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ANOMALOUS VERBS
dōn (do)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 dō ¦ dide, dude, dede
2 dōst (Northern dōs) dō dō ¦ didest dide
3 dōth (Northern dōs) ¦ dide
Plural
dōn dōn 2 dōth ¦ diden diden
(Northern dōs,
Southern dōth)
Participles: I dōinge, II dō
(Northern dōande)
willen (will)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive ¦ Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 will, woll ¦ wolde
2 wilt, wolt wille, wolle ¦ woldest wolde
3 wil, wol ¦ wolde
Plural
wollen willen ¦ woldon wolden
(Northern willes,
Southern willeth)
Participle I, II wold
Negative particle ne coalesces with verb forms:
ne wille=nylle, nelle; ne wolde = nolde
121
SUPPLETIVE VERBS
ben (be) ( in Middle English)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 am ¦ was
2 art bē be ¦ wēre wēre
3 is ¦ wās
Plural
bēn bēn bēth ¦wēren wēren
(Northern art, Southern beth)
Participle I: beinge (being) Participle II: bēn
(Northern beand)
Negative particle ne coalesces with verb forms:
ne am>nam, ne is>nis, ne was>nas, ne were>nere, etc.
be (be) ( in New English)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 am ¦ was
2 - bē be ¦ - were
3 is ¦ was
Plural
are be be ¦ were weren
Participle I: being Participle II: been
gōn, gān (go) ( in Middle English)
Present Past
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive
Singular
1 gō (ga) ¦ yede/wente
2 gōst (gast) gō (gā) gō (gā) ¦ yedest/wentest yede/
3 gōth (gas) ¦yede/wente wente
Plural
gōn (gōs) gōn (gān) gōth, gāth ¦yeden yeden/
¦wenten wenten
Participle I: gōinge (gānde) Participle II: gōn (gān)
122
Prefixes
Meaning
Examples
a-
dis-
in-
non-
un-
negation
-theist, -moral
-obey, -believe
-complete, -decisive
-smoker, -medical
-wise, -helpful
de-
dis-
un-
reversal
-frost, -fraud
-connect, -infect
-do, -mask
mal-
mis-
pseudo-
disparaging
-treat, -function
-hear, -lead
-intellectual
arch-
co-
hyper-
mega-
mini-
out-
over-
sub-
super-
sur-
ultra-
under-
vice-
size or degree
-duke, -enemy
-habit, -pilot
-market, -card
-loan, -merger
-skirt, -bus
-class, -run
-worked, -flow
-normal, -conscious
-market, -man
-tax, -charge
-modern, -sound
-charge, -play
-chair, -president
anti-
auto-
contra-
counter-
pro-
orientation
-clockwise, -social
-suggestion, -biography
-indicate, -flow
-clockwise, -act
socialist, -consul
MIDDLE ENGLISH & EARLY NEW ENGLISH
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
123
Prefixes
Meaning
Examples
extra-
foreinterintra-
pan-
super-
tele-
trans-
location
and
distance
-terrestrial, -mural
-shore, -leg
-marry, -play
-venous, -national
-African, -American
-script, -structure
-scope, -phone
-plant, -atlantic
ex-
fore-
neo-
paleo-
post-
pre-
proto-
re-
time and order
-husband, -president
-warn, -shadow
-Gothic, -classic
-lithic, -botany
-war, -modern
-school, -marital
-type, -European
-cycle, -new
bi-
demi-
di-
mono-
multi-
poly-
semi-
tri-
uni-
number
-cycle, -lingual
-god, -tasse
-oxide, -graph
-rail, -plane
-racial, -purpose
--technic, -gamy
-circle, -detached
-maran, -pod
-sex, -cycle
Prefixes
Meaning
Examples
a-
grammatical conversion
Verb to Adjective
-stride, -board
been-
grammatical conversion
Noun to Verb
-friend, -witch
-flame, -danger
124
Suffixes
Meaning
Examples
-age
-dom
-ery
-ful
-hood
-ing
-ism
-ocracy
-ship
abstract
noun
markers
frontage, mileage
officialdom, stardom
drudgery, slavery
cupful, spoonful
brotherhood, girlhood
farming, paneling
idealism, racism
aristocracy
friendship, membership
-eer
-er
-ess
-ette
-let
-ling
-ster
concrete
noun
markers
engineer, racketeer
teenager, cooker
waitress, lioness
kitchenette, usherette
booklet, piglet
duckling, underling
gangster, gamester
-ly
