coatings
Inammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition of complex chronic inammation
to gastrointestinal tract (Soltani etal. 2023). It is characterized by disrupted or dam-
aged mucosa structure with disturbed composition of gut microbial ora and abnor-
mal systemic biochemical composition (Jain et al. 2014). The IBD includes
ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is found to be
an effective anti-inammatory drug for IBD treatment (Khan etal. 2019). Since
inulin can only be hydrolyzed by Bidobacterium species in the colon, the drug can
be delivered to the specic site.
5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) has been identied as a potent anti-inammatory
medication for the treatment of inammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because inulin
can only be broken down by Bidobacterium species in the colon, the medicine can
be targeted and supplied directly to that precise location. The study depicted that the
quaternized inulin-coated sodium alginate nanoparticles were synthesized, into
which the 5-ASA was encapsulated to achieve a slow and sustained release of drug
at the intestinal pH (Bahadori etal. 2019).
5.5.8 Hybrid Inulin-Based Coating Materials
Microparticulate inulin (MPI) or delta inulin is a specic semicrystalline particulate
form that can selectively adhere to and taken up into monocytes, dendritic cells, and
macrophages with high efciency that exhibits greater potential to be used in anti-
tumor treatment. It was found that doxorubicin conjugated with MPI prevents rapid
5 Inulin asaCoating Agent
102
renal excretion with increased biological half-life and enables uptake of the injected
MPI particles into monocytes with selective tissue transport to the lymphoid organs
(Kaushik etal. 2022).
Irbesartan is a potent non-peptide angiotensin II receptor blocker used in the
treatment of hypertension but has low dissolution rate. Insertion of hydrophilic moi-
eties into the natural polysaccharide to form grafted copolymers resulted in increased
hydrophilicity to deliver irbesartan to enhance the dissolution of the drug. The study
indicated that the use of inulin and polyacrylic grafted inulin as copolymer enhances
the dissolution of irbesartan leading to controlled substantial release of the drug to
the specic site (Fares etal. 2011).
5.5.9 Inulin Taste-Masking Coatings
Arthrospira, a species of microalgae, is abundant in protein, which contributes to its
antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-inammatory, and cardioprotective
properties. However, it has certain limitations including low biostability, bitterness,
high hygroscopicity, and physicochemical instability (Gheda etal. 2021; Akbarbaglu
et al. 2024). Nevertheless, these drawbacks can be reduced or surmounted by
employing the encapsulation method via spray-drying with certain carrier agents
such as polysaccharides, especially inulin (Mohan etal. 2015).
The sensory characteristics of the medicated chewing gum were altered and
improved by employing inulin-microencapsulated citric acid to encapsulate the
gum center using a microwave processing technique (Vieira etal. 2020).
5.5.10 Nanotechnology Using Inulin
Comicro-encapsulation of Lactobacillus casei and anthocyanins with coating mate-
rials such as chitosan, whey protein isolate, and inulin gives it increased encapsula-
tion efciency resulting in satisfactory phytochemical content and antioxidant
activity from the benets attributed from anthocyanins and probiotics used in them
(Fan etal. 2024). In a study conducted using Lactobacillus species, Escherichia
coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, it was found that when nanobers made out of
inulin/polyvinyl alcohol composite nanobers were introduced to study on the anti-
bacterial and prebiotic activities, it was found that the antibacterial activity was
increased from 40% (pure inulin) to 70% (inulin/PVA CNFs) in E. coli and to 45%
in S. aureus, and the prebiotic activity was increased to 38% when compared to the
standard built solution (Wahbi etal. 2020).
Carboxymethyl inulin is used as biocompatible coating to coat the iron oxide
magnetic nanoparticles. The studies conducted on the ovarian, breast, and colon
tumor cell lines suggested that they can be used widely in various invivo and invitro
studies to establish various biomedical applications (Santiago-Rodríguez et al.
