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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5445_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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to be antidepressants in 2016. Consequently, inulin was regarded as potentially
evolving into one of the natural antidepressant substances in the coming years (An
etal. 2016). The gut-brain-gut axis proposes that gut microorganisms stimulate neu-
ronal pathways and the central nervous system signaling mechanisms in the brain,
particularly those associated with emotions and mood, is responsible for regulating
responses such as anxiety and depression (Foster and Neufeld 2013). Therefore, it
is of the utmost signicance to regulate intestinal microbiota in relation to the ame-
lioration of depression and emotional stability. Inulin-fed obese people were studied
for changes in intestinal ora and psychological indicators including mood and cog-
nition. Inulin supplementation improves mood and cognitive exibility, especially
in gut bacteria with high Coprococcus levels (Leyrolle etal. 2021).
10.2.2.5 Enhanced Mineral Absorption
Despite not producing energy or being synthesized, minerals are essential to life. It
is vitally vital to ingest an adequate amount of minerals daily. However, mineral
absorption is not always as efcient as anticipated; therefore, enhancing mineral
absorption is of the utmost importance. The process of colonic fermentation of inu-
lin yields additional organic acids or short-chain fatty acids, which contribute to a
reduction in the pH levels of the large intestine. As a consequence, mineral absorp-
tion is enhanced, specically for calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) (Sobol etal.
2018). Despite this, there is ongoing debate regarding the potential of inulin to
enhance mineral absorption. Initial scientic investigations were predominately
based on the hypothesis that inulin might augment the rate of mineral absorption in
humans. However, subsequent studies have substantiated that inulin does not exert
a substantial inuence on mineral absorption (Schaafsma and Slavin 2015). Dried
chicory root and inulin diets increased liver and kidney mineral content in growing
piglets. The dried chicory root supplement substantially increased the levels of cal-
cium (Ca) and potassium (K) in the liver. Conversely, the supplement led to a
decrease in the zinc (Zn) content in both the kidney and the liver. Notably, both
dietary supplements improved selenium (Se) levels to a greater extent than the other.
Therefore, it can be inferred that inulin exerted a remarkable inuence on mineral
assimilation (Lepczyński etal. 2021).
10.2.2.6 Stimulation ofImmune System
In humans, the immune system is among the most complex structures. It has many
different cell types, each with its own unique effector functions, antigen-processing
methods, and signaling molecules. By recognizing and reacting to antigens, the
immune system safeguards the body from chemicals that could be harmful and this
defense mechanisms protects against invading pathogens and responses to foreign
chemicals (Norvell 2013). Multiple studies have shown that inulin and oligo-fruc-
tose modulate the immune system. The investigations found that inulin and oligo-
fructose indirectly controlled gastrointestinal lactic acid bacteria to boost phagocytic,
NK, and T-cell activities. This mechanism of action safeguards rodents not only
against pathogens but also against tumor development (Kelly-Quagliana et al.
2003). In mice, an oral injection of 70:30 inulin and oligofructose plus a suboptimal
10 Role ofInulin intheManagement ofMetabolic Disorders
198
low dose of Salmonella typhimurium boosted immunological responses, improving
the oral vaccination. Blood-based anti-salmonella antibody responses in rodents
were enhanced by fecal immunoglobulin A and Salmonella immunoglobulin G.The
co-administration of inulin and oligosaccharide to rodents resulted in a 73% increase
in the rate of vaccination protection (Benyacoub etal. 2008). Age was linked to
immunological regulation; however, dietary supplements could boost the immune
system in elderly people. A supplement containing proteins, vitamins, and other
nutrients was given to healthy senior volunteers 4 months before inuenza and
pneumococcus vaccinations, enhancing NK cell activity and reducing infections
(Bunout etal. 2004). Additional studies found that measles-vaccinated infants fed
baby meals with inulin and oligo-fructose had a stronger vaccination-induced
immune response. Hegar found that synbiotic vaccination increased specic IgG-
antibody levels, indicating a more robust immune response (Hegar etal. 2004).
