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Файл:Морской английский для судоводителей = Maritime English for navigators. Учебное пособие
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15. The line of bearing 251º of Old North Pierhead, on which stands a light
(yellow metal tower, 8 m in height), leads through the Outer Harbour entrance
whence the track alters WSW for the Inner Harbour entrance, passing SSE of the
wreckage (6 cables ENE), least depth 6 m.
16. There is direct access to the riverside berths from the River Humber. From
the River Humber the access to Immingham Dock is through an entrance lock, which
is approached between Eastern and Western Jetties. The entrance lock has a length of
256 m, width 27,4 m and there is a depth over the inner sill of 11,3 m at MHWS and
9,9 m at MHWN. Depths in the entrance to Immingham Dock vary. The Dock Master
should be consulted for the latest information.
17. Goole Docks are entered from the River Ouse via three locks of the following dimensions: Ocean Lock: length 104 m, width 24,4 m, depth over sill at MHWN
6 m. Ouse Lock : length 73 m, width 17,7 m, depth over sill at MHWN 4,9 m. The
locks are operated from approximately 2½ hours before HW to 1½ hours after HW at
Goole.
Goole Approach to Ocean Lock
(Original dated 1990)
18. A vessel should pass 2 cables E of Beaumont Island whence she should
hold a midchannel course all the way to Fisher Channel, as there are no outlying dangers. On leaving the S entrance to Johnson Channel steer to give Sunny Island Light
structure a berth of 1½ cables.
19. A small vessel bound from Lama Passage through Gunboat Passage should
pass N of Bella Islets and in mid-channel S of Cypress Island. Then, keeping in deep
water, pass between Calver Point and the E end of Cypress Island.
20. A vessel entering Tolmie Channel from S should do so through Sarah Passage, the only danger being Hazard Rock on its S side. Thence keep in mid-channel
and take care to avoid Parry Patch off Split Head. If coming from N, when abreast of
Tenas Island Light structure, keep towards the E shore.
21.When the front light-beacon of the leading marks on Deepwater Point bears
180º, the vessel will be in deep water well clear of Hastings Reef, alter course towards Deepwater Point and follow the trend of the shore, which is steep-to, between
that point and George Point, keeping not more than 1 cable offshore to avoid the E
end of Haswell Reef.
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22. As Entry Point is approached, care is necessary to avoid being set towards
Troup Bank. It should be borne in mind that a N wind causes a heavy scend over the
bars which may last for several days. When the middle of the clearing, which marks
the ruined village of Yan bears 282º Inner Bar will have been crossed; thence steer to
pass not more than 1 cable W of Entry Point.
23. Pass 2 cables off the settlement of Masset and keep in mid-channel until
Griffith Point is in line with Crowell Point bearing 344º; then steer about 147º to pass
between the rock off Watun River and the shallow ridge lying off the W shore.
Study speech patterns
avoid + gerund — избегать делать что-либо
Avoid dropping anchor near the terminations of TSS. — Избегайте постановки на якорь у ко-
нечных участков системы раздельного движения.
Vessels without local knowledge should avoid entering the harbour without a pilot. — Суда не
знакомые с местными условиями плавания должны избегать вхождения в гавань без лоцмана
Study speech patterns above and give a piece of advice to somebody to avoid
doing smth. and give your reason for that. You may use the following word combinations: to avoid staying, to avoid doing, to avoid leaving, to avoid trawling, to avoid
diving, to avoid altering course, to avoid anchoring.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian, taking into consideration
the meaning of the word should.
1. All vessels are warned against anchoring or trawling in the vicinity of the
cables and on no account to cut the cables should they be found.
2. A stranger should be careful to maintain a good offing approaching the
coast in fog.
3. Changes of pilot take place in R. and vessels should anchor while the
change takes place.
4. The harbour should not be entered at night due to insufficient lighting of
the harbour for night entry.
5. The summit of High Island should be brought to bear 106º, and steered for
on that bearing.
6. The Harbour Master should be consulted for the latest information on
depths.
