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Strong verbs
Weak verbs
Minor group
7 classes
3 classes
Preterite-present
Suppletive
Anomalous
Class I
i: + 1 consonant
Class II
eo or u: + 1 consonant
Class III
Class III a) i + a nasal consonant + a consonant
Class III b) i + a nasal consonant
Class III c) ie + two consonants
Class III d) e + l + a consonant
Class III e) e + two consonants
Class III f) eo+r, h + a consonant
Class III g) u +r + a consonant
Class IV
e + 1 consonant (l or r, plus the verb brecan 'to break')
Class V
e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative)
Class VI
a + 1 consonant
Class VII
No specific rule. The infinitive and the past participle have
the same stem
OLD ENGLISH VERB
OLD ENGLISH STRONG VERBS
51
Stem Changes in Strong Verbs
Class
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Past Participle
Class I
i:
a: i i
Class II
eo
ea u o
Class III
see table below
Class IV
e æ æ:
o
Class V
e æ æ:
e
Class VI
a
o:
o:
a
Class VII
see table below
Stem Changes in Class III
Subclass
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
Subclass a)
i a u
u
Subclass b)
i æ ū
u
Subclass c)
ie o u
u
Subclass d)
e
ea u o
Subclass e)
e æ u
o
Subclass f)
u
ea u o
Stem Changes in Class VII
Subclass
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
Subclass a)
o or ā
æ or a
e
e
o or ā
æ or a
Subclass b)
ea
eo
eo
ea
Subclass c)
ā or ō
ēō
ēō
ā or ō
52
ēā or ē
ēā or ē
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
drīfan (to drive)
drāf
drifon
drifen
snīþan (to cut)
snāþ
snidon
sniden
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
teon (to convict)
tāh
tiʒon
tiʒen
þēon (to prosper)
bāh
þiʒon
þiʒen
wrēon (to cover)
wrāh
wriʒon
wriʒen
CLASS I
Other examples: ārīsan (to arise), abidan (to wait), bīdan (to bide), belīfan (to
stay), besmītan (to dirty), beswican (to betray), blīcan (to glitter), bītan (to
bite), clīfan (to cling), ʒlīdan (to glide), ʒrīpan (to clutch), ʒewītan (to go),
līþan (to go), rīdan (to ride), rīsan (to rise), scīnan (to shine), sīcan (to sigh),
slīdan (to slide), slītan (to slit), smitan (to dirt), stīʒan (to mount), strīdan (to
stride)
Class I strong: wrītan (to write)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 wrīte ¦wrāt
2 wrītest wrīte wrīt ¦wrīte wrīte
3 wrīteþ ¦wrāt
Plural
53
wrītaþ wrīten 2 wrītaþ ¦writon writen
Infinitive Participle
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
bēodan (to oder)
bēad
budon
boden
frēosan (to freeze)
frēas
fruson
frosen
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
dūfan (to dive)
dēaf
dufon
dofen
lūtan (to bend)
lēat
luton
loten
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
tēon (to draw)
tēah
tuʒon
toʒen
flēon (to flee)
flēah
fluʒon
floʒen
wrītan I wrītende II ʒewriten
CLASS II
Other examples: brēowan (to brew), brūcan (to bear), cēosan (to choose),
clēofan (to cleave), cēowan (to chew), drēosan (to fall), flēotan (to fleet),
forlēosan (to lose), ʒēotan (to pour), ʒrēotan (to weep), lēoʒan (to lie), nēotan
(to enjoy), scēotan (to shoot), sēoþan (to seethe); brūcan (to need), būʒan (to
bend), scūfan (to shove), slūfan (to sleep), sūpan (to try)
Class II strong: crēopan (to creep)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 crēope ¦crēap
2 crēopest crēope crēopa ¦crēape crēape
3 crēopeþ ¦crēap
Plural
crēopaþ crēopen 2 crēopaþ ¦crupon crupen
Infinitive Participle
54
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
drincan (to drink)
dranc
druncon
druncen
ʒelimpan (to happen)
ʒelamp
ʒelumpon
ʒelumpen
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
fri(ʒ)nan (to ask)
fræʒn
frūnon
frunen
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
biernan (to burn)
born
burnon
burnen
iernan (to run)
orn
urnon
urnen
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
helpan (to help)
healp
hulpon
holpen
melcan (milk)
mealc
mulcon
molcen
crēopan I crēopende II ʒecropen
CLASS III
Class III a) i + a nasal consonant + a consonant
Other examples: bindan (to bind), climban (to climb), findan (to find),
onʒinnan (to begin), rindan (to grind), scrincan (to dry out), sinʒan (to sing),
sinnan (to reflect), swindan (to vanish), swimman (to swim), winnan (to
work), windan (to wind)
Class III b) i + a nasal consonant