10.2.2.7 Regulation ofFood Intake andAppetite
In response to nutritional feedback, the GIT and peripheral organs release orexi-
genic and anorexigenic hormones that regulate appetite. These hormones transmit
signals to the hypothalamus, a cerebral region responsible for discerning feelings of
hunger or fullness (Smitka etal. 2013). High blood levels of appetite-hiding pep-
tides CCK, PYY, and GLP-l lower perceived hunger and food consumption. On the
contrary, ghrelin hormone stimulates appetite and prompts the initiation of food
intake during fasting (Date etal. 2000). Experimental data were gathered concern-
ing the impact of oligofructose and inulin on GIT hormone levels in the blood-
stream, which subsequently inuenced appetite. Inulin facilitated the formation of
SCFs, including propionate, butyrate, and acetate, during colon fermentation (Tarini
and Wolever 2010). Elevated concentrations of SCFs in the lumen of the colon may
stimulate mucosal expression of GLP-l, leading to an increase in blood GLP-l levels
and a decrease in ghrelin levels (Chao and Priscilla 2009). High-fat diets are linked
to reduced energy and food intake, decreased body mass, and tissue fat accumula-
tion in experimental models, including rats, overweight, or diabetic. The research
found that inulin-type fructans regulate appetite by regulating GLP-1 and ghrelin
production. Such an inuence is likely to be validated by earlier human data, which
necessitates further extensive investigation (Delzenne etal. 2005).
10.2.2.8 Reduction inRisk ofGastrointestinal Diseases
Inulin demonstrates advantageous characteristics in reducing the likelihood of
numerous intestinal disorders, notably irritable bowel syndrome and colon cancer.
Colitis in transgenic rats can be reduced by administering an inulin and oligofruc-
tose mixture at a rate of 5g/kg body weight. The coexistence of probiotic microor-
ganisms and inulin has been found to decrease the incidence of colitis and promote
the development of intestinal Bidobacteria and Lactobacilli (Coussement 1999).
The introduction of B. lactis and L. acidophilus La-5 to HLA-B27 transgenic
rodents resulted in increased immune regulatory transforming growth factor-β and
decreased mucosal pro-inammatory cytokines (Schultz etal. 2004). Inulin is an
effective treatment for chronic pouchitis following colon removal for ulcerative
S. Mehjabin et al.
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colitis. In 18 active ulcerative colitis patients, B. longum and inulin-oligofructose
reduce intestinal inammation (Furrie etal. 2005). A 21-day 15g oligofructose-
inulin combination reduced intestinal Bidobacteria proliferation and Crohn’s dis-
ease in ten patients (Lindsay etal. 2006).
10.2.2.9 Regulation ofBlood Lipids
An accumulation of unnecessary cholesterol and triglyceride levels would lead to a
cascade of ailments detrimental to human health, including atherosclerosis, cere-
brovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, and obese liver. Incidence of diseases
induced by dyslipidemia has increased steadily over the past few decades, coincid-
ing with changes in lifestyle and improved living standards. According to statistics,
the number of deaths caused by high LDL cholesterol has increased 18.69% since
2010 (Mistry et al. 2018). Initial animal studies showed that inulin dramatically
reduced blood and liver triglycerides, cholesterol, and hepatic steatosis. Despite
some human trials yielding results that were consistent with animal experimenta-
tion, certain studies concluded that inulin was incapable of lowering triglyceride
levels, particularly in normolipidemic humans. Overall, inulin exhibits a benecial
effect in the reduction of blood lipids and cholesterol concentrations (Forcheron and
Beylot 2007). Both long- and short-chain inulins had no negative effects on choles-
terol metabolism in a study by Mistry etal., although wild mice had much higher
levels of SCFAs, which are implicated in cholesterol production (Hoving et al.