2013). Hydrazone cross-linking applied to generate hydrogels can be used as
S. Mishra et al.
103
potential drug delivery systems vehicle. By this cross-linking injectable inulin
hydrogels made out of reacting oxidized inulin with adipic acid dihydrazide without
the use of any other catalyst to release 5-urouracil and they were found to act with
high efcacy and zero cytotoxicity when the studies were carried in HCT 116 colon
cancer cells. Thus, they have high potential to be used as colon-targeted drug deliv-
ery for 5-urouracil (Anjuomo etal. 2019). Inulin-coated hydrogels have been
explored widely for its extensive application in using them as parenteral, pulmonal,
transdermal, topical, and even vaginal drug delivery systems or as drug carriers into
bone tissue or cartilages forging its way in the biomedical eld (Kirtania etal. 2021).
5.6 Current Challenges intheCoatings
The coating of a pharmaceutical dosage form constitutes a crucial element of its
formulation, pivotal in ensuring the production of a high-quality drug product. It
serves several key purposes, including the preservation of desired color, texture,
taste masking, and physical and chemical protection from the drug and to attain a
modied release of drug (Zaid 2020). Additionally, it facilitates the achievement of
modied drug release proles, enhancing therapeutic efcacy and patient compli-
ance (Feng and Mohan 2020). Several research groups have recently examined the
impact of environmental factors on the chemical stability of inulin. Glibowski and
coworkers conducted a comprehensive investigation to examine the impact of pH,
temperature, and heating time on the chemical stability of inulin. The studies con-
cluded that the chemical stability of inulin decreases in an acidic environment with
a pH of 4 or less, as a result of increased heating time and temperature. Inulin
remains chemically stable regardless of pH, heating time, and temperature when in
a neutral and alkaline environment. This indicates that inulin has restricted uses in
acidic foods with a pH of 4 or lower, particularly when exposed to temperatures
exceeding 60°C (Glibowski and Bukowska 2011). Urquiza and coworkers (Santillán
etal. 2015) observed that inulin undergoes degradation under acidic conditions.
Since inulin is present on the surface of the nanoparticles, its degradation could lead
to the destabilization of the nanoparticles, potentially causing an increase in their
dissolution. The solubility of ZnO is higher when it is not coated, making it crucial.
However, the dissolution of inulin does not have a major impact on the release of
Zn(II) ions for nα-Fe2O3@ZnO since its dissolution is lower due to its complex-
ation with hematite. Moreover, the breakdown of inulin can impact its solubility by
modifying the characteristics of the surrounding environment through the release of
fructose monomers and oligomers. This release can interfere with the liberation of
free Zn(II) ions from ZnO, as stable metal complexes are formed between Zn(II)
and the degradation products. Prior research has shown that the existence of organic
matter in the media inuences the dissolution of Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs),
and this inuence is also dependent on the pH level. From the results of the experi-
ment, it is evident that inulin coating has some challenges which need to be over-
come for controlled drug delivery.
5 Inulin asaCoating Agent
104
5.7 Future Prospects inInulin Coating
5.7.1 Agriculture
One of the most signicant goals of the United Nations 2023 Agenda for sustainable
development is to achieve “Zero Hunger”: this means ensuring food safety and
security in the face of the increasing global population and the challenges posed by
climate change. To address these issues, new agricultural techniques are being
implemented. The utilization of bio-stimulants can greatly enhance crop productiv-
ity. The studies illustrated the utilization of inulin-coated ZnO nanoparticles as a
biostimulant for enhancing the growth and development of Vicia faba L. seedlings.
It was discovered that this approach effectively improved the bioavailability of the
nanoparticles without modifying their bioactivity, while also reducing their negative
side effects (Carbone etal. 2023; Gontrani etal. 2024). The desire for fresh-cut or
minimally processed ready-to-eat food products is growing. When these products
are enhanced with functional food components like prebiotics, they provide benets
beyond basic nutrition. Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated that incor-
porating edible coatings into fresh-cut fruits and vegetables is an alternative method
to preserve and extend their shelf life, without compromising their nutritional prop-
erties. This technique effectively mitigates the risk of rancidity, oxidation, and
dehydration. The research ndings suggest that the introduction of alginate-coated
apple wedges with functional food ingredients like inulin and oligofructose can
enhance the shelf-life, preserve volatile compounds, and improve the stability of
bioactive compounds. This not only increases the nutritional value but also makes
the product more appealing to consumers in terms of dietary context (Rössle
etal. 2011).
