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3. Lakoff, G. Metaphors We Live By / G. Lakoff, M. Johnson. – Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 1980. – 246 p.
4. Maslova, V. А. Lingvokulturologiya: ucheb. posobiye dlya stud. vyssh. ucheb. zavedeniy /
V. А. Maslova. – М.: Izdatelskiy tsentr «Akademiya», 2004. – 208 p.
5. Pimenova, M. V. Dusha i dukh: osobennosti kontseptualizatsii / M. V. Pimenova. –
Kemerovo: IPK «Grafika», 2004. – 386 p.
6. Tolstaya, S. M. «Chelovek zhivyot, kak trava rastyot»: vegetativnaya metafora
chelovecheskoy zhizni / S. М. Tolstaya // Sokrovennyye smysly: Slovo. Tekst. Kultura: sb.
statyey v chest N. D. Arutyunovoy / otv. red. Yu. D. Apresyan. – М.: Yazyki slavyanskoy
kultury, 2004. – P. 685-693.
УДК 81 (075)
LINGUISTIC AND AXIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF NATIONAL
CHARACTER IN THE LIGHT OF NATIONAL IDENTITY
Shusharina G.A.
Komsomolsk-na-Amur State Technical University,
Komsomolsk-na-Amure, Russia,
e-mail: galinalmk@yandex.ru
Summary:
The article addresses the question of the existence of the national character from
different perspectives. Recognizing the national character as a component of national identity,
the author suggests using linguistic and axiological approach to the study of the typical traits
of the residents of Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the texts of virtual discourse.
Keywords / phrases: national character, identity, interpretation, linguistic and
axiological approach.
The problem of identity is one of the most important and widely discussed topics in
modern science. Of particular interest is the collective identity in the study of which the most
developed theory is the one of national identity. This is because during the past century, the
problem of national identity is associated with the self-defense of nation-states in the world
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72
wars, and in the XXI century, states are forced to defend their national interests and national
heritage in the globalizing world.
In this paper, the term "identity" refers to the established people's perceptions of their
nation, the belongingto the nation.
The problem of national identity is presented as the question of the national character.
Although some prominent researchers believe that national characteristics are not amenable to
scientific understanding, still, in today's domestic and foreign literature we can observe a
growing number of scientific studies on the typical traits of the national character. However,
the question of the actual existence of the national character remains open.
On the one hand, researchers deny the existence of the national character as "a set of
empirical personality traits typical of many or all of the people's representatives, genetically
defined mental and moral traits of the nation" [1]. On the other hand, the researchers propose
to consider the national character in terms of cultural and regulatory aspects. Then under the
national character, we understand a "stable set of culturally appropriate values, attitudes,
behavioral norms, taken more or less consciously, associated with a particular socio-cultural
situation and are not automatically inherited" [1]. At the same time, T.G. Stefanenko
encourages researchers to be guided by several principles. Firstly, it should be understood that
the national character contains fixing typical features that are present in various degrees and
in various combinations in a significant number of individuals; secondly, traits can be
understood only by reference to the general system of values, depending on the socioeconomic and geographical conditions, the lifestyle of the people [4].
In the study of the national character, the scientists identify several methodological
approaches, namely, ethnographic, psychological, linguistic and semiotic, historical, cultural,
socio-economic approaches [7]. The ethnographic method takes as a basis for the description
the way of life, ways of bringing up children and caring for the elderly, the description of the
disposition of the people. The psychological method includes research with the help of
personality tests, tests drawings, etc. The historical and cultural analysis method demonstrates
the cultural symbolism of the national perception of time and space, the analysis of traditions,
pictures of the world. The socio-economic method analyzes the socio - economic structures,
characteristic of the national community, the attitude to material goods. The linguistic and
semiotic method concentrates the comparative analysis of language, grammatical structures,
ways of expression, and ways of thinking [7].
S.G. Ter-Minasova identifies the following sources confirming the existence of the
national character as international jokes, national classical literature, folklore [5, p. 43].