2018). The fact is further supported by the fact that SCFAs have been linked to the
AMPK/LSD1 pathway, which is required for fat and carbohydrate metabolism (He
etal. 2020). Propionate and inulin effects on lipid metabolism were evaluated in
2019. This research study was able to establish that administration of propionate
and/or inulin to mice led to a signicant drop in triglyceride levels in ileum and
jejunum as compared with control animals. It might be caused by an increase of
p-AMPK and LSD1 upregulation wherein propionate directly activates lipolysis
gene expression (Wang etal. 2019). Through mRNA regulation for lipid metabo-
lism genes, inulin can reduce synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides. As reported
by one investigation, postprandial hypertriglyceridemia was improved after feeding
rats with high-fat diet when their jejunum expressed lower levels of Apoc3 (apoli-
poprotein C3) gene responsible for lipoproteinase inhibition and Cd36 (fatty acid
receptor) gene. They found that bile acid metabolism signaling might be engaged in
enhancing hypertriglyceridemia (Hiel etal. 2018). Srebf2 and Hmgcr are inhibitors
for cholesterol synthesis together with increased bile acid excretion when they were
combined with PomX which elevated the bile acid production pathway genes
Cyp7a1 and Cyp7b1. These two compounds worked synergistically to lower choles-
terol levels. Notably combination reduced cholesterol even more effectively than
just the inulin itself making it an extremely promising substance for reducing cho-
lesterol (Yang etal. 2018). Inulin, a nondigestible carbohydrate, can lower triacylg-
lycerol levels, lowering blood lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol, thus
decreasing atherosclerosis risk in a high-carb, low-fat diet (Letexier etal. 2003). On
the other hand, Williams and Jackson investigated how supplementing with inulin
or oligofructose affected blood lipid levels (triacylglycerol and LDL cholesterol) in
10 Role ofInulin intheManagement ofMetabolic Disorders
200
ten human subjects. Inulin and oligofructose did not affect cholesterol or triacylg-
lycerol in three of them. On the other hand, the remaining four participants had a
moderate decrease in LDL cholesterol, while three volunteers had signicant reduc-
tions in triacylglycerol (Williams and Jackson 2002). Blood lipid proles of hyper-
cholesterolemics may be improved by adding inulin supplements to their diet. Inulin
and oligofructose modify the blood metabolism of lipids in several experimental
animals, hence exerting a systemic effect. Research on animals has demonstrated
that inulin primarily affects lipid metabolism by reducing triglyceride and some-
what lowering cholesterolemia (Delzenne et al. 2002). Numerous researches on
humans have shown that inulin reduces triglyceride more effectively than oligofruc-
tose, yet both have similar effects in animals, especially rats. Regarding the method,
adding oligofructose and inulin to a rat’s diet reduced the amount of fat that was
broken down in the liver by inhibiting the development of the genes that cause the
enzyme lipogenesis. Although the process is identical in humans, the precise mech-
anism by which inulin inuences lipid metabolism remains unknown (Roberfroid
2007). Inulin and oligofructose reduce plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels
in rodents, inhibit liver accumulation, and improve hepatic steatosis, potentially
causing a decline in plasma triacylglycerol levels. However, the precise mechanism
underlying the hypocholesterolemic effect remains unknown (Bonnema etal. 2010).
10.3 Inulin andObesity
Overweight and obesity, a complicated metabolic disorder, are a global health
threat. In 2020, there were 2.4million fatalities attributed to high BMI, representing
a 37.57% increase from 2010 (Tsao etal. 2022). Obesity is caused by a variety of
factors, the most signicant of which are genetic, social, environmental, psycho-
logical, and athletic inuences. A number of metabolic diseases, including diabetes,
atherosclerosis, obese liver, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, are attributed to it.
Therefore, weight loss through dietary and lifestyle modications is signicant. A
form of dietary ber known as inulin, which is nondigestible in the stomach, pro-
motes obesity and overall health. Chicory inulin’s caloric value is 25–35% of the
fructose molecule consumed utilizing biochemical balancing diagrams for carbon
atoms, metabolic routes, and host energy yields (Roberfroid 1999).
10.3.1 Role ofInulin inWeight Management
As a result of its distinctive characteristics, inulin is vital for weight management.
