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11
selling systems and software.
J
Yes, and you do it very well…
D
Precisely. I make a lot of money for this firm. Sometimes I wonder if it‘s worth all the
effort. Maybe I should look around a bit, see if one of our competitors might appreciate
me more.
J
Don‘t be ridiculous, Dennis. You know as well as I do we bend over backwards to
support you here. You‘ve nothing to complain about at all.
D
I still say we don‘t have enough technicians. Why don‘t you hire a few more?
J
They don‘t come cheap these days, that‘s one reason. Anyway, I‘m not going to add to
our wage bill at the moment – I‘m sorry.
D
Huh! Well as long as no one interferes with my work, I won‘t complain, I suppose. All
I ask is to be left alone to get on with the job [1].
As seen from the above example the earliest stage of confrontation is marked by the
so-called conversational turbulence, i.e. the dispute over what the topic of contentious talk
should be.
Summing up, we may say that interactional strategies include knowledge of what
makes communication successful. Successful communicationalists somehow know when and
where it will be permissible to initiate talk, among whom, and by means of what topics. Some
situations and persons will have to be avoided; others, less threatening, must not be pressed
too far. The speaker must try to stay away from situations and topics where he is not wanted.
References:
1. Cotton, D. Market Leader (D. Cotton, D. Falvey, S. Kent). – London: Longman, 2001.
2. Dickens, Ch. David Copperfield / Ch. Dickens. – M.: Foreign Languages Publishing
House, 1949. – 851 p.
3. Grice, H.P. Studies In The Way Of Words. Ed. H.P. Grice. – Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1989.
4. Plotnikova,S.N. Cooperation and Conflict: Analysis of Interactional Strategies / S.N.
Plotnikova, – Irkutsk: IGLU, 1998. – 44 p.
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12
УДК 811.111
THE PECULIARITIES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF METAPHORS
IN THE CHINESEENGLISH
(BY THE EXAMPLE OF ECONOMIC ARTICLES)
Cherniaeva O.I.
Far Eastern Federal University,
Vladivostok, Russia,
e-mail: cholga1986@bk.ru
Summary:
Demonstrating tremendous economic growth, modern China is one of the most
striking examples of the rapid development of the market economy. The new economic
phenomena and, as a result, the desire of the Chinese to explain the essence of them bring to
life metaphors based on the comparison of new concepts. Analysis and description of such
metaphors help to identify the unique features of the Chinese national mentality and
worldview mediated by English and to achieve better understanding and interpretability in the
process of cross-cultural communication by means of English.
Keywords / phrases: metaphor; economic metaphor; language worldview;
intercultural communication; Chinese English.
Owing to the functional ability to combine separate ideas of the reality into the whole
language worldview, the metaphor became the key to understanding of the process of
cognition and of creating both national-specific outlook and its universal image [2, 10].
Among other lexical units able to reflect language worldview the metaphor occupies
the central place [12, 16]. Since the peculiarity of a single language worldview is determined
by socio-cultural, historical, geographical and other features, all of them are reflected in
metaphors [2, p. 6]. Analysis and description of metaphors help to clarify the process of
cognition and of creating not only national-specific outlook but also its universal image, to
identify the unique features of the national mentality and worldview mediated by English.
This paper attempts to describe the functioning of economic metaphors in the written
form of the Chinese variety of English, and to analyse how the Chinese cultural and national
identity is expressed through them.
Taking into account the diversity of the selected material, the researcher considered
that it would be appropriate to divide metaphors into narrower thematic groups with relation
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13
to the parts of speech.
The present research was carried out on the material of articles published in 20122014 in English-language Chinese newspapers and in journal Thinking Chinese.
Substantive metaphors
With relation to structural and semantic characteristics the noun metaphors selected in
this study can be divided into two groups.
The first group consists of lexical-semantic variants formed on the basis of existing
words completely metaphorized, that is, complete metaphors [9, p.13-14]. These units are
represented mostly by one- and two-syllable words, as well as a proper name (e.g.: face,
slave, ant, costume, bubble, surge, spike, bridge, frenzy, disease, remedy, parasite, Titanic).
«...China's real estate is like the Titanic and it will soon hit an iceberg up front...» [3].
This example demonstrates the blending of two original fields when the real estate
market is correlated with the ship, Titanic, and this market‘s problems, partly realized, but
mostly invisible or disregarded by the government, are compared with an iceberg.
«I don't agreethere's a bubble.» (about Chinese economy – O.Ch.) [3].
This metaphorization is based on such features of a bubble as: an opportunity of
unpredictable growth, instability and as a result – a possible sudden bursting.