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However, some features of the national character can be traced in contemporary
discourse, especially in the mass media, virtual discourse, etc. For the study of national
character, it is permissible to use linguistic and axiological approach, which includes the
application of the method of text interpretation. Interpretation is understood as a way to
identify the meaning inherent in the text / discourse through "a certain way of its completion,
which is committed to the fullest possible understanding of the substantive content of the text
with what was said, implied, and the circumstances of the statements" [2, p. 43].
Thus, the interpretivetexts posts analysis of Urban Forum of Komsomolsk-on-Amur,
dedicated to the 2013 flood, allowed updating the concept Patriotism in the concept sphere of
Komsomolsk-on-Amurresidents. The study of the content of the texts showed that the tragedy
faced by the residents of the Russian Far east, unite and rally the people. People expressed
their concern about the fate of the city: "Together we can handle," "that‘s a common problem.
For the entire city [6]. "We can safely say that the residents of Komsomolsk-on-Amur love
the city, ready to make everything possible and impossible to defend the city in difficult
situations. Residents of Komsomolsk-on-Amur seek psychological support by appealing to a
sense of love for his native land [3].
"Russian national character" was particularly evident and became visible in extreme
conditions. Then came the mobilization of the people, and the Russians became able to
perform feats and resist anything that could disrupt and destroy their life. This has happened
in the history of Russia during the wars, this has happened during the flood in the Khabarovsk
Territory in 2013. The whole world has seen the residents of the city, standing in the water all
night in the cold wind, defended the dam so that "big water" could not wash away the city to
the ground.
Thus, the study of national character allows conclusions about national identity, which
has a strong potential for rallying people combining their shared value systems, a similar
reaction to the social processes and a single will to the social (sometimes heroic) action.
References:
1. Ermolina, E. Russian culture. Personalistic paradigm of the educational process / E.
Ermolina [electronic resource]. URL: www.gumer.info (date accessed 10 05. 2013).
2. Serebrennikova, E.F. Key concepts of the axiological analysis / E.F. Serebrennikova //
Linguistics and Axiology: ethnosemiometriya of value meanings: a collective monograph M.: THESAURUS, 2011 - Pp. 27-48.
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3. Shusharina, G.A. The concept "Patriotism" in the concept sphere of regional cultural
identity in Komsomolsk-on-Amur / G.A. Shusharina // Scientific Notes of Komsomolskon-Amur State Technical University. 2013. T.2.№ 4 (16). - P. 49-51.
4. Stefanenko, T.G. Ethnopsychology / T.G. Stefanenko - M .: Institute of Psychology RAS,
"Academic Project", 1999 - 182 p.
5. Ter-Minasova, S.G. War and Peace of languages and cultures: Theory and Practice / S.G.
Ter-Minasova - M .: ACT "Astrel: Khranitel, 2007 - 286 p.
6. Urban server Komsomolsk-on-Amur [electronic resource]. URL :. http://www.kms.ru (date
accessed 20.08.2013 - 09.25.2013).
7. Zakovorotnaya, M.V. The identity of the person. Social and philosophical aspects / M.V.
Zakovorotnaya [electronic resource]. URL: www. naucheba.ru (date accessed 06. 02.2014).
УДК 81
SOME PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATING
PUBLICISTIC STYLE TEXTS
Tyuryukhanova N.N.
Amur State University of Humanities and Pedagogy,
Komsomolsk-on-Amure, Russia,
e-mail: nataly-@inbox.ru
Summary: The following article is devoted to the publicistic style research, it gives
the definition of this term, studies the main features of publicistic text in Chinese, describes
the most remarkable peculiarities of translating Chinese publicistic texts into Russian.
Keywords / phrases: publicistic style, peculiarities of translation, features of Chinese
publicistic style.