Research has shown that using gelatin and gelatin-inulin-based edible coatings
improves the survival of probiotic bacteria, specically Lactobacillus rhamnosus.
The addition of inulin to the gelatin coating enhances the physical and chemical
quality of strawberries, prolongs their shelf life, and preserves their antioxidant
activity (Temiz and Özdemir 2021). The study discovered that the use of a chitosan-
based coating containing inulin, oligofructose, and apple ber signicantly enhanced
the sensory quality attributes and microbiological properties of ready-to-eat blue-
berries. This coating reduced the decay rate by over 50% while maintaining fruit
rmness, improving visual quality, and enhancing antioxidant properties (López-
Velázquez etal. 2019).
When inulin was utilized as a coating material for ZnO nanoparticles, it was
observed that the bio-stimulation achieved was more effective. This led to the accu-
mulation of Zn in leaves without causing any inherent cytotoxicity or genotoxicity.
Ultimately, these ndings have resulted in signicant advancements in agricultural
techniques, leading to improved food and nutrition security through stimulated
plant growth. Studies have shown that hydrogels loaded with inulin could induce
resistance in chili plants against Phytophthora capsici. These hydrogels can serve as
a reservoir for agrochemicals and inductors in plant resistance treatment strategies.
Additionally, their biodegradable nature makes them a useful tool in crop
S. Mishra et al.
105
protection, making them a promising strategy in the agricultural sector (Alvarez
etal. 2018).
5.7.2 Diagnosis
Cancer is a most life-threatening disease that has a high mortality rate, making it the
second leading cause of death in the USA.Therefore, the key to addressing this
threat is in the successful detection of cancer at an early stage and providing appro-
priate treatment (Ghali etal. 2024). The nanoscale tumor-targeted drug delivery
system aids in achieving a less invasive alternative to traditional therapy by reducing
nonspecic cytotoxicity and increasing life expectancy. The use of inulin-based
nanoformulations has shown promising outcomes in the detection and treatment of
several types of cancer. Furthermore, there have been developments in the eld of
cancer immunotherapy and hyperthermia (Afrin etal. 2023).
The studies found that a new gold-based nanosystem, which is loaded with doxo-
rubicin and coated with inulin-folate conjugate, offers two main advantages. Firstly,
it improves the physical stability of the system. Secondly, it increases the effective-
ness of the treatment against MCF7 cancer cells by using folate to target breast
cancer cells specically, while minimizing damage to healthy tissues (Licciardi
etal. 2016). RNAi, or RNA interference, is a rapidly advancing method that involves
selectively reducing the expression of mRNA. The study involved using inulin-
coated Mn3O4 nanocuboids to deliver oral Ephb4 shRNA in Apc knockout colon
cancer mice model. It was observed that the inulin-coated Mn
3
O
4
protected the
small interfering RNA (siRNA) from degradation in the intestinal environment,
while maintaining its therapeutic activity (Kourani etal. 2022).
Studies have shown that inulin coated SPIONs (superparamagnetic nanoparti-
cles) had greater anticancer activity compared to the free drug in HCT 116 cells.
This makes them an attractive choice for treating tumors with localized increased
drug absorption, resulting in maximal effectiveness. The use of magnetoplexes con-
sisting of inulin-ethylenediamine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparti-
cles (SPIONs) loaded with small interfering RNA (siRNA) results in increased
transfection efciency, as demonstrated by a study. An investigation uncovered the
utilization of iron oxide nanoparticles (specically magnetite) in the medical
domain (Scialabba etal. 2014). These nanoparticles have been enclosed within an
amphiphilic inulin-based graft-copolymer to address their tendency to clump
together. This encapsulation serves as a clever method to simultaneously employ the
nanoparticles as both a therapeutic and diagnostic tool for targeted drug delivery
and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of doxorubicin against colon tumor cells
(Aram etal. 2022).
Several studies have demonstrated that nanomicelles may be formed from inulin
and can be effectively utilized for receptor-mediated targeted drug administration.
These nanomicelles are composed of biotin-decorated polymeric micelles. The
nanomicelles consist of inulin and vitamin E, which serve as carriers that circulate
in the body for an extended period of time. These nanomicelles are designed to
5 Inulin asaCoating Agent