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Файл:История английского языка в таблицах (На английском языке). Учебное пособие
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1600s
The Age of Bibles
1525
William Tyndale’s New Testament first printed
1539
The Great Bible printed
1540
Sir John Cheke teaches Greek at Cambridge. There is a large
influx of Latin and Greek borrowings and neologisms
1611
Authorized version of the Bible (or King James Bible)
published, which has influenced English writing down to the
present day
1700s
Classical period of the English literature
New coinages of borrowed Latin and Greek words enlarge the
English vocabulary
The rise of prescriptive Grammar. The rise of English purists,
like J. Swift, who decried the "degeneration" of English and
sought to "purify" it and fix it forever in unchanging form
1623
First folio edition of W. Shakespeare, who is recognized even
as a genius of the English language. Wove native and
borrowed words together in amazing and pleading
combinations
1640
Samuel Johnson writes "An English Grammar"
1653
John Wallis publishes "Grammatica Lingae Anglicanae"
(Grammar of the English Language)
1730
Proceedings at law first recorded in English
1755
Samuel Johnson publishes his dictionary
1762
Robert Lowth writes "Short Introduction to English Grammar"
1794
Lindley Murrey publishes "English Grammar"
CRUCIAL EVENTS
OF THE EARLY NEW ENGLISH PERIOD
CRUCIAL EVENTS
OF THE NEW ENGLISH PERIOD
21
a æ b с d e f ʒ h i l m
n o œ p r s t þ u x y
OLD ENGLISH
ANGLO-SAXON FUTHORC
OLD ENGLISH ALPHABET
22
Monophthongs
Diphthongs
Short
i, e, æ, a, å, o, u, y
ea, eo, io, ie
Long
ī, ē, æ, ā, ō, ū, ў
ēa, ēo, īo, īe
OE
Description; Position; Pronunciation
Examples
a
Short back vowel; Mainly in open syllables, when the
following one contains a back vowel; English cup
macian (to make),
habban (to have)
ā
Long back [a] vowel; In any kind of syllables;
English star
stān (a stone),
hātan (to call)
æ
Short back vowel; Met mainly in closed syllables, or
in open ones, if the next syllable contains a front
vowel; English bad
dæʒ (a day),
wæter (water)
æ
Long back vowel; as Gothic ē found only in some
verbal forms, as Gothic á is the result of the so-called
i-mutation
stælon (stolen),
hælan (to cure)
e
Short front vowel; as Gothic i, ai noticed only in some
infinitives, otherwise is result of the mutation of i;
English bed
brekan
(to break)
ē
Long front [e] vowel; resulted from the i-mutation of
ō
dēman (to judge)
i
Short front vowel; can be either stable or unstable, the
unstable sound can interchange with ie and y;
English still
bindan (to bind),
niht / nyht (a
night)
ī
Long front [i] vowel; also stable and unstable
(mutating to ý); English steal
wrītan (to write),
hī / hў (they)
o
Short back vowel; English cost
coren (chosen)
ō
Long back [o] vowel; English store
scōc (divided)
u
Short back vowel; used only when the next syllable
contains another back vowel; English book
curon
(they chose)
ū
Long back [u] vowel; English stool
lūcan (to look)
y
Short front vowel; i-mutation of u
ʒylden (golden)
ў
Long front [y] vowel; i-mutation of ū
mўs (mice)
å
A special short sound met only before nasals in
closed syllables
månn (a man)
OLD ENGLISH PHONETICS
VOWELS
23
æ > ea
before
"r+consonant"
before
"l+ consonant"
before
"h+ consonant"
before h final
ærm > earm
æld > eald
æhta > eahta
sæh > seah
e > eo
before
"r+ consonant"
before
"lc, lh, h + consonant"
before
h final
herte > heorte
melcan > meolcan
feh > feoh
e > ie
(ʒefan > ʒiefan)
æ > ea
(cæster > ceaster)
æ > ēā
(ʒæfon > ʒēafon)
a > ea
(scacan > sceacan)
o > eo
(scort > sceort)
before liquids and labial consonants (i.e. r, l; p, b, f, m)
i > io
(hira > hiora)
e > eo
(herot > heorot)
a > ea
(saru > searu)
VOWEL CHANGES
1. BREAKING
2. PALATALIZATION
3. BACK MUTATION
24
ah + vowel
ēā
(slahan > slēāhan > slēān)
eh,ih + vowel
ēō
(sehan > sēōhan > sēōn)
oh + vowel
ō
(fōhan > fōn)
a > e
(framian > fremman)
æ > e
(tælian > tellan)
ā > æ
(lārian>læran)
o > e
(ofstian > efstan)
ō > ē
(dōmian > dēman)
u > y
(fullian > fyllan)
ū > ў
(cūþian > cўþan)
ea > ie
(earmiþu > iermþu)
ēā > īē
(ʒelēāfian > ʒelīēfan)
eo > ie
(afeorrian > afierran, afyrran)
ēō > īē
(ʒetrēōwi > ʒetrīēwe)