Soluble ber facilitates the formation of a gel-like consistency within the digestive
tract, thereby impeding nutrient assimilation and encouraging satiety. This satiating
effect can help in reducing overall caloric intake, making it a potential ally in weight
management strategies. Moreover, inulin functions as a prebiotic, stimulating the
proliferation of advantageous intestinal microbiota that are linked to metabolic
well-being (Nicolucci et al. 2017; Uzzaman et al. 2018). In adolescents with
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201
overweight or obesity, inulin supplements signicantly reduced body weight and
altered the intestinal microbiota in a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Hypoxia-
related biomarkers, including oxidative stress, bacterial toxins, cytokines, choles-
terol, and gut permeability, were modied by synbiotics containing Bidobacterium
longum, Bidobacterium breve, and fructo-oligosaccharide inulin according to
another study. This led to further weight loss in obese adults (Chaiyasut etal. 2021).
10.3.2 Studies andResearch Findings
A study found that inulin supplements improved satiety and appetite in overweight
or obese 11–12-year-olds, indicating their therapeutic potential in obesity (Hume
etal. 2017). Synthetic inulin (Fuji FF) can improve gut ora, alter gut microorgan-
ism composition, and boost SCFA biosynthesis, potentially preventing obesity
(Morimoto etal. 2020). The AMPK pathway and lipid metabolism are linked to
obesity. In recent investigations, inulin improved fat and glucose metabolism in
mice and altered the leptin gene and related pathways, including the gut microor-
ganism-controlled AMPK signaling pathway (Song etal. 2019). Gut microbes using
inulin ferment can generate SCFAs, increasing satiety and weight control by trig-
gering the synthesis of peptide YY and GLP-1 (Brooks etal. 2017). According to
them, propionate is a short-chain fatty acid that plays a crucial role in increasing
hunger and weight management. Propionate increased PYY and GLP-1 production
of colonic cells leading to satiety thereby reducing weight gain among overweight
or obese individuals. Therefore, propionate may represent a promising new thera-
peutic target for obesity in the future (Chambers etal. 2015). The duration of the
chain could affect the effectiveness of interventions with inulin on persons suffering
from obesity. Due to changes in critical microbiota, long-chain inulin therapy
improves adiposity and metabolic syndrome and reduces weight gain more than
short-chain. Also, medium- and long-chain inulins are considered possible weight
loss agents (Li etal. 2021).
10.4 Inulin andDiabetes
The possibility of inulin, a kind of ber found in food, helping to manage diabetes
has created a lot of interest among people. The disease called diabetes is character-
ized by too much glucose in the blood which persists constantly, and different
dietary interventions such as adding some specic bers like inulin have been stud-
ied as possible approaches towards the management of diabetes (Shao etal. 2020).
10.4.1 Overview ofDiabetes
Insufcient insulin production or utilization causes hyperglycemia in diabetes mel-
litus. Diabetes has multiple etiologies incorporating genetic predisposition, lifestyle
10 Role ofInulin intheManagement ofMetabolic Disorders
202
choices, dietary patterns, and environmental impacts with type 2 being the most
common. Renal insufciency is the principal contributor to hyperglycemia-related
prediabetes, which in turn leads to a host of complications such as amputations,
nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases, and end-stage renal failures. In this regard,
prevention and early intervention are important (Dehghan etal. 2014).
10.4.2 Inulin’s Impact onBlood Sugar Level
Inulin has an effect on blood sugar levels through many ways including slowing
down glucose uptake within intestines hence causing a slow increase in blood sugar
concentrations after eating. Also, some aspects of prebiotic inulin might encourage
the growth of favorable gut ora which can thus alter the way glucose is metabo-
lized by cells and how sensitive they are to insulin so as to prevent excessive increase
in blood sugar concentration. Finally, it was found that use of inulin reduced hyper-
glycemia induced by high-fat diet (HFD) diabetes rodent via promoting intestinal
microora (Shao etal. 2020).
