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Файл:Морской английский для судоводителей = Maritime English for navigators. Учебное пособие
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Meteorological visibility is the greatest distance, at which a black object of
suitable dimensions can be seen and recognized against the horizon sky, or, in case of
night observations, could be seen and recognized if the general illumination were
raised to the normal daylight level.
Nomenclature of lights
Main light. — The major of two or more lights situated on the same support or
neighbouring supports.
Auxiliary light. — A light placed on or near the support of a main light and
having a special use in navigation.
Sector light. — A light presenting different appearances, either of colour or
character, over various parts of the horizon of interest to maritime navigation.
Leading lights. – Two or more lights associated so as to form a leading line to
be followed.
Lights, described as “Lts in line” are particular cases, and are intended to
mark limits of areas, alignments of cables, alignments for anchoring, etc.; they do not
mark a direction to be followed.
Direction light. — A light showing over a very narrow sector, forming a sin-
gle leading light. This sector may be flanked by sectors of greatly reduced intensity,
or by sectors of different colours or character.
Direction lights are also used to mark the limits of areas, etc., in the same way
as “Lts in line”.
Vertical lights. — Two or more lights disposed vertically (or horizontally, or
in a geometric shape) to give a different character or appearance. If the individual
lights serve different purposes, the less important are termed auxiliary lights.
Occasional lights — Lights exhibited only when specially needed:
a) Tidal light, exhibited only when the tide serves.
b) Fishing light, for the use of fishermen and shown when required by them.
c) Private light, maintained by a private authority for its own purposes.
A distinction has been made between Reserve lights and Emergency lights.
The former normally retain the character of the main light but have a reduced range
and their installation is usually restricted to major manned stations.
Description of structures — Where the colour divisions of a structure, or any
part of it, are horizontal, the term “bands” is used; where vertical, “stripes”; and
where the marking is in the form of a spiral, “diagonal stripes” is employed. The
shape of topmarks and daymarks is often shown diagrammatically.
The height is measured from the top of the structure to the ground.
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Fog signals
Due to the nature of sound fog signals have many factors affecting them. Fog
signals are heard at greatly varying distances. Mariners are warned therefore that fog
signals cannot be relied upon implicitly. One more importance thing: fog signal are
not position fixing aids.
Fog signals are mainly produced by the following types of emitters:
The Diaphone uses compressed air and generally emits a powerful, lowpitched sound, which often concludes with a brief sound of suddenly lowered pitch
termed the “grunt”. Where it is known that the sound does not terminate in a “grunt”,
the signal is annotated “No grunt”.
The Horn uses compressed air or electricity to vibrate a diaphragm and exists
in a variety of types which differ greatly in their sound and power; some types, particularly those at major fog signal stations, combine emitter units which simultaneously produce sounds of different pitch; these are often very powerful. Other produces a single steady tone, whilst others vary continuously in pitch.
The Siren uses compressed air and exists in a variety of types which differ considerably in their sound and power.
The Reed uses compressed air and emits a weak, high-pitched sound; it is particularly weak when hand-operated.
The Explosive emitter produces short reports by the firing of explosive charges.
The Bell, the Gong and the Whistle may be operated by machinery, sounding a
regular character; by hand, sounding a somewhat irregular character; or by wave action, sounding erratically.
Morse code fog signals. – In similar manner to lights, the abbreviation “Mo” is
included in the abridged description of fog signals which consist of one or more characters of the Morse code; e.g. Horn Mo (AR), Horn Mo(4), and composite fog signals
are described, e.g. Siren (2+3)
Exercises
1. Check your comprehension by answering the questions.
1. Is there any difference between “Leading lights” and “Lts in line”?
2. What purpose does a Direction light serve?
3. For what purpose are Occasional lights exhibited?
4. Is there any difference between Reserve lights and Emergency lights?
5. Does the term “bands” (“stripes”) mean horizontal or vertical stripes?
6. In what manner is the height of light structure measured?
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7. What types of emitters are fog signals produced by?