4. CONTRACTION OF VOWELS due to a dropped h.
5. I-MUTATION (also known as "I/J Mutation" or “front mutation”).
25
Labials
p, b, f, v
Dentals
d, t, s, þ (English [th] in thin),
ð (English [th] in this)
Velars
c [k], g, h
Liquids
r, l
Nasals
n, m
[g]
as in English gift
after
any consonant or
initially before back
vowels a, o, u
ʒān
sinʒan
[j]
as in English yellow
before and after any
front vowel e, i, y
ʒiefan
weʒ
[]
as Ukranian [г]
after r, l
between back vowels
a, o, u
draʒan
folʒian
[g’]
after c
secʒan
brycʒ
CONSONANTS
Letter ʒ
26
wīf
wīfes
wearþ
weorðan
was
wesaþ
cild
cild [child]
scip
scip [ship]
bricʒ
bricʒ [briʤ]
any velar consonant+ t
-ht-:
sōcte > sōhte
any labial consonant+ t
-ft-:
sceapt > sceaft
any dental consonant+ t
-ss-:
witte > wisse
n was lost before
h, f, s, p
bronhte > brōhte,
sonfte > sōfte
CONSONANT CHANGES
1. VOICING OF FRICATIVE
2. PALATALIZATION
3. OTHER CHANGES
27
Vocalic stem
Consonantal stem
Strong declensions
Weak declensions
a-stems
ja-stem
wa-stem
ō-stems
jō -stem
wō -stem
i-stems
u-stems
n-stems
root-
stems
other
minor
stems
r-, s-, nd-
Division according to gender
MN
F
MNF
MF
MNF
MF
MNF
Masculine
Neuter
Neuter
short syllable
long syllable
Singular
Nominative
stān (stone)
scip (ship)
bān (bone)
Genetive
stānes
scipes
bānes
Dative
stāne
scipe
bāne
Accusative
stān
scip
bān
Plural
Nominative
stānas
scipu
bān
Genetive
stāna
scipa
bāna
Dative
stānum
scipum
bānum
Accusative
stānas
scipu
bān
OLD ENGLISH NOUN
a-stems
Examples of a-stems:
Masculine: earm (an arm), helm (a helmet), hrinʒ (a ring),
mūþ (a mouth)
Neuter: dor (a gate), hof (a courtyard), ʒeoc (a yoke),
word (word), reced (house), dēōr (an animal),
bearn (a child), nīeten (ox), ʒēār (a year)
28
Masculine
Neuter
Singular
Nominative
dæʒ (day)
fæt (vessel)
Genetive
dæʒes
fætes
Dative
dæʒe
fæte
Accusative
dæʒ
fæt
Plural
Nominative
daʒas
fatu
Genetive
daʒa
fata
Dative
daʒum
fatum
Accusative
daʒas
fatu
Masculine
Neuter
Singular
Nominative
here (army)
cynn (king)
Genetive
her(i)es
cynnes
Dative
her(i)e
cynne
Accusative
here
cynn
Plural
Nominative
her(i)es
cynnu
Genetive
her(i)a
cynna
Dative
her(i)um
cynnum
Accusative
her(i)as
cynnu
ja-stems
Examples of ja-stems:
Masculine: wecʒ (a wedge), bōcere (a scholar), hrycʒ (back),
29
Masculine
Neuter
Singular
Nominative
bearu (wood)
bealu (evil)
Genetive
bearwes
bealwes
Dative
bearwe
bealwe
Accusative
bearu (-o)
bealu (-o)
Plural
Nominative
bearwas
bealwu (-o)
Genetive
bearwa
bealwa
Dative
bearwum
bealwum
Accusative
bearwas
bealu (-o)
fiscere (a fisherman)
Neuter: net (net), bed (bed), ende (end), rīce (realm), wīte (a punishment)
wa-stems
Examples of wa-stems:
Masculine: snāw (snow), þēaw (a custom)
Neuter: searu (armour), trēow (a tree), cnēw (a knee)
30
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