-ward(s)
-wise
adverb
markers
quickly, happily
northwards, onwards
clockwise, lengthwise
-ate
-en
-ify
-ize / ise
verb markers
orchestrate, chlorinate
deafen, ripen
beautify, certify
modernize, advertise
-ese
-(i)an
-ist
-ite
adjective / noun
markers
Chinese, Portuguese
republican, Parisian
socialist, loyalist
socialite, Luddite
-age
-al
-ant
-ation
-ee
-er
-ing
-ment
nouns from
verbs
breakage, wastage
refusal, revival
informant, lubricant
exploration, education
payee, absentee
writer, driver
building, clothing
amazement, equipment
125
-or
actor, supervisor
Suffixes
Meaning
Examples
-ity
-ness
nouns from
adjectives
rapidity, falsity
happiness, kindness
-able
-ive
adjectives from
verbs
drinkable, washable
attractive, explosive
-ed
-esque
-ful
-ic
-(i)al
-ish
-less
-ly
-ous
-y
adjectives from
nouns
pointed, blue-eyed
Kafkaesque
useful, successful
atomic, Celtic
editorial, accidental
foolish, Swedish
careless, childless
friendly, cowardly
ambitious, desirous
sandy, hairy
Suffixes
Examples
-ance,
-ence
ignorance, arrogance
dependence, excellence
-ment
government
-ess
shepherdess, murderess
-et
coronet, cabinet
-1
islet, circlet
-let
leaflet, booklet
-age
courage, marriage, luggage,
*-e
lessee, employee, trustee
-ard
coward, bastard, wizard, niggard,
drunkard, dullard
-al
(from French - aille)
funeral, refusal, arrival, proposal
126
-able, -ible
admirable, tolerable, legible, flexible,
readable, unbearable
127
PRINCIPAL MIDDLE ENGLISH WRITTEN RECORDS
Kentis
h
dialect
South,
Western of
West Midland
dialect
London
dialect
Midland or
East Midland
dialect
Northern
dialect
Scottis
h
dialect
12th century
THE
PERTERBOR
OUGH
CHRONICLE
13th century
Kentis
h
Sermo
ns
POEM
A
MOR
ALE
ANCRENE
RIWLE (THE
RULE OF
ANCHORITI
ES);
Layamon:
BRUT
PROCLAMA
TION
of Henry
III;
EVIL
TIMES OF
EDWARD
II
monk ORM:
poem
ORMULUM;
poem
HAVELOK
THE DANE;
poem KING
HORN
THE
PROSE
RULE OF
ST.
BENEDIC
T
14th century
Dan
Micha
el:
AY
ENBIT
E
OF
INWI
T
Robert of
Gloucester, a
versified
CHRONICLE;
SIR
GAWAINE
AND
THE GREEN
KNIGHT
and other
poems by the
same author
R.Higden:
translation of
POLYCHRO
NICON
Romances of
Chivalry:
RICHARD
COEUR DE
LION
and others;
John
Wyclif’s
BIBLE,
pamphlet;
William
Langland:
PIERS THE
PLOWMAN;
Adam Davy’s
poems
Romances of
Chivalry;
Miracle Plays
poem
CURSOR
MUNDI;
Richard
Rolle of
Hampole:
THE
PRICK
OF
CONSCIE
NCE
John
Barbou
r:
BRUCE
;
Henry
the
Minstre
l:
WALL
ACE
131
Geoffrey
Chaucer:
CANTERBURY
TALES ;
John Gower:
THE VOICE
OF THE
CRYING IN
THE
WILDERNESS,
THE LOVER’S
CONFESSION
15th century
Thomas
Hoccleve;
John Lydgate;
Thomas
Malory:
MORTE
D’ARTHUR
York Plays
King
James I of
Scotland:
KING’S
QUHAIR
(KING’S
BOOK)
131
GREAT LITERARY MEN OF THE ELIZABETHAN AGE
HOUSE
OF
YORK
THE TUDORS
HOUSE OF
STUART
Henry
VII
Henry
VIII
Edward
VI
Mary
I
Elizabeth
I
1485 1509 1547 1553 1558
1603
William Shakespeare 1564-1616
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Christopher Marlow 1564-1593
XXXXX
Edmund Spenser 1552?-1599
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Francis Bacon 1561-1626
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Richard Hakluyt 1552?-1616
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James Shirley 1596-1666
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Philip Sidney 1554-1586
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John Webster 1580?-1625?
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Ben Johnson 1573?-1637
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Michael Drayton 1563-1631
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William Warner 1558?-1609
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131
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