8. Can a mariner rely upon fog signals completely?
2. Read and interpret extracts from pilot books below.
1. Beachy Head Lighthouse (circular grey tower, 14 m in height, disused)
(50º 44′N, 0º 13′ E). The lighthouse stands near the summit of Belle Toute cliff,
1 mile W of Beachy Head. Beachy Head Light (white round tower, red band, 43 m in
height) (50º44′·0N, 0º14′·6E). The lighthouse stands on drying rocks, which extend
from the foot of the cliff below the head. Power cables, marked by red spheres, run
from the lighthouse gallery to the cliff top close N.
2. The alignment (356¼º) of the following lights assists fishing vessels beach-
ing: front light (white metal column, 6m in height) (50º 51′·3N, 0º 35′·5 E) standing
on the beach. Rear light (white, 5-sided tower, 6 m in height) (357 m from front
light), standing on West Hill.
Front Mooring Leading Lights (166°) Rear
3. The alignments (166ºand 266½º) of two pairs of lights (black shapes, white
stripe on white metal framework structure), assist tanker mooring operations in the
inner roadstead.
4. The lights stand close W of a stone breakwater, which extends 1¾ cable offshore and gives protection to fishing vessels from the S and W winds. The breakwater, which has a light (mast, 4 m in height) at its head, is in poor repair. Two large
concrete groynes are 2 and 2¾ cables E of the breakwater. A light is exhibited from
the head of the breakwater.
5. Front light (yellow triangle, point down) (51º 04′·6N, 1º 11′·5E) on The
Hard. Rear light (yellow triangle, point up) (100 m WNW of front light). The align-
ment (295º) of these lights, which also assists ferries berthing, leads from seaward to
the Ferry Terminal, passing SSW of Copt Rocks.
6. Front directional light (black triangle point up, orange stripe, on white mast)
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(51º 19′ 5N, 1º 25′·0E) on SW corner of marine terminal. Rear light (black triangle
point down, orange stripe on white mast) (2½ cables W of front light). The alignment
(270º) of these lights leads through the approach channel, which is marked by light-
buoys, and harbour entrance, which both lie in the white sector of the directional light.
7. Front light (red and white metal column, 4 m in height) (51º 19′·6N, 1º 25′·5E)
standing on the head of East Pier. Rear light (round granite tower, 11 m in height)
(91 m WNW of front light) standing on the head of West Pier. The alignment
(291½º) of these lights leads through Old Cudd Channel, the original approach to
Ramsgate.
8. Front light (white metal mast, green top, 10 m in height) (49º 44′·4N, 0º 18′·6E).
A house stands 4 cables E of the front light structure. Rear light (white pylon, green
top, on house, 6 m in height) (30 m SSE of front light). The alignment (166º) of these
lights leads to the best place on the beach for landing boats.
9. Head of Jetee Sud (grey tower, green top, 10 m in height) (49º 45′·9N, 0º 21′·9 E).
Root of Jetee Nord (red circle on white mast, 7 m in height) (230 m E of front light).
The alignment of these lights, which may be difficult to distinguish against the town
lights at night, leads from the W to a position several hundred metres from Jetee Sud,
whence course should be adjusted towards ENE, to pass close N the head of Jetee Sud.
10. Front light (white column, green top, 9 m in height) (51º 01′·7N, 2º 12′·0E).
Rear light (white column, green top, 20 m in height) (600 m SW of front light). The
alignment (120º) of these high intensity sector lights together with two beacons (radar
reflectors), which stand on the leading line, 2 cables and 4 cables NW of the front
light, leads through the dredged entrance channel.
11. Front light (X topmark on white metal framework tower, red bands)
(51º 14′·2N, 2º 55′·6E). Rear light (X topmark on white metal framework tower, red
bands) (180 m SE of front light). The alignment (128º) of these neon strip lights leads
through the centerline of the channel between the piers. The pier heads, on which
stand lights are 165 m apart, but the piers curve inward and most of the channel is only 120 m wide.
12. From a position SSW of the harbour entrance in Honte the alignment (023º)
of front light (green mast, 4 m in height) and rear light (green metal mast, 9 m in
height) (100 m NNE of front light) leads through the harbour entrance which lies between two moles, on which stand lights, W mole head (white concrete column, 5 m in
height), E mole head (white concrete column, 5 m in height). The navigable channel
through the entrance is 200 m wide.