10.4.3 Clinical Studies andObservation
Inulin has demonstrated remarkable efcacy in human trials as well. Two double-
blind, randomized, controlled trials which investigated the glycemic response (GR)
and insulinemic response (IR) to food adding to inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides
were explored involving 40–42 healthy adults. Food is converted into glucose,
which raises blood sugar and insulin release immediately after eating. The study
found that inulin or fructo-oligosaccharide groups experienced a signicant decrease
in blood glucose and insulin response 40min after a meal. Additionally, oligofruc-
tose and inulin can substantially reduce postprandial blood sugar and partially
replace sucrose (Lightowler etal. 2018). Roshanravan etal. demonstrated, in accor-
dance with a number of the aforementioned studies, that inulin also lowered blood
sugar and that supplementation with butyrate enhanced this effect (Roshanravan
et al. 2017a). An additional investigation carried out by him utilized inulin and
butyrate to induce bidogenic effects in diabetic patients. This resulted in a substan-
tial increase in the population of A muciniphila and a benecial impact on oxidative
stress parameters such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, as
well as inammatory responses (as measured by TNF-α) (Roshanravan et al.
2017b). It is noteworthy to remark that the amelioration of diabetes through inulin
supplementation is associated with the expression of inammatory factors and gut
microbiota. Animal experiments on the potential of fermentable inulin ber to alle-
viate type I diabetes commenced. The study found that inulin dietary ber increased
short-chain fatty acids and anti-inammatory factor IL-22, lowering blood glucose
and improving type 1 diabetes in animals (Zou etal. 2021). Furthermore, various
phases of type 2 diabetes mellitus can be ameliorated with inulin, particularly pre-
diabetic and early diabetic stages. Primarily through the modulation of intestinal
S. Mehjabin et al.
203
ora composition and inhibition of inammatory factor expression, it achieved
blood sugar stabilization (Li etal. 2019). Furthermore, inulin exhibited ameliora-
tory effects on type 2 diabetes through the inhibition of Kruppel-like factor 5 expres-
sion. It is noteworthy that KLF5 is an essential regulator of monocyte chemoattractant
protein-1 expression, which consequently reduces TNF-α expression (Ghavami
etal. 2018). Type 2 diabetes can also be ameliorated by the suppression of c-Jun
amino-terminal kinase pathways (MAPK) and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
(Ning etal. 2017). Also, the other study revealed that combined synbiotics’ antidia-
betic and antioxidant properties were more effective than each one alone
(Lactobacillus plantarum and inulin). A decrease in hyperglycemia levels, increases
in insulin resistance markers, endogenous leptin secretion changes, and oxidative
stress parameters were shown by this investigation, which took place on diabetic
mice (Ning etal. 2017).
10.5 Inulin andMetabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a health disorder characterized by high sugar levels, high
blood pressure, excess body fat or obesity, and constipation. In terms of metabolic
syndrome, this digestive tract ber has been examined for potential effects on vari-
ous components as well as general metabolic heath enhancement (Pattananandecha
etal. 2016).
10.5.1 Inulin’s Role inAddressing Metabolic Imbalances
In line with this fact, inulin plays a signicant role regarding metabolic imbalances
found in people suffering from metabolic syndrome. Therefore, it can be used to
manage weight because it helps one feel full after eating while others use it to burn
fat. It also acts as a prebiotic thereby promoting the development of benecial gut
microbiota. It has an impact on different metabolism processes including inamma-
tion and insulin sensitivity, which may help prevent or manage metabolic syndrome
(Marteau etal. 2011).