Specialized economic meanings of this metaphor are listed in the dictionaries: «Used
to refer to a significant, usually rapid, increase in asset prices that is soon followed by a
collapse in prices and typically arises from speculation or enthusiasm rather than intrinsic
increases in value» [14], «a state of booming economic activity (as in a stock market) that
often ends in a sudden collapse» [13], «an unreliable scheme or enterprise» [4].
The second group is represented by noun phrases metaphorized completely or partially
(such metaphors are related to partial [9, p. 13-14]).
«Central Huijin … has been constantly increasing its holdings of blue chips.» [10].
(«Equities of the leading companies characterized by the highest stock exchange liquidity,
stability of economic indexes and dividend payments which is associated with traditionally
the most valuable casino blue tokens).
«Vanke president Yu Liang said the slowdown heralded the end of the golden era for
Chinese real estate...»; «The white silver era has just begun...» [3].
These metaphors go back to antiquity, to Hesiod and Ovidy, who built cycles of
human history according to the change of god generations. Use of the term «silver age» has a
negative connotation, because Silver Age, coming after the gold one, meant the decline,
degradation and regress [5]. In our case, comparison of the metaphors «golden era» and the
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«silver era» illustrates the differences in the property market: the previously observed
development, profitability and today's regress and crisis threatening to undermine the Chinese
economy.
Verbal metaphors
In most cases, verbal metaphors of this group are based on lexemes which add new
feature of animation to the subject of economic reality: «Money comes and goes» [18],
«money makes money» [18]; «Yueguangzu … who are enjoying opportunities spread by the
market economy, but somehow cannot make their bank account enjoy them.» [18]; «… it can
be seen that … extensive Café options are offered, perhaps intending to scratch some
customers off Starbucks…» [8]; «Error sinks brokerage equities» [6]; «Glitch rings regulator's
alarm bell» [10].
The following examples of verbal metaphors point to a cause-effect relationship and
are expressed with the lexemes with semantics of temperature changes. They have different
initial nominative meanings, but the same resulting metaphorical ones: «… tighter liquidity,
oversupply and slowing transactions on the mainland are fuelling worries ...» [3] (fueling, fuel
cause); «After a trading glitch … sparked an investigation by China's securities regulators
...» [11] (give a spark to ignite, inflame cause).
Nevertheless, in our opinion, these metaphors cannot be fully equaled and recognized
as interchangeable ones, because any of them has its own temporal connotation. Thus, due to
the metaphor fuel we imagine level, long-term process of fueling and only then – starting the
engine and fuel ignition. The verb spark, on the contrary, evokes associations of a quick and
instant change of situation. Consequently, the choice of metaphors in the text seems to be
justified. After all, ―tighter liquidity, oversupply and slowing transactions‖ change situation
slower, rather than a sudden failure of the stock market.
Adjective metaphors
Metaphors presented in this group refer to the partial metaphorical combinations.
«Vanke president Yu Liang … said the outlook for the property sector remained
healthy.» [3] («beneficial» – O.Ch.).
This metaphor is widely used for describing the economic concepts and phenomena,
and fixed in dictionaries as «prosperous, virtuous». For example, economically healthy state,
healthy economy, healthy procedures related to bankruptcy, etc.
«…Since the tightening measures in 2008, financial leverage of developers and
individual investors has dropped significantly," Yu said.» [3] («reinforced, toughened
measures» – O.Ch.).
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Before we pass to the conclusion we would like to show how due to metaphors
Chinese authors in newspapers different in style and readership create or mostly describe
different fragments of the Chinese worldview mediated by English.
Thanks to articles published on the website People.cn (qualitative press), we were able
to restore the following fragment relating to the incident that occurred in August 2013 on the
Shanghai Stock Exchange.
So, Everbright Securities, the part of the government corporation China Everbright
Group, on the Shanghai Stock Exchange posted mistakenly buy orders valued 23.4 billion
yuan on August 16, causing a «dramatic spike» of local stock indices. [10] This error sent the
Shanghai Stock Exchange into «buying frenzy» [11], speaking less metaphorically «surge in
orders» [11]. Everbright Securities detected the failure has attempted to take a «remedy» [11],
but it did not help, «disease» has not receded [11]. The incident has seriously eroded investor
confidence [10] which has already been «hit severely» by rumors about insidertrading,
financial fraud and price manipulation [10].
As a result, the brokerage company Everbright Securities, shares of which, like of
many other similar companies, sank [6], lost $ 31 million.
China Securities Regulatory – exchange regulator in China, «whose alarm bell glitch
rang», during the «sparked an investigation» of Everbright Securities brokerage error has
rejected the hypothesis that the cause of incident was «fat finger effect» [7, 17].
The middle press (press of opinions) presented in our case by an electronic journal
Thinking Chinese demonstrates a different situation. Because of its imagery and
expressiveness metaphors help here to avoid unnecessary complexity of special material,
makes it available due to the use of familiar to readers of specific images. In this text
metaphors are aimed to amaze, to evoke an image, and they clearly demonstrate semantic
duality.