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13. A light (3 m in height) is exhibited on North Pier Head. This light is extinguished when vessels cannot enter the harbour. A second light (bracket on building)
is exhibited 100 m SE of the harbour entrance.
14. The alignment (171º) of Black Rocks Point Lighthouse with a white house
standing in front of trees (1½ miles S of the lighthouse) leads 5¼ miles through Goldstone Channel.
Black Rock Point Lighthouse
(Original dated prior to 1990)
15. Egg Island Light is exhibited from a framework tower near the S end of the
island. A radio beacon transmits from the light-tower and a fog signal is sounded
from a position about 1 cable NW.
16. Major Brown Rock Light is exhibited from a white pyramidal framework
structure on a white circular tank situated on Major Brown Rock.
17. Addenbroke Island Light is exhibited from a framework tower at the W end
of Addenbroke Island. A fog signal is sounded from a white framework tower close
S of the light-structure.
18. White Point Light is exhibited from a mast with a red and white triangular
day mark on White Point, on the N side of the passage about 1 mile E of Lama Point.
The N shore at the E end is bold.
19. Leading Lights in line bearing 164º are exhibited on Deepwater Point from
two masts, close together, each with a rectangular fluorescent orange and black
striped day mark. The lights in line lead over The Bar, W of Hastings Reef.
20. Refuge Island Boat Harbour Light is exhibited from a tree, with a fluorecent orange rectangular day mark with a black vertical stripe, 3 cables SW of Wiah
Point Lights. The white sector leads into the harbour.
21. Cook Point Light is exhibited from a beacon with a white triangular lattice
daymark at the end of a drying bank extending 1¼ cables from Cook Point.
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22. Some Canadian major lights are equipped with emergency lights, which
come into operation automatically on the failure of the main lights. The standard
characteristics of the emergency light is 6 white flashes every 15 seconds, but some
emergency lights show only 5 flashes but these are being changed gradually to the
standard characteristics.
23. Reef Island Light is exhibited from a framework tower with a daymark (red
and white chequers, diamond shape, white reflector) situated on the S end of Reef Island. The light has intensified sectors up Portland Canal and down Pearse Canal.
24. The alignment (172½º) of the petroleum harbour leading lights leads into
the inner roadstead and to the entrance of Neftyanaya Gavan: Front light (white round
metal tower, 2 black bands, 11 m in height) (41º 39′·0 N, 41º 39′·0 E). Rear light
(black truncated pyramid) (7 cables SSE of front beacon, 5 m in height).
Mole Head
(Front leading Light)
25. An Aeronautical Light (framework tower, 15 m in height) is situated 5½
cables SSE of Spit Point at Sandspit airport. The light is exhibited during periods of
poor visibility on request to Prince Rupert Coast Guard Radio.
Study speech patterns
to be liable to … = very likely to happen
1. The colour of light is liable to change. — Цвет огня подвержен изменению.
2. These shoals are liable to shift. — Эти отмели могут перемещаться.
3. The limits of light sectors are liable to change. — Границы секторов огня
могут меняться.
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Appear to = to seem
1. These appears to be some mistakes. — По видимому, здесь имеется ошибка.
2. That light has appeared to be withdrawn. — Оказалось, что огонь упразднен.
3. The duration of a flash may appear to be less than normal. — Продолжи-
тельность проблеска может оказаться меньше нормы.
To fail = not to do smith should be done
1. The ship failed to arrive on time. — Судно не прибыло во-время.
2. Our vessel failed to enter the port at night. — Наше судно не смогло войти
в порт ночью.
3. We failed to distinguish the light in fog. — Мы не смогли различить огонь
в тумане.
3. Translate the following phrases into Russian.
1. White wooden house. 2. White lantern. 3. Red 8-sided tower. 4. White hut,
black base. 5. Grey round tower and dwelling. 6. Brick tower. 7. Church tower.
8. 6-sided column, red stripes. 9. Square framework. 10. Masonry platform. 11. Black
truncated pyramid. 12. White concrete pillar. 13. Stainless steel column. 14. Round
metal tower, red cupola. 15. Same structure. 16. Turreted parapet.
4. Give the characteristic and the position of the following lights.
Begin with: A light is exhibited … .
