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31
term perspective, but we do not know anything about a long-term perspective. There is an
opinion that to lose and not to get is sometimes a better result than to win and to get. We do
not know the whole picture of reality, and all interconnections. Lots of things are hidden from
us in this world.
A number of scientists support the determinist theory. They incline to the idea of
destiny, fate, omniscience, and predetermination. According to them, if you could not do it in
any other way when you were doing it you did not act freely. There also exists theological
determinism in which everything is predetermined by God.
Osho and Zen-buddhists about freedom. Osho singled out three main types of
individual freedom: physical freedom (body freedom, the lack of slavery), psychological
freedom (freedom of faith), spiritual or absolute freedom [7].
Physical and psychological freedoms are connected with society. Spiritual or absolute
freedom is the inner personal freedom and it is taken by Buddhists as the most important one.
From their point of view, freedom, as well as love and happiness, are inside any person and
they do not come to people from the outer world. This is something what people give to the
world. The more a person gives unselfishly, the more comes back to him and the stronger and
the freer he becomes.
According to Osho, free choice is the basic distinction of a person from the rest of the
world. In nature animals and plants live their life cycles in accordance with their instincts and
their natural program of development. They do not undergo any changes or transformations.
These transformations are not simply meant.
Freedom means the bravery and courage to be your own self in this world. This is the
ability of a person to fulfill his/her potentials in this world, to carry out his/her dreams, wishes
despite somebody who knows better what a person should do in his/her life. A person allows
himself to use his potentials and he/she does not take into consideration the opinion of his/her
family or society. He can allow himself to be different, to have his own voice, and to find his
own way.
Buddhists think that freedom comes from awareness. Nothing can make a person be
not free. Freedom can‘t be taken from a person; he/she can only give it up. A person can
become not free if he/she does not wish to take the whole responsibility, to become dependent
and to hide behind somebody‘s back. If a person ready to take responsibility for everything
what happens in his life with all the consequences, he/she becomes free. In this case a person
excepts everything: happiness, sorrow, and disappointment as well.
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32
There is one more reason why a person is afraid of choosing. It is because a choice can
be right or wrong. If you choose always right it is not freedom. It is easier to choose wrong.
Freedom is often compared with the staircase. One end of it goes down to Hell and the other
goes up to Heaven. It depends on a person which direction to go. Not many people went up.
They are Buddha, Mohammed, and Joshua. Asking the question why the majority of people
didn‘t go this way, Osho said that it is very risky and dangerous to strive for such heights. It
requires renunciation, courage, and will power. It is much easier to think that there is no any
freedom and that everything in our life is predetermined.
The idea of freedom was developed in a very original way in the works by Jiddu
Krishnamurti [4]. He thought that in order to get freedom a person should rely on his own self
and not on anybody else. He thought that revolution in our inner self takes place when we
stop being dependent on anybody‘s authority. Still more, it is very important to overcome
your own inner authority, which includes your experience, knowledge, opinions, ideas, and
ideals. Krishnamurti called it ―the authority of yesterday‖. He thought it was also as
destructive as the authorities which were created centuries ago. You do not need any
authorities to understand yourself because we are moving, fluctuating creatures; we do not
exist in a quiescent state. We have to remove all the authorities from our minds to be fresh,
clean, full of strength, and passion. A person in this case should have a very high degree of
awareness.
The text of the stream of consciousness. Modernistic text is the best material for the
realization of the idea of inner freedom, as in modernism there is a tendency to reflect not the
exterior form of things and description of events but the interior form if there is any. If there
is no interior form it is made by the author of the text and it is given as a subjective
experience.
The text of ―Ulysses‖ is written in the eternal present. The past and the future are
mixed in heroes‘ minds. Transitions between them are quick and unpredictable. Joyce goes
from nature and thinks that in a real world there is only the present moment and the rest is just
our fantasy: a fantastic moment which exists only in our mind. Joyce creates a certain
movement from a real present world to the world of our mind which is full of past and future
events and then turns back to reality. These movements are made so quickly that the reader
cannot understand them. As the result of it the spatio-temporal structure of the text makes a
certain kind of labyrinth which seems to be very chaotic but it is very well structured. In the
Linguistics
33
core of it there is a period of time from eight o‘clock in the morning till two o‘clock at night.