Thus, modern China, which is under the influence of «the demon of capitalism» [15],
is showing tremendous economic growth and has become one of the best examples of rapid
development of the market economy.
Capitalist division of people into classes turns their lives not just into the «capitalist
races» [18] for material goods, such as an apartment, car, etc., but even into the endless «rat
race» [15] in pursuit of a great education, high-paid job, social status, etc.
As a result, there appear China's new generations with the slogans «money comes and
goes» [18], «money makes money» [18], whose priority is to climb up social and corporate
ladder. But many of them will lead the life of hardworking, diligent «ant» [18] with a small
salary in the city with «sky price apartments» [1].
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16
Representatives of new China are yueguangzu [18] – a group of people who spend
their salary buying fashionable and prestigious things in order to show their status. Turning
into «slaves» [18] of their own credit card and «trapped in their spending loop» [18], they do
not put by. Under capitalism and fierce competition their position has become the most
valuable asset of these people, «which must be guarded with both hands» [18].
Thus, the analysis allows us to draw the following conclusions about the functioning
of different types of metaphors in Chinese variant of English.
With relation to part of speech belonging investigated metaphors are preferably
substantive (58%) and verbal (35%).
In our opinion, this situation can be explained by the author‘s desire to convey the
main points of the phenomena described, as well as to minimize the risk of misinterpretation
of concepts. Mainly it is possible when authors use substantive metaphors, taking into account
their equal naming of all basic spheres, a greater degree of uniqueness and transparency of
evaluative component. Forming a problem situation and creating generalized image
substantive metaphors, focusing on various areas of economic activity, are realized in other
two types for creating a clear and detailed language worldview.
By modeling of the worldview fragments represented in newspapers and journals of
different styles, it was revealed that the metaphors of the quality press primarily fulfill the
communicative function, whereby they are noted for brevity (a large number of metaphors
expressed by one lexeme), semantic transparency, in particular, erasing of metaphor marks,
clarity of the mechanism of formation, the possible tracing of the base nominative meaning.
In turn, the metaphors of middle press are characterized by large expressiveness and
figurativeness used to engage the reader in the author's sphere of interest.
References:
1. Anquangan 安全感 – What women want, and other people as well// Thinking Chinese
[Electronic resource]. URL: http://thinkingchinese.com/index. php?page_id=364&
layout=print (reference date: 11.04.2012).
2. Arutyunova, N.D.Metaphor and discourse/ N.D. Arutyunova // Theory of metaphor. – M.,
1990. – P. 5-32.
3. China Vanke says property sector's 'golden era' over // China daily [Electronic resource].
URL:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-05/28/content_17547726.htm
(reference date: 12.06.2014).
4. Collins English Dictionary // Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition [Electronic resource].
URL: http://dictionary.reference.com.
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17
5. Encyclopedia of mythology // Dictionaries and encyclopedias at Academic [Electronic
resource]. URL:http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/enc_myphology.
6. Error sinks brokerage equities// People daily [Electronic resource]. URL:
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90778/8370604.html (reference date: 11.06.2014).
7. Everbright releases report on trading error // People daily [Electronic resource]. URL:
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90778/8394649.html (reference date: 11.06.2014).
8. Foreign brands in China and their twofold approach to Chinese tradition// Thinking
Chinese [Electronic resource]. URL:
http://thinkingchinese.com/index.php?page_id=467&layout=print (reference date:
17.05.2012).
9. Gak, V.G. Metaphor: universal and specific/ V.G. Gak // Metaphor in language and text.
Moscow: Nauka, 1988. - P. 11-26.
10. Glitch rings regulator's alarm bell // People daily [Electronic resource]. URL:
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90778/8370544.html (reference date: 11.06.2014).
11. Market regulators need to fix loopholes// People daily [Electronic resource]. URL:
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90778/8377040.html (reference date: 11.06.2014).
12. McCormack, E. Cognitive theory of metaphor / E. McCormack // Theory of metaphor. -
M.: Progress, 1990. - P. 354-367.
13. Merriam-webster Dictionary // Merriam-webster Dictionary and Thesaurus [Electronic
resource]. URL: http://www.merriam-webster.com.
14. Oxford English dictionary // Oxforduniversity press: electronic dictionary [Electronic
resource]. URL: http://oxforddictionaries.com.
15. Peixun 培训 - A cutting edge training, modern self-cultivation // Thinking Chinese
[Electronic resource]. URL: http://thinkingchinese.com/index.php?page_id=279&
layout=print (reference date: 03.05.2012).
16. Sklyarevskaya, G.N. Metaphor in the language system / G.N. Sklyarevskaya. - St.
Petersburg: Nauka, 1993. – 151 p.