10.5.2 Scientific Evidence andClinical Trials
Inulin, being a fermentable carbohydrate of some type, has been the subject of many
clinical trials and scientic studies. Here are some key ndings:
10.5.2.1 Reduced Risk ofColon Cancer
Colon cancer is suspected to be likely more common in older people where it is a
malignant intestinal tumor. Although its exact etiology is still not identied, it can
be established that it involves a combination of lifestyle choices, genetics, nutrition,
and environment. Inulin combined with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) increased
10 Role ofInulin intheManagement ofMetabolic Disorders
204
lactobacilli numbers and decreased coliform levels and β-glucuronidase activity,
lowering colon cancer risk by inhibiting inammation and precancerous lesions
(Hijová etal. 2013). In rats with colon cancer produced by azoxymethane (AOM),
inulin inhibited the production of ACF via modifying the gut microbiota; long-chain
inulin was more efcacious than short-chain inulin (Legette etal. 2012). Research
has increasingly opposed the role of inulin among other oligosaccharides such as
lactulose on colon cancer prevention for the last years. It was found out through
research that inulin had signicantly better ability than lactulose to reduce several
biomarkers related to colon carcinogenesis. In addition, Verma and Shukla also
observed a similar inhibition of glucosidase activity with inulin treatment. This
means that either prebiotic GOS or inulin can help lower ACF development as seen
in this study (Verma and Shukla 2013). Therefore, combination of inulin with GOS
showed better prevention against colorectal cancer than using any one of them
alone, which might be useful for avoiding colon carcinogenesis (Qamar etal. 2016).
Another research done in 2019 demonstrated that simultaneous administration of
probiotic Lactobacillus casei, prebiotic inulin, or both leads to the decrease in pro-
gression of colon cancer through blockade on JNK-1/b-catenin pathway. Therefore,
the treatment was effective (Abed etal. 2016).
10.5.2.2 Improvement ofConstipation
Constipation is an ailment that occurs when there is a delay in the movement of
feces through the intestines or when obstruction prevents stool from passing through
to the rectum. This results in hard and dry dehydrated stools which are more com-
mon in women and elderly people. In the struggle against constipation, dietary ber,
including inulin, should be mentioned as one of the remedies that helps to regulate
intestinal ora as well as improve bowel movements. In 2010, a trial tested 15g d–1
inulin effects on old people suffering from constipation. After a 4-week trial period,
subjects assigned to mild group had higher Bidobacterium levels, faster rates of
digestion, and less defecation problems. Nevertheless, patients experienced moder-
ate atulence, which did not impede the progress of the study (Marteau etal. 2011).
At a dose, 10g d−1 inulin enhanced stool frequency in 40–75-year-olds with low
stool frequency, without signicantly altering intestinal ora composition.
Furthermore, there were no adverse effects noted in the gastrointestinal symptoms
of the participants (Watson etal. 2019). A research on healthy adult males found
that 20g d−1 inulin did not affect feces consistency or frequency, but dramatically
increased atulence (Slavin and Feirtag 2011). Constipated children aged 2–5years
who received 2g of inulin-type fructans daily had softer diarrhea (Closa-Monasterolo
etal. 2017). To a lesser extent than inulin alone, a combination of Lactobacillus
reuteri DSM 17938 and agave inulin improved stool features in cerebral palsy chil-
dren who experienced recurrent constipation. Inulin fermentation by gut microbiota
promotes the proliferation and survival of gas-producing bacteria, which subse-
quently induces distressing symptoms. Moreover, the physical condition of the vol-
unteers is an essential element. In contrast to healthy subjects, individuals with
constipation demonstrated a more pronounced impact on the improvement of defe-
cation frequency and consistency. Inulin improves stool consistency in constipated
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205
youngsters and bowel habits in senior individuals; therefore, it may become a new
treatment for constipation (García Contreras etal. 2020).
10.6 Safety andConsiderations
European Commission of Health approval was granted in 1987 for inulin as a novel
functional food resource to combat the rise in chronic diseases and obesity. Early
research has established beyond any reasonable doubt that inulin is a secure sub-
stance. Research has revealed that inulin provides health benets, but too much
might cause a variety of unpleasant symptoms (Coussement 1999). Therefore, it is
essential to incorporate inulin supplements into the daily diet in moderation. In
2003, the FDA declared inulin a Generally Recognized as Safe functional food. The
FDA says the highest amount that can be taken in a day is 15–20g, and the best
amount is 5g. Effective functions require an inulin intake exceeding 12g d−1, as
stipulated by European Union regulations from 2015. Presently, there are numerous
functional food products containing inulin, and it is not prohibitively expensive
(Illippangama etal. 2022).