All the fluctuations to the past and future exist in accordance with this real physical time.
Joyce created the artistic world made of casual words, sounds, and scents. One thought
leads to another, and other, and other. They create the mass of words and phrases flowing one
into another. These words are accompanied by sensations, impressions, memories which
create a comprehensive whole as they make a human consciousness. Associative connections
in this text are built not only horizontally but also vertically, getting their development
through the whole narration and beyond it. So we come to the level of hypertext. Joyce
created the combination of non-combined and linked together contraposed things. In the long
run it led to the so called ―the collection of yourself in this world and this world in itself‖.
It is necessary to mention that a reader was not taken into consideration at all. Joyce
was openly mocking at his readers not giving them any chance to understand this text
completely. The discussion about the dark places in the text is taking place even nowadays.
Critics think that the technique of splitting the entire whole into parts and the analysis
of these parts from different points of view leads to the real understanding of the text in its
entire whole. It is supposed that in a literary text the release of consciousness is achieved
through the existence of different parts in one artistic image.
The realization of Freud theories in the text of “Ulysses”. The linguistic form of
the novel shows the process of transition of an image from the world of objects into our
consciousness. Z. Freud confirmed that from one side consciousness is under the guidance
of irrational unconsciousness and instincts which are in it; from the other side
unconsciousness is cognizable ―……only if we transfer it into consciousness‖ by putting
it into verbal form [1].
Stream of consciousness in ―Ulysses‖ looks like some ―spatial structure‖. At the basis
of it there are linguistic elements which belong to different levels and create certain
parallelisms, antithesis, symmetry, and intensification. For example, syntactic constructions
create in the text the impression of singularity, fragmentariness, and the obscurity of meaning.
It is shown through syntactic incompleteness, parceling, insertions, repetitions, the use of
punctuation without any rules or the absence of any punctuation. In this text we should speak
about dynamism and arrhythmia which are created through the alternation of complete and
incomplete sentences. It leads to the peculiarity of the stream of consciousness in ―Ulysses‖ –
an attempt to create non-linear structure with the help of linguistic linear narration.
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34
C. Jung about the text of “Ulysses”. According to Jung, at the basis of modernistic
literary form we see the processes of division of the artistic whole which gives the impression
of unity with each separate part [10; 140]. Once Jung ascertained the goal of Joyce‘s novel
―….like the Moon, looking lonely to the exorbitant distance, be the consciousness free from
object, without being held by Gods, by wishes, by love, by hatred, without being taken by
beliefs or prejudice‖ [10; 144].
From this point of view Bloom in ―Ulysses‖ is an example of inner free person. He is
not ambitious (he is interested neither in money nor in his career), he is not jealous to other
people‘s success, and he can act spontaneously. He let his conscious go free for the whole
day. During the day a lot of visions, memories, images, and associations go through his mind
and it is hard to understand either it is reality or the work of his imagination. Bloom does not
reject anything, taking everybody and everything with great patience. As a reward at the end
of the day he met Stephen whom he treated as his own lost son.
Jung thinks that Joyce in his novel chose the eastern way of develoment. Eastern
philosophy thinks that a person is free in his/her essence. Eternal and everlasting self cannot
depend on any events (good or bad) in life. You have to celebrate everything in your life and
be happy. Basically, you have to celebrate your life.
Jung thought about the perception of the text through the Buddhist‘s point of view.
According to him the text is associated with a yogi in the sat-chit-ananda state: the condition
of being and non-being, the final point in the way to liberation: a person in meditation has five
more human figures growing out of his head, and each of the figures has five more heads.
The realization of inner personal freedom in “Ulysses”. Joyce‘s reflection of subconsciousness is not the only technique in the novel. Besides it there is one more technique in
―Circe‖ [2]. Joyce qualified it as ―vision animated to burning point‖ when the fantasies of
sub-conscious become alive and vividly depicted. All the events in ―Circe‖ are unreal and
fantastic. All the characters (people and things) which come from Bloom and Stephen‘s
memories talk with each other. All this happens in contact with real events and makes the
narration even more fantastic and complicated for understanding. Joyce makes speak such
objects as a hat, the leaf of holly, a pianola, and so on. ―The sins of the past‖ and ―the end of
the world‖ also have their own voices. In this chapter Joyce widely used onomatopoeia.