政论文翻译中一些问题
政论文具有鲜明的政治倾向性，作者在阐述当前国内外发生的政治、经济、社
会等事件时，必然发现出自己对该事件所持的观点、立场和给予的评价，政论作者还
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力图感染读者，既晓之以理，又动之以情，从而达到宣传、鼓动的目的。这是政论文
最根本的交际功能。因此，政论文的翻译要求忠实传达原作的内容、思想、感情。由
于政论文，特别是党和国家领导人的讲话，常常涉及重大政治问题，翻译的差错可能
导致政治错误，因而译者感到某种无形的心理压力，也可能说是政治责任感。于是译
者在翻译时应该避免增删词语、改变句子结构，务求译文形式完全或尽量与原文一致
，认为这可以防止译文偏离原文，既做到了―忠实‖，政治上也较为―稳妥‖。
一个民族的语言，其遗词造句的方式是与该民族的思维和表达习惯相联系的。
人类的思维，作为客观世界在头脑中的反映，有其共同的规律，这一点决定了各种语
言间互译的可能性。另一方面，思维的语言表达方式确实千差万别。谢尔巴说：―现实
在不同语言中是按不同的方式展现的。‖翻译就是把用一种语言展现的现实转换为用另
一种语言展现的现实，而这种转换是不可能靠词句的线性转换所能达到的，因为各民
族的语言都有自己的独特的语音、词汇、语法、修辞的规范。举一个例子：汉民族思
维中方位以东西为轴，中国人说：东南风，西北风，而我们则以南北为轴，我们说：ю
го-восточныйветер（东南风）。
翻译不是转述。老舍说过：―文学创作的妙处不仅在乎它说了些什么，而且在
乎它是怎么说的。‖政论文的翻译同样应当考虑原文―说了什么‖和―怎么说的‖两个方面
。但这绝不意味着翻译要原封不动地复制原文的词语、句法结构、语句顺序。如果说
，商业买卖中顾客是―上帝‖，那末翻译中译文读者也是―上帝‖，尽管这样的比喻不无―
跛足‖之嫌。说到底，译者不是为原文作者服务，而是为译文读者服务。这样理解翻译
，就可能改变多年来形成的政论译者只对原文作者―单相‖负责，就可能在翻译实践中
更多地考虑译文读者的存在，更多地考虑语言的修辞要求，译文读者可以接受的程度
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以及译文是否能激起与原文读者―同等的反应‖。不应当让原文固有的语言特点束缚住
译者的手脚。
本文章拟从我国出版的政论汉语译文中举出值得例子，旨在引起翻译工作者对
政论文翻译问题的注意，或进行探讨。
政论文第一个特点是长句。汉语政论文在句法上的一个特点是经常用长句，多
个谓语共有一个主语。按汉语语法，各谓语是主语承前省略的分句。可现代俄语政论
语体，句子有缩短的倾向，甚少使用一个主语带众多的同等谓语的长句。当句子的同
等谓语过多时，就需分成几句，或重复主语，或使用代词，也可以省略主语。例如下
列长句分成了几句：
希望广大思想文化工作者，都能够坚持为人民服务、为社会主义服务的方向，
坚持把社会效益放在首位，联系群众，深入生活，勇于开拓创新，为人民提供更多更
好的精神产品，以丰富和提高人民的文化素养和精神境界，培育人们高尚的道德情操
、生活情趣和金康的审美观念，激励人们满腔热情地献身四化建设。
Хотелось бы надеяться, что широкие слои культурно-идеологических
работников будут твердо держаться курса на служение народу и делу социализма,
ставить во главу угла социальный эффект, держать связь с массами, углубляться в
жизнь, смело искать и творить новое, давать народу еще больше духовной продукции
более высокого качества, с тем чтобы повышать культурный уровень людей, обогащать
их духовный мир, вырабатывать у них высокие моральные качества, благородные
вкусы, здоровое чувство прекрасного, поднимать их на самоотверженный труд во имя
осуществления четырех модернизаций.