7. The buoyage on the approaches changes frequently and should be consid-
ered as reflecting the current state of the channel.
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8. It seems very unlikely to happen, but if it should, we need to be well-
prepared.
9. Should you ever need the latest information, please contact the Harbour
Master’s office.
10. We should like to invite a representative of the Port Authorities to come
next week.
11. Do not cut the cable should it be fouled.
3. Translate the following sentences into Russian according to models, tak-
ing into consideration the use of the Infinitive.
A.
Model: To call for a pilot, contact the Pilot station. — Для того, чтобы вызвать лоцмана, свяжитесь с лоцманской станцией.
1. To enter the bay, steer for the white light in line with the red one on the
mole-head.
2. To avoid this shoal, give E. Island a wide berth.
3. Vessels may anchor here to wait for the rise of the tide.
4. To enter the bay, pass about half a mile eastward of T. Rock.
5. To arrive at the port of destination safely, give this rock a wide berth.
6. To enter the bay, pass midway between the eastern islet and the shoals.
7. To obtain a pilot, vessels may approach this coast.
8. The ship turned to the west to shorten the way.
B.
Model: To travel is pleasant. — Путешествовать — это приятно.
It’s pleasant to travel.
1. To round the cape in foggy weather is difficult.
2. To enter this port at night without a pilot is dangerous.
3. To see a white sail in the horizon is always pleasant.
4. To pass this fairway without a pilot is risky.
5. To pilot large ships by this channel is highly dangerous.
6. To navigate in this region is dangerous.
7. To navigate in this area during ebb is not so easy.
8. To enter this harbour at night is prohibited.
C.
Model: The cargo to be loaded is in the warehouse now. — Груз, подлежащий погрузке, сейчас находиться в пакгаузе.
1. Some ships to be taken into the open sea will be conducted by the same
icebreaker.
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2. The ships to be conducted by the icebreaker through the ice reached the
edge of the ice field.
3. He was the first to see the rock.
4. The reef to be cleared is unbuoyed.
5. That bay was the first to be blocked by ice.
6. The pilot to be employed is very experienced.
7. Krusenstern and Lysyansky were the first Russian mariners to sail round
the world.
8. The voyage to be made by our vessel will last three and a half weeks.
9. You must drop anchor in the area to be marked by two red buoys.
4. Answer the following questions.
1. What factors can prevent a vessel from reaching the port on time?
2. What flag must be hoisted if the pilot is required?
3. What flag must be hoisted when a pilot is aboard?
4. What signal flag means “You are running into danger?”
5. How should a vessel proceed through narrows?
6. Is it possible to navigate having no local knowledge?
5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Не приближайтесь близко к берегу.
2. Оставьте этот буй слева (справа).
3. Вам следует идти с большой осторожностью.
4. Обгон в районе банки С. не рекомендуется.
5. Приведите вершину холма А. в створ с церковью.
6. Следует держать курс на этот огонь.
7. Держитесь правой стороны канала.
8. В этом районе не следует полагаться на глубины.
9. Продолжайте идти, имея этот знак по корме.
10. Не обгоняйте впереди идущее судно.
11. Советую вам изменить курс влево (вправо).
12. Не входите на фарватер до полной воды.
13. Обойдите эти скалы на расстоянии 4 кабельтовых.
14. Не приближайтесь к моему судну!
15. Имейте в виду, что северный ветер вызывает сильное волнение моря.
16. Избегайте постановки на якорь в узком проходе.
17. Ваше судно затрудняет безопасное прохождение других судов.
18. Сообщите ваши намерения!
19. Ни в коем случае не порвите кабель!