10.6.1 Potential Side Effects
At food concentrations, inulin is probably safe for the majority of individuals. It is
conceivably harmless for short-term supplementation in adults. Safe usage of
8–18g per day has been documented for a period of 24weeks (Pauly etal. 2020).
While inulin is benecial for digestive health, some individuals may experience
digestive discomfort such as gas, bloating, and abdominal discomfort when con-
suming large amounts. This is because inulin is a type of fermentable ber that
undergoes fermentation by gut bacteria in the colon, producing gases in the process.
The severity of these adverse effects increases as the dose of inulin exceeds 30g
(Pauly etal. 2020).
10.6.2 Dosage Recommendations
A diverse array of food items contains inulin, such as asparagus, wheat, onions,
bananas, scallions, and artichokes. The typical dosage of inulin supplements taken
orally by adults is 10–40g per day for 4–8weeks. Additionally, a variety of combi-
nation products are offered. Archaeological evidence indicates that predominantly
plant-eating ancient populations likely ingested 135g of prebiotic fructans of the
inulin type daily (Leach and Sobolik 2010). Adults in the United States are advised
to consume 20–35g of ber daily, preferably derived from whole foods. However,
according to surveys, the majority of children and adults fail to consume sufcient
dietary ber, particularly those who adhere to low-carb diets. Children are probably
secure to consume inulin in the quantities found in foods. As a short-term
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206
medication, it may be harmless for children to consume orally. Inulin may be con-
sidered harmless for short-term use when incorporated into infant formula
(Slavin 2005).
10.6.3 Special Considerations forCertain Populations
People’s tolerance to inulin can vary. Some individuals may be more sensitive to its
effects on the digestive system, while others may tolerate it well. It is advisable to
introduce inulin gradually into the diet to allow the gut microbiota to adjust. Certain
medical conditions, including IBD is associated with this, may be more sensitive to
inulin and other fermentable bers. In such cases, consulting with a healthcare pro-
fessional before incorporating inulin into the diet is recommended (Liu etal. 2021).
In rare cases, some people may be allergic to inulin or might experience allergic
reactions. Any manifestation such as itchiness, swelling, or breathing difculties
should be reported immediately because these are signs of allergy. In addition, dia-
betics who take blood sugar drugs ought to keep tabs on their blood sugar levels
while using inulin since the supplement may interact with drugs taken for diabetes
and ones meant for controlling blood sugar levels (Visuthranukul etal. 2022). Other
persons can have issues with consuming large amounts of particular types of carbo-
hydrates and ber and receive harmful effects from taking inulin—including some
adverse reactions. Hyperglycemia and vitamin B12 deciency are among the side
effects that can arise from consuming inulin. When used by pregnant or nursing
women, they should be careful and consult a healthcare practitioner before adding
these substances to their diets. The inulin source and its purity depend on product.
It is important to choose inulin derived from trustworthy sources so as to guarantee
its safety and efcacy when taken orally. In general, most people can safely con-
sume moderate amounts of inulin; however, one should take caution concerning
individuals’ tolerance level, existing medical conditions, and possible interactions
with other drugs. Prior to dietary adjustments, personalized advice should be
obtained considering his/her individual needs (Teuri etal. 2000).
10.7 Future Perspective
Naturally occurring inulin has found diverse applications within food industry as
well as biotechnology and pharmaceutical establishments. There are numerous
ways we can look at what may become of inulin. This has led to the inclusion of
inulin into various functional foods due to its role in gut’s health promotion as well
as being a prebiotic. The future might behold an escalated application of inulin
within the manufacturers of many more foods that have been positioned as being
good for digestion. This can extend to a larger category of items such as snacks,
drinks, and dairy substitutes (Jarienė 2022). The ongoing advances in food technol-
ogy might enable to nd new ways on how it could be used without necessarily
affecting the taste or texture of different food items. The expansion will increase its
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