译文中共用了十一个动词，第十一个不定式动词，其中前七个为从句主语的同
等谓语。这样的句子显得拖泥带水，读完后难以得到清晰完整的概念，也不合俄语修
辞规范。因此译文需调整句子结构，例如，根据意义，把某些动词处理为副动词或其
它结构，全句也可考虑分为两句或三句。比如说，Хотелось бы надеяться, что
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культурно-идеологические работники будут неуклонно держаться курса на служение
народу и делу социализма, ставя во главу угла социальный эффект, будут укреплять
связь с массами, и углубляться в жизнь и в поисках нового будут создавать еще больше
духовной продукции более высокого качества. Их творчество должно способствовать
повышению культурного уровня людей, обогащению их духовного мира, воспитанию у
них высоких моральных качеств, благородных вкусов и здорового чувства прекрасного,
должно поднимать народ на самоотверженный труд во имя осуществления
модернизации страны в четырех областях.
第二个特点是词序问题。任何一个句子都有语义重点即信息中心，不同的语言
借助不同手段表达这个中心。汉语句子的典型结构是主语 ——谓语——
宾语，但可借助逻辑重音来表示其中某个成分是中心信息的载体，在书面上并无特殊
标志。汉语也可以改变句子结构是成分发生移位，让信息中心处语句尾，从而形成所
谓―句尾焦点‖。俄语的词序决定于句子的实义切分，在正序中主位先于述位，而不管
主位、述位各以何种句子成分表示。在汉译俄过程中，如果忽视汉、俄语的词序差别
，把汉语的主语——谓语——
宾语为同样词序的俄语，就可能表达不出或错误地表达句子的中心信息，使俄语读者
不得要领。比方说，全党同志，各级干部，特别是领导干部，必须经常记住这一点，
经常用这个标准检查自己的一切言行。Все члены партии, кадры всех звеньев,
особенно руководящие кадры, должны всегда помнить это, всегда сверять с этим
критерием свои слова и действия.
原文是一段中的末句，说的是―全党同志，各级干部，特别是领导干部‖应当如
何对待―这一点‖。如果把表示已知信息的это置于句首，可使本句在意念上与上文形成
紧密联系，这合乎思维从已知到新知的自然顺序。Это должны всегда помнить все
члены партии, работники разных звеньев, особенно руководящие кадры, с этим
критерием они должны всегда сверять свое слово и дело.
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78
下一个特点是不必要的重复。汉语句子只有主谓句与非主谓句两类，而在书面
语中，大量运用的是主谓句。因此，汉语联贯语中重复主语是常见现象。俄语句子类
型多，有人称句、不定人称句、泛指人称句、无人称句、主格句等等，各类句子交替
使用，言语就不会显得呆板。汉、俄语句型的差异应当时时处在译者视野之中。否则
，译文毫无必要地重复主语，就造成修辞缺陷。例如，在过去的五年中，我国的对外
工作取得了重大的成就。我们进一步巩固和发展了同世界各个地区许多国家的友好合
作关系。我国同各国的经济、贸易、技术交往和合作日益扩大，文化交流和其他方面
的往来也不断增多。
Заистекшиепятьлетмыдостиглисерьезныхуспеховвовнешнеполитическойдеяте
льности. Мы еще более укрепили и расширили отношения дружественного
сотрудничества со многими странами всех регионов мира. С каждым днем ширятся
наши экономические, торговые, технические связи и сотрудничество с зарубежными
странами, непрерывно увеличивается культурный и другой обмен.
译文第一、二句重复同一主语мы
是不必要的，特别是从句群的内部结构来看，第二、三句是具体说明前句所说的―重大
成就‖的内容，他们应当有相似句子结构，而第一、二句的句子结构不宜属同一类型。
文中把―日益‖译为скаждымднем，如前所述，有些过分，它的意义已含在未完成体动
词之中。
За истекшие пять лет мы достигли серьезных успехов во внешнеполитической
деятельности. Укрепились и расширились отношения дружественного сотрудничества
со многими странами разных регионов мира. Непрерывно ширятся экономические,
торговые, технические связи и сотрудничество с зарубежными странами,
увеличивается культурный обмен, а также обмен в других областях.