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UNIT 6
TIDES AND TIDAL STREAMS
ПРИЛИВЫ И ПРИЛИВО-ОТЛИВНЫЕ ТЕЧЕНИЯ
Vocabulary
accelerate [æk'seləreit] — ускорять (-ся)
anti-clockwise [' ænti'klɔkwaiz] — против часовой стрелки
attain [ə'tein] — достигать
circular stream ['sə:kjulə stri:m] — круговое течение
clockwise ['klɔkwaiz] — по часовой стрелке
commence [kə'mens] — начинать (-ся)
current ['k⋀rent] — течение (постоянное), поток
contrary /reciprocal c. ['kɔntreri /ri'siprəkl] — противотечение
costal c. ['koustəl] — прибрежное течение
diurnal c. [dai'ə:nl] — приливное течение с суточным периодом
drift c. [drift] — поверхностное течение (от ветра)
eddy c. ['edi] — круговой поток
ebb c. [eb] — отливное течение
flood c. [fl⋀d] — приливное течение
lee c. [li:] — течение по направлению ветра
offshore c. [ɔf'∫ɔ:] — течение, направленное от берега
onshore c. [ɔn'∫ɔ:] — течение, направленное к берегу
return c. [ri'tə:n] — обратное течение
set of current [set əv 'k⋀rent] — направление течения
datum ['deitəm] — ноль глубин
deflect [di'flekt] — отклонять(- ся) от прямого направления
diminish [di'mini∫] — ослабевать
diurnal [dai'ə:nl] — суточный, дневной
divert [dai'və:t] — отводить, отклонять (-ся)
duration [djuə 'rei∫ən] — продолжительность
ebb [eb] — морской отлив
effect [i'fekt] — влиять; воздействовать; влияние
estuary ['estjuəri] — устье
exceed [ik'si:d] — превышать
flood [fl⋀d] — прилив, приливной
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flow [flou] — поток; течь
in-(out) going stream [in/aut 'gəuiŋ 'stri:m] — входящее (выходящее) течение
neap [ni:p] — зд. квадратура
obtain [əb'tein] — получать, достигать
occur [ə'kə:] — происходить
overfall ['əuvəfɔ:l] — быстрина, толчея, сулой
range [reindƷ] — амплитуда
race [reis] — течение, быстрина
rapidly ['ræpidli] — быстро
rate [reit] — скорость
average rate [' ævəridƷ] — средняя скорость
rectilinearl [rekti'liniəl] — прямолинейный
retard [ri'ta:d] — замедлять (-ся)
reverse [ri'və:s] — поворачивать в обратную сторону
ripple [ripl] — рябь, зыбь
run [r⋀n] — течь, направляться
set [set] — течь в определенном направлении; устанавливаться
slack period [slæk] — период стоячей воды
slacken [slækn] — замедляться, ослабевать
spring [spriŋ] — зд. сизигия
tidal stream ['taidəl] — приливо-отливное течение
tide ['taid] — морской прилив
tide-gauge ['taidgeidƷ] — приливомер
turbulence ['tə: bjuləns] — турбулентность; бурность
turn ['tə:n] — поворот; поворачивать
vary ['veəri] — отличаться, изменяться
variation [veəri'ei∫n] — изменение, перемена
weak [wi:k] — слабый
weaken — слабый
Other words and expressions
flood rise — нарастание паводка
freshet — паводок; половодье
mean neap rise — средняя высота квадратурного прилива
mean rise of tide — средняя высота прилива
mean spring rise — средняя высота сизигийного прилива
neap rise — высота квадратурного прилива
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tidal rise — высота прилива; повышение уровня воды при приливе; прилив
stream — течение
of current — направление течения
ebb tide — отливное течение
flood tide — приливное течение
in-going — входящее течение
out-going — выходящее течение
perceptible — ощутимое течение
rotary — водоворот; вращательный
semidiurnal tidal stream — приливо-отливное течение с полусуточным пе-
риодом
side — боковой поток
tidal-stream — приливо-отливное течение
strength — сила
considerable — значительная сила
predicted — предсказуемая сила
significant — значительная сила
great — большая сила
of little — небольшой силы
ebb — (максимальная) скорость отливного течения
flood — (максимальная) скорость приливного течения
flow — энергия потока
Exercises
1. Read and interpret the extracts from pilot-books below.
1. Between Selsey Bill (50º 23'N, 0º 47' W) and Royal Sovereign Shoals,
45 miles E, the difference at which the streams begin is about 1 hour. Between Royal
Sovereign Shoals and Dungeness the difference at which the streams begin is about
4 hours, a much greater change of time with distance and this can be of advantage to
vessels on passage.