Everything appears and disappears in the text so quickly that a reader cannot even follow the
succession. It creates the impression of a well structured chaos.
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35
We may say that the method which is used in ―Ulysses‖ may be called the process of
―getting awareness of free multi-level sub-conscious through verbalization‖. Such an
experiment showing the peculiarities of the stream of consciousness of a free person reflected
in the form of fiction can be done not by many writers.
This sense of freedom, covered by an enormous variety of linguistic forms which
reflect the constantly elusive meaning attracts the critics up to nowadays. In this text Joyce
wrote what he wanted, the way he wanted, when he wanted breaking all the possible rules. He
created his own narration free from any literary form and any literary tradition.
References:
1. Freud Z. Proyavlenie bessoznatel'nogo psikhicheskogo v strukture khudozhestvennogo
vospriyatiya i tvorchestva [E'lektronnyy resurs]
http://psychologylib.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000029/st080.shtml
2. Joyce, J. Ulysses / J. Joyce. - Penguin Books, 1992.
3. Kirillova V.I., Fokina N.I. Sovremennaya zapadnaya filosofiya. — M.: Prospekt, 2009.
— 336 s.
4. Krishnamurty J. Pervaya i poslednyaya svoboda (N.Novgorod: Dekom, 2006. — 252 s. —
(E'ra Vodoleya). — ISBN 5-89533-131-9).
5. Maslow, Abraham. Oxford US English dictionary. Provereno 14 yanvarya 2014.
Arkhivirovano iz pervoistochnika 14 yanvarya 2014.
6. New Encyclopedia of philosophyNovaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya E'ntsiklopediya
razmeshchena pri podderzhke RGNF, proekt № 08-03-12110v. Internet-versiya izdaniya:
Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya: v 4 t. iph.ras.ru/enc.htm
7. Osho Velikiy vyzov. Zhizn' za predelami obydennosti / Osho / per. s angl. – SPb. : IT
«Ves'», 2009. – 288 s.
8. Verlinskiy A. L. Neobkhodimost', sluchaynost', svoboda: Demokrit i ego nasledniki //
Linguistica et philologica: Sb. statey k 75-letiyu YU. V. Otkupshchikova. SPb., izd-vo
SPbGU, 1999. — S. 211-238.
9. Wikipedia [E'lektronnyy resurs] https://ru.wikipedia.org.
10. Yung K. G. «Uliss» Monolog/ K. G. YUng Sobr. soch.: V 19 t. – T.15. Fenomen dukha v
iskusstve i nauke / Per. s nem. M.: Progress, 1976. – 560 s.
36
УДК 81
Linguistics
SPECIFICS OF CORPORATE DISCOURSE ROLE STRUCTURE
Kuznetsova V.V.
Amur State University of Humanities and Pedagogy,
Komsomolsk-na-Amure, Russia,
e-mail: cool-breeze@yandex.ru
Borovikova K.V.
Amur State University of Humanities and Pedagogy,
Komsomolsk-na-Amure, Russia,
e-mail: karina.v@inbox.ru
Summary:
The analysis of professional discourse in small groups of managers of various
companies shows the corporate discourse role structure and corporate identity are always
reproduced in the roles of Corporate Leader and Corporate Subordinate. Corporate Leader is
not a leader in its common bureaucratic meaning because he doesn't linguistically rise above
subordinates. He is more a coordinator of group actions, he is the person the group needs, but
possesses his status in the group until the group wants it. All these differentiate the corporate
type of a leader from its bureaucratic version. Corporate Subordinates have nothing in
common with those in the authoritarian business system. Non-corporate type subordinates
complain of their "excessive freedom", they're uncomfortable if they're imposed too much
corporate responsibility.
Corporate Subordinate feels independence and responsibility for the life of the whole
company. The leader doesn't control their statements inside and outside the group. The
subordinates feel free to exchange their opinions about their boss and are not afraid of "going
too far". But they also possess a definite degree of communicative and discursive
responsibility, especially while producing public discourse, speaking "in the name of
corporation". This is a certain type of discourse which should be produced in compliance with
hidden corporate communicative rules that require the presence of definite corporate concepts
in linguistic conscience. From the linguistic point of view this mostly means following the
Linguistics
37
Cooperative principle of communication described by P. Grice. In our terms it is following
the principle of Corporativity in professional discourse.