Class III c) ie + two consonants
Class III d) e + l + a consonant
55
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
berstan (to burst)
bærst
burston
borsten
þerscan (to thrash)
þærsc
þurscon
þorscen
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
feohtan (to fight)
feaht
fuhton
fohten
weorpan (to throw)
wearp
wurpon
worpen
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
spurnan (to spur)
spearn
spurnon
spornen
murnan (to murn)
mearn
murnon
-
Other examples: bellan (to bark), delfan (to delve), meltan (to melt), swelʒan
(to swallow), sweltan (to die)
Class III e) e + two consonants
Other examples: streʒdan (to sow)
Class III f) eo+r, h + a consonant
Other examples: beorcan (to bark), beorʒan (to conceal), ceorfan (to carve),
hweorfan (to turn), steorfan (to die)
Class III g) u +r + a consonant
Class III (a) strong - bindan (to bind)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 binde ¦ band
2 bindest binde bind ¦ bunde bunde
3 bindeþ - ¦ band, bond
Plural
bindaþ binden bindaþ ¦ bundon bunden
56
Infinitive Participle
bindan I bindende II ʒebunden
Class III (b) strong - beʒinnan (to begin)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 beʒine ¦ beʒæn
2 beʒinest beʒine beʒin ¦ beʒune beʒune
3 beʒineþ - ¦ beʒæn
Plural
beʒinaþ beʒinen beʒinaþ ¦ beʒunon beʒunen
Infinitive Participle
beʒinan I beʒinende II ʒebeʒinen
Class III (c) strong - iernan (to run)
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 ierne ¦ orn
2 iernest ierne iern ¦ urne urne
3 ierneþ - ¦ orn
Plural
iernaþ iernen iernaþ ¦ urnon urnen
Infinitive Participle
iernan I iernende II ʒeurnen
Present Past
Class III (d) strong - swelʒan (to swallow)
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 swelʒe ¦swealʒ
2 swelʒest swelʒe swelʒ ¦ swulʒe swulʒe
3 swelʒeþ - ¦ swealʒ
57
Present Past
Plural
swelʒaþ swelʒen swelʒaþ ¦ swulʒon swulʒen
Infinitive Participle
swelʒan I swelʒende II ʒeswolʒen
Class III (e) strong - breʒnan (to wield)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 breʒne ¦ bræʒn
2 breʒnest breʒne breʒn ¦ bruʒne bruʒne
3 breʒneþ - ¦ bræʒn
Plural
breʒnaþ breʒnen breʒnaþ ¦ bruʒnon bruʒnen
Infinitive Participle
breʒnan I breʒnende II ʒebroʒnen
Class III (f) strong - weorþan (to become)
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 weorþe ¦ wearþ
2 weorþest weorþe weorþ ¦ wurþe wurþe
3 weorþeþ - ¦ wearþ
Plural
weorþaþ weorþen weorþaþ ¦ wurdon wurden
Infinitive Participle
weorþan I weorþende II ʒeworden
Class III (g) strong - spurnan (to spur)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 spurne ¦ spearn
2 spurnest spurne spurn ¦ spurne spurne
58
Present Past
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
stelan (to steal)
stæl
stælon
stolen
teran (to tear)
tær
tæron
turen
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
niman (to take)
nom
nomon
numen
cuman (to come)
com
cōmon
cumen
3 spurneþ - ¦ spearn
Plural
spurnaþ spurnen spurnaþ ¦ spurnon spurnen
Infinitive Participle
spurnan I spurnende II ʒespornen
CLASS IV
Other examples: brecan (to break), cwelan (to die), helan (to conceal)
Class IV strong - beran (to bear)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 bere ¦ bær
2 berest bere ber ¦ bære bære
3 bereþ - ¦ bær
Plural
59
beraþ beren beraþ ¦ bæron bæren
Infinitive Participle
beran I berende II ʒeboren
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
cweþan (to say)
cwæþ
cwædon
cweden
sprecan (to speak)
spræc
spræcon
sprecen
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
biddan (to beg)
bæd
bæddon
bidden
licʒan (to lie)
læʒ
læʒon
leʒen
sittan (to sit)
sæt
sætton
sitten
Infinitive
Past Singular
Past Plural
Participle II
ʒiefan (to give)
ʒeaf
ʒēafon
ʒiefen
ʒietan (to get)
ʒiat
ʒēaton
ʒieten
CLASS V
Other examples: cnedan (to knead), drepan (to kill), etan (to eat), lesan (to
gather), metan to (measure), swefan (to sleep), tredan (to tread), wefan (to
weave), wesan (to be), wrecan (to persecute)
Class V strong - sēon (to see)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 sēo - ¦ seah
2 sīehst sēo seoh ¦ sāwe sāwe
3 sīehþ - seah ¦ sæʒe
Plural
sēoþ sēon 2 sēoþ ¦ sāwon sāwen
Infinitive Participle
sēon I sēonde II ʒesewen, ʒeseʒen
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