汉译俄需要探讨的问题很多，特别是句子结构的选择，常是决定译文质量的关
键之一。笔者不揣冒昧提出上述三个问题，就教于高明。
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References:
1. 赵陵生。交际性原则再探。外语学刊。2005年4期。
2. 赵陵生。关于外语教学的若干重要关系。中国俄语教学。2009年第6期。
3. 赵陵生。政论文翻译（汉译俄）中一个值得商権的倾向。中国俄语教学。2007年第3
期。
УДК 811.111
LEET SPEAK IN MODERN GAMER SLANG
Vdovichenko S.S.
Far Eastern Federal University
Vladivostok, Russia,
e-mail: desancha@mail.ru
Summary:
Leet speak initially emerged in 1980s as a characteristic jargon of hackers. But even
thought leet speak's initial function was purely cryptographic – hackers used it as a code to
prevent their websites from being found by simple keyword searches – it was soon adopted by
the internet community and gamers in particular. This paper offers a linguistic point of view
on the phenomenon of leet speak as a part of modern gamer slang by defining its most
prominent features.
Keywords / phrases: leet speak, gamer slang, computer jargon, slang, game culture.
Building on technological advances of the modern civilization, developments in
computer technology have revolutionized the way people communicate. Emergence of
internet created the whole new network where language was given an opportunity to evolve
freely and rapidly, changing itself to fit the new ways of human interaction.
Leet speak, being a relatively new phenomenon in language, initially emerged in
1980s [7] as a characteristic jargon of hackers (people who enjoy exploring the details of
programmable systems and learning how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most
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users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary), but was soon adopted by the internet
community as a way of fastening the communication [1].
Peculiarities of first real-time multiplayer games – MUDs (multi-user dungeons), that
were text based - and technical limitations of computers made acronyms and initialisms
commonplace. Alongside various lexical borrowings leet speak was integrated into the system
of the spoken and written language that developed among gamers. It serves as one of the
gamers' own methods of communication, helping unify the large variety of culturally diverse
groups by using the technology as a vehicle for the unique style of communication [3].
Unique feature of leet speak is the form of its existence – leet speak for the most part cannot
be spoken or successfully handwritten, it can truly function only as a language fully reliant on
a keyboard.
The term itself is derived by the way of aphesis of the initial vowel of "elite" and has
several variants, from "leet" to more extreme variants like "1337", "31337" or even
"10100111001", which is binary form of 1337.
From the linguistic point of view the main characteristic of leet speak is its overall
tendency to simplification, which affects all aspect of the language. This tendency is
attributable to leet forms of different languages since leet speak is not based upon one
language or character set only.
Another distinctive feature of leet speak is its approach to orthography, mainly the
prevalence of alphanumeric substitutions (substitutions of characters or letters that can
represent a letter or a combination of letters in a word) and usage of homoglyphs (non-letter
symbols, that resemble to varying degrees the letter they substitute) [4]. Most substitutions are
fairly flexible, as long as they follow one of two basic rules:
- phonetic replacements (numbers and letters can substitute for letters or parts of the
word they resemble phonetically): late - l8, s - z (skills - skillz)
- graphical replacements (numbers and symbols can substitute for letters they resemble
graphically): leet - 1337
Other than that, there are no fixed rules for spelling - users are free to alter the
language to suit their needs by thinking of new substitutions and constructing new words,
which will most likely be understood by other people, participating in the conversation. Leet
speak community encourages new forms and awards individual creativity, resulting in a
dynamic written language that eludes conformity or consistency.
According to the nature of substitution two forms of leet speak can be differentiated,
although any given word or sentence can combine features of both types. First type of leet
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