Keywords / phrases: professional discourse, corporate discourse, corporate
communicative rules, Cooperative principle of communication.
Our recent investigation has been devoted to the problems of professional discourse of
the corporate type in small groups in British and American cultures. The problem area of the
research is related to the cognitive-discursive paradigm of contemporary linguistic studies
which investigate the functioning of a language in tight connection with the process of
cognition.
The understandings of the term ―corporation‖ in Russian, British and American
cultures are not the same. For the English linguistic conscience one of characteristic features
of a corporation is the total unification, merging of the members when all act as one
individual and at the same time one member acts on behalf of the whole group. A lot of
definitions given in dictionaries and encyclopedias confirm that the concept of a corporation
in the English linguistic conscience is that of one whole social body (Cf. the etymology of the
term going back to the Latin word ―corpus‖ meaning ―body‖).
It is stated that a special type of relationship among the members of corporations
causes them produce a special type of discourse, which is professional discourse based on the
principle of corporativity.
The given issue will concern only one side of such kind of discourse, mainly the
linguistic features of the main discursive roles – the Corporate Leader and the Corporate
Subordinate. The material for the analysis was taken from various transcripts of business
conversations represented in handbooks for English-speaking specialists in marketing and
management and also from science fiction.
Thus, the analysis of professional discourse in small groups of managers working for
various companies shows that Corporate Leader is not a leader in its common bureaucratic
meaning because he doesn‘t demand total obedience from his/her subordinates and doesn‘t
rise above them. On the contrary, they are sometimes less noticeable than their colleagues.
Corporate Leader is more a coordinator of the group actions. Among their tasks are pulling
people together, checking the progress against the targets and deciding what the next course
of their action is. It‘s very often stressed that Corporate Leader is the person the group needs,
but they don‘t impose their will upon workers, they possess their status in the group until the
Linguistics
38
I
Ward, what are the key factors in building good business relationships?
WL
I believe that relationships, business or otherwise, are about trust. And, in order to gain
trust, you must be honest, you must be transparent, clear. Don‘t promise what you can‘t
deliver. There is nothing worse in a relationship than being let down. It is also about being
clear, being explicit. People present their products in brochures, pamphlets, flyers, e-
mail, videos. All of those media, they‘re all very effective, but it must be clear. The
customer must understand very quickly, what you are selling, what price you‘re selling at.
The speed of that information, the speed of the response – it must consistently be fast.
The restless customer of the 21st century does not have time on his or her hands, and
there are a million other providers, all ready and eager to sell to that customer. In order to
continue that relationship, maintaining the relationship, consistently answer their
queries, respond quickly in a simple format [1; 157].
group wants it to be so. And all these differentiate the corporate type of leaders from their
bureaucratic type.
Corporate Subordinates also have nothing in common with those in the authoritarian
business system. They don‘t accept any excessive power of their leader, they possess
communicative freedom. The leader doesn‘t control their statements not only inside but also
outside the group. The subordinates feel free to exchange their opinions about their boss and
are not afraid of ―going too far‖. But the Corporate Subordinate also possesses a definite
degree of communicative and discursive responsibility, especially if he produces public
discourse, speaks ―in the name of his corporation‖. In this case he produces his discourse
according to the hidden, secret corporate rules of communication with the outside
environment. Such rules require the presence of definite corporate concepts in his linguistic
conscience. From the linguistic point-of-view these requirements mostly mean following the
Cooperative principle of communication described by P. Grice. In our terms it is following
the principle of Corporativity in professional discourse.
To prove all the above mentioned points let‘s look into some short examples of professional
discourse.
[I – Interviewer, WL – Ward Lincoln]
Business Relations Manager for an international training organization. His statements prove
that a Corporate Subordinate possesses enough corporate responsibility to produce public
discourse. In this example the professional discourse goes to corporate conceptual values
―Trust‖ and ―Truth‖ (in order to gain trust, you must be honest, you must be transparent,
The extract given above represents the interview with Ward Lincoln who works as a
Linguistics
39
A
I see you‘re with UGC ...
B
That‘s right.
A
Are you on the sales or product development side of things?
B
Sales. I‘m responsible for our new range of kitchen systems.