2. The rates of streams vary with the width of the channel and are at their
strongest in the most narrow parts. Springs rates may be up to 4 kn in the Dover Strait
but where the channel is wider the rates rarely exceed 2½ kn.
3. When there is a S-going stream off the Thames Estuary the tide is rising lo-
cally and when there is a N-going stream the tide is falling locally at Dover. Near the
land the streams are running in the direction of the coast, but the times at which they
begin may differ considerably from the times a few miles offshore.
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4. In the S part of the North Sea the tidal streams tend to set obliquely across
the shoals. The streams do not necessarily change at local HW or LW and are often at
their greatest rate at local HW. The wind has a considerable effect on the strength and
direction of the tidal streams.
5. The E-going stream generally sets NE towards the bays between Selsey Bill
and Dungeness, but the W-going stream sets SW clear of the land. The E onshore set
is of little consequence to E bound vessels, but could have a considerable effect on
W bound vessels proceeding against it.
6. Tidal streams are strong between the piers and can reach 6 kn. The in-going
stream continues until about 1½ hours after HW at springs and 30 minutes after HW
at neaps. The out-going stream continues until 4 hours before HW.
7. After heavy rain the out-going stream is increased and the in-going stream
correspondingly reduced and in extreme conditions the tide may be maintained or exceeded. Tide gauges are situated at the heads of East Pier and West Pier and County
Wharf.
8. The W-going stream begins 2 hours before local HW and flows for about
6 hours. This stream is deflected SW by East Breakwater, across and into the entrance and can attain 2 kn at springs. The SW-going stream is then deflected into the
harbour and diverted NE from the head of West Pier towards the head of East Pier,
causing a marked set between the pierheads.
9. Within the harbour the in-going stream sets almost entirely up Western Arm,
with little change in rate except where the arm narrows at Soldier’s Point (3 cables
NNW of West Pierhead),where it can attain 4 kn at springs.
10. At the entrance both the in-going and out-going tidal streams attain a rate
of 2 kn at springs. The in-going stream begins at about -0545 HW Dover and the outgoing stream about + 0100 HW Dover. The rate of the streams decreases in the N of
the harbour.
11. Tidal streams are weak near the shores of Rye Bay. Due to the great change
in times between Royal Sovereign Shoals and Dungeness, the times at which the
streams begin in all parts of the bay is doubtful. The tidal streams are strong in the
entrance to Rye Harbour. The in-going stream is stronger than the out-going, attaining 3½ kn at springs and up to 5 kn on occasions.
12. Close inshore the tidal streams follow the land so the E-going stream runs
N close inshore in East Road, 4 miles NNE of Dungeness, then turns E towards
Folkestone, while the W-going stream runs W from Folkestone and then S towards
Dungeness. The streams are weak in both directions.
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13. The spring rate on the ENE-going stream is 2 kn and on the WSW-going
stream 1½ kn. When the stream sets ENE an eddy runs W along the coast from Copt
Point and sets strongly towards the head of South Quay, on the S side of the entrance
to outer Harbour.
14. The tidal streams in the entrances vary greatly from hour to hour. Either en-
trance, at almost any time, may be subject to an in-going stream in one part and an
out-going stream in another. There are eddies off the breakwater heads and rise to
turbulence in the entrances.
15. Between Cap d’Antifer and Roc Vaudieu, 3 miles NE, an eddy known lo-
cally as “Les Hardiers”, runs E during the whole of the W-going stream, extending up
to 1 mile offshore. A second eddy runs W during the E-going stream, E of Pointe du
Chicart.
16. Off the entrance the NNE-going stream commences at about 5½ hours be-
fore HW Fecamp and runs to HW Fecamp. At springs the rate may reach up to 5 kn.