1. Leading lights of Aberdeen Harbour:
Rear light (white tower, 13m in height) (57º 08′N, 2º04′W).
Front light (white tower, 14m in height) (205m SW of front light).
2. Scurdie Ness Light (white tower, 39m in height) (56º42′N, 2º26′W).
3. Johnshaven:
Front light (red structure, 2m in height) (56º47′N, 2º19′W).
Rear light (green structure, 3m in height) (85m NW of the front light).
4. Whitby Harbour:
Front light (white triangle, standing on pier coping) (54º29′N, 0º36′W).
Rear light (white disk, black stripe) (close NE of front light).
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5. Entrance to Avant-port:
Front light (white column, green top, 9m in height) (51º01′N, 2º12′E).
Rear light (white column, green top, 20m in height) (600m SW of front light).
6. Scheveningen Main Light (brown metal tower, 30m in height) (52º06′N, 4º16′E),
5 cables E of the entrance.
7. Englesche Vaarwater:
Front light (red round pedestal, white band, 5m in height) (51º37′N, 3º55′E)
Rear light (red square on white mast, red bands, 13m in height) (300m NNE of
front light).
Useful information. Remember this
Harbour — an area of water next to the coast, often surrounded by thick walls where ships
and boats can be sheltered
Port — a town by the sea or by a river, which has a harbour, or the harbour itself
Bay — a part of the coast where the land curves inward so that
sea is surrounded by land on three sides
Gulf — a very large area of sea surrounded on three sides by curving length of coast
Cape — a very large piece of land sticking out into the sea
Head — the top part of beginning of something
5. Decipher the following abbreviations.
1) Fl.(2) G.6s5M;
2) Q.(3)10s7m2M;
3) Iso.G.4s9m10M;
4) Oc.(2)WR.6s8m9/6M;
5) Oc.(3)WRG.12s18m13-9M;
6) Fl.(4)WR.15s15m15/11M;
7) VQ.(3)G.2s10m9M;
8) Q.(6) + LFl15s12m9M;
9) Fl.(2+1)WR.21s24m13M;
10) Iso.10s41m6M.
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6. Answer the questions.
1. What classes of lights are there?
2. What do we call “leading lights” according to nomenclature?
3. What structures can the lights be exhibited from?
4. What material may these structures be made of?
5. What is a lighthouse?
6. What is a light float?
7. Where can the information about lights be found?
8. What purpose does a light-float serve?
9. Is there any difference between a light-vessel and a light-float?
10. Why cannot the light be always depended on?
7. Translate the following sentences into English. Do it in writing.
1. Проблесковый огонь выставлен на белой башне 23 м высотой; место-
положение огня 56º27' сев. 2º54' зап.
2. Створ (299º) этих огней ведет через вход в гавань.
3. Огонь расположен на оконечности волнолома.
4. Туманный сигнал подается с белой ажурной башни, расположенной
непосредственно на маячной постройке.
5. Следуя в порт, держитесь в зеленом секторе огня.
6. Держите огни в створе.
7. Следуйте в порт по створу.
8. Информация об огнях дана на карте.
9. Какой пеленг этого маяка? Пеленг этого маяка 056º.
10. С какого расстояния можно видеть этот огонь? Этот огонь виден
с расстояния 7 миль.
11. На каком расстоянии от порта расположен этот маяк?
12. Можно ли полагаться на плавучий огонь?
13. Какие координаты проблескового (постоянного, частого, затмевающе-
гося) огня?
14. Находится ли плавмаяк на штатном месте?
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8. Describe the Lights given on chart.
Admiralty list of lights
and fog signals
Volume D 1999
Eastern Side of North and South Atlantic Oceans, South of Dunkerque
Corrected to ANM Weekly Edition
No 37 dated 10th September, 1999
International numbers of lights
The numbers assigned to lights in Admiralty List of Lights, prefixed by the
Volume letter, are the International Numbers, in accordance with the resolutions of
the International Hydrographic Organization.
These letter-figure combinations should be quoted whenever lights are referred to.
Description
Information is tabulated as follows:
Column 1: Contains the number of each light.
Column 2: Location, name. Place is printed in CAPITALS. The names of lights
having a range of 15 miles and over are printed in bold type; those of less than
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