A
Oh, really? How‘s the response been to your new publicity campaign?
B
Pretty good. It generated a lot of interest and orders are starting to come in.
A
Do you do much business outside Europe?
B
It‘s early days but we‘re beginning to get enquiries from Latin America and Asia.
A
We‘ve been working with some very good people in Singapore. Maybe we could help
you out there.
B
Ah, now that‘s a market we‘re definitely interested in [1; 158].
‗I have no idea of the project team‘s objectives. No one has ever told me anything. I‘m
completely in the dark‘;
clear. Don‘t promise what you can‘t deliver. There is nothing worse in a relationship than
being let down). Only the presence of such concepts in the linguistic conscience of
professionals allows them to speak in public and represent their corporation. Besides, while
dealing with clients, a company‘s employees should speak in brief, very clearly and answer
all the questions asked.
Outside corporations Corporate Leaders and Subordinates behave themselves in the
same way, as their plenipotentionaries proving the fact that corporate spirit is beyond
leadership. Let‘s look at another example which is the discourse of an employee outside his
corporation:
In this case the speaker can say anything about his organization not being afraid of his
boss‘s anger and of going ―too far‖ in statements. But as we see he is speaking in exactly the
same way as if he was speaking in his office. The concept ―Responsibility‖ dominates in his
conscience (I‘m responsible for our new range of kitchen systems), he cares about the image
of his company in the eyes of his interlocutor (Pretty good. It generated a lot of interest and
orders are starting to come in). He even takes the initiative of building possible business
relationships with the other side‘s company (A – We‘ve been working with some very good
people in Singapore. Maybe we could help you out there, B – Ah, now that‘s a market we‘re
definitely interested in). So, as we see, even speaking with a stranger the Corporate Subordinate
tries to contribute to his company‘s profitability.
There are also some examples of subordinates‘ statements about their bosses:
Linguistics
40
‗There‘s not enough preparation and thinking before important decisions are made. When we
produced a set of guidelines for customer care, they were criticized by everyone. So my boss and
a few of his colleagues got together at the weekend. Hey presto! They produced a completely
new set of guidelines. They were no better than the other ones‘;
‗Let‘s say I have to analyze telephone response times at our subsidiaries. My manager doesn‘t
tell me how I should present the findings. If I do a report, he wants a memo, and if I do a
memo, he‘ll ask for a report. I never know where I am with him‘;
‗She doesn‘t like delegating work to me. If she does, it‘s some Mickey Mouse task which a child
of five could do. She never gives me anything challenging where I have to use my brain, my
analytical skills. Maybe it‘s because I‘m a woman. The men seem to like her‘;
‗Our manager wanted to amend the billing system which head office had agreed to. He had
innumerable meetings and consulted everyone. The result? We still haven‘t got everyone‘s
support yet and the deadline for introducing the system has passed. I wonder what head office
will say about that. It‘s typical of the way people manage around here‘;
‗My boss lets me work on my own initiative too much. I don‘t meet the other team members
enough, so I can‘t share my ideas with them. I never get any direction‘;
‗I never get enough resources to complete a task. For example, I had to hold meetings with the
managers of all the factories and distribution depots. But I wasn‘t given enough time to do the
task and I had no assistant to deal with my workload while I was away from the office‘;
‗My manager never lets me know if I‘m doing well. I have no idea what he thinks of me. I don‘t
get any feedback, positive or negative‘;
‗He never encourages me when I do something right. I never feel that I am performing to a high
enough standard‘ [1; 165].
So, as we see, most of them are negative. Some of them complain of the lack of
corporativity in their boss‘s behavior, but others prove themselves to be subordinates of a
non-corporate type because they are uncomfortable when they are given freedom of actions
and they always wait for appraisal.
Summing up, we may say that a Corporate Subordinate is a person who feels his/her
certain independence and responsibility for his/her decisions and for the life of the whole
company. Corporate Subordinate feels comfortable in conditions of equity with the other
workers, in proper coordination of their collective actions and clarity of their targets. The
subordinates of a non-corporate type complain of their ―excessive freedom‖, they are
uncomfortable if they are imposed too much corporate responsibility. They are always
waiting for bosses‘ appraisal showing that it is not necessary for them to think about the
company‘s future.
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