The SSW-going stream commences 30 minutes after HW Fecamp. Its rate is weaker
than the NNE — going stream. About 150 m within the entrance both the in-going
and out-going streams run at 1 kn at springs and ½ kn at neaps.
17. The LW slack period is less than the HW slack period. In good weather the
tidal stream does not exceed ½ kn between 1 hour before and HW, even at springs. With
W winds HW may be up to 45 minutes late and with SE winds up to 20 minutes early.
18. As the Baie de Somme is approached the NE-going stream close inshore
becomes an in-going stream with a mean rate of 2½ kn. To the SW the rates are
weaker and at Ault attain a rate of only 1¼ kn.
19. Off the entrance to the Baie de Somme the tidal streams are rotary anti-
clockwise, and appear to attain their maximum rate as the drying banks are either just
covered or just about to be uncovered. The in-going stream begins in the entrance and
outer channels soon after local LW and off Poite du Hourdel about 30 minutes later.
20. At a position 5 cables NW of the jetty heads the in-going stream runs ENE,
beginning 2¾ hours before HW Calais and the out-going stream runs WSW, begin-
ning 3½ hours after HW Calais. At springs the maximum rate on the in-going stream
is 3 kn and on the out-going stream is 2 kn. There is probably little or no stream between the jetties or in the harbour.
21. The timing and strength of the tidal streams may differ significantly be-
cause of the meteorological conditions. At springs the predicted strength of the tidal
stream may be exceeded by 25 per cent and at neaps by as much as 40 per cent and
the timing of slack water may vary by 2 hours.
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22. About 5 cables off the entrance to Port Est, the ENE-going stream com-
mences 2 hours before local HW, obtaining its maximum rate at HW, which at
springs is 2½ kn . HW slack occurs 4 hours after HW, thence the WSW-going stream
commences 15 minutes later reaching its maximum rate, at springs 1 kn, 6 hours after
HW. With W winds slack extends up to 25 minutes, but with E winds reduces to as
little as 10 minutes.
23. On the Bancs de Flandre the tidal streams set NE and SW, with a rapid turn
of the tide. The maximum rate on the NE-going stream is 2½ kn, on the SW-going
stream the rate is generally less. Closer inshore the streams set in the direction of the
coast, reaching their maximum rate about the time of local HW. The spring rate in
both directions is 2 kn.
24. HW Oostende is about 55 minutes before HW Vlissingen. The ENE-going
stream begins about 2¾ hours before HW Vlissingen, maximum rate 1 kn. The
WSW-going stream begins 2 ½ hours after HW Vlissingen, maximum rate 1 kn. The
streams generally set along the line of the coast, except at the turn from the ENEgoing stream to the WSW-going stream when they tend away from the coast.
25. The times at which streams begin and their directions vary considerably in
the different parts of the estuary. Close to the river entrance spring rates are 2½ kn
and at neaps 1 kn, but further to seaward the rates are less. Both the rate and direction
are affected by strong winds.
26. Tidal streams run strongly off the entrance and there is eddy with the in-
going stream, but there is no special difficulty in entering the harbour.
27. The tidal stream runs SE/NW across the approach to Aberdeen, with a
spring rate in each direction of 1½ — 2 kn, which also applies in the anchorage. Off
the entrance the stream is weak. The SE-going stream commences at – 0450 HW Aberdeen and the NW-going stream at + 0110 HW Aberdeen. Within the breakwaters
the River Dee runs with considerable strength particularly during freshets and may
achieve 6 kn. The strong outflow may continue even on a flood tide. In Tidal Harbour
there is a weak anti-clockwise current.
28. When Annat Bank is dry the stream runs strongly through the whole length
of the channel, but as the bank covers they spread out, run across it and are weaker at
the outer end of the channel.
29. As Inchkeith is approached the tidal streams are more or less rotary, clock-
wise. They change direction rapidly when weak and are strongest in the directions
235º and 055º with springs rates of ¾ kn and 1 kn respectively. The tides and tidal
streams are greatly affected by the meteorological conditions in the North Sea and by
melting snow and rain inland.
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