17. SSE holds online presser on "Everbright Fat Finger" case // People daily [Electronic
resource]. URL: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90778/8377381.html (reference date:
11.06.2014).
18. Yueguangzu - The face of a bitter-sweet modern reality // Thinking Chinese [Electronic
resource]. URL: http://thinkingchinese.com/index.php?page_id=396&layout=print
(reference date: 11.04.2012).
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УДК 81.111
AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGE – THE UNIQUENESS OF
AUSSIE SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES
Drozdova N.V.
Far-Eastern Federal University,
Vladivostok, Russia,
e-mail: nataliadrozdova@inbox.ru
Summary:
Australian colloquial words and slang phrases may be surprisingly different even for
English - speaking people, let alone overseas travelers, as slang used in the Aussie country
may not mean the same as in the USA or England. Sometimes it is difficult and confusing to
understand Aussie language as some words and phrases are heard exclusively in Australia.
Appropriate Aussie slang words and expressions can help students to develop communicative
skills, promote culture awareness, make sense of a conversation avoiding embarrassment and
enjoy colorful variation of Australian English.
Keywords / phrases: Aussie language, slang words, unique dialect, ‗strine‘
(Ozspeak).
Australians mostly view their colloquial and slang words and phrases as uniquely
Australian English language, unique ―dialect‖ that is widely spoken across Australia. It is
informal language that common Aussie people tend to use in their everyday life. Aussie slang
words and meanings which have originated in Australia may be complete mystery or coded
ones for most people not born in Australia.
Pioneer settlers in Australia interior invented a lot of new vocabulary reflecting their
bizarre life in the country with its wonderful and surprisingly different wildlife. Ranchers
became known as stations ranch owners as squatters, ranch workers as jackeroos. The interior
itself became known as the outback meaning a remote, sparsely populated area, bushranger is
an outlaw. Only in Australia you may find out that Boomee is a large male kangaroo and Joey
is a baby kangaroo still using its mother‘s pouch. Blue Heeler is Australian cattle dog,
Jumbuck – sheet, Bushman‘s Clock – kookaburra and heaps of other unknown words
relating to Aussie nature, and specific peculiarities of the country that undoubtedly may be
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common only for Australians. The bush, meaning either a native forest or a country area in
general, has an iconic status in Australian life and it is very special to Australians as uniquely
Australian national identity represented in Australian literature, painting, popular music, films
and foods.
Australian slang is well-known for its laconic sense of humor, wit, rhymes,
improvisation, idioms or vernacular, the harsh experiences of the bush. Most Australians or
Aussies, as they call themselves, living even in large cosmopolitan cities speak a lot of
Australian slang which can be very confusing for some visitors and they may feel puzzled to
some extent as they use shortened words or diminutives ( abbreviations). It seems Australians
have and use more slang than anyone else and the reason slang became so firmly established
and recognized in Australia may be rooted in their convict past when they had to create slang
words to disguise what they were really talking about.
Slang permeates Australian society - it can be found in pubs and restaurants, at footy
matches and on TV soaps, in the hallowed halls of parliament, in schoolyards, and up the
backyard round the barbie. Many books have been written about Australian vernacular
speech, including the Australian Phrasebook (Lonely Planet), The Dinkum Dictionary by
Leni Johannsen (Viking O‘Neil) and The Dinkum Aussie Dictionary by Richard Beckett
(Child and Henry) but Macquarie's Best Aussie Slang is considered to be the most
comprehensive Dictionary that provides a doorway to dip into this wonderful world. All
definitions in the dictionary are written in accessible colloquial English that is simple and
easy to understand and special attention is given to slang phrases.
Australian English is similar to British English but has its own colorful vernacular,
called ‗strine‟ (also called Ozspeak) is Australia‘s greatest creative product and is full of
abbreviations, hyperbole, and word-tweaking. Strine is the language of a rebellious
subculture and has its origins in the Cockney (Eastern central part of London) and Irish slang
of the early convicts. The use of strine and slang words varies with the state or region.
Australia's everyday language is rich with slang that reflects experiences from the country's
history ranging from ―borrowings of Aboriginal language words, through convict sources, the
gold rushes and bushranging to the First World War, words have emerged to describe
essential aspects of the Australian character and identity.‖
The Australian idioms or vernacular
Sydney Baker, author of a number of works about slang, believed that the Australian's
―greatest talent is for idiomatic invention. It is a manifestation of our vitality and restless
imagination.‖ Australian slang contributes to a vocabulary that most Australians understand,
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and what could be called the Australian idiom or vernacular. And there are lots of phrases or
idioms which have a totally different meaning to what's actually being said or what you think
something should mean. A few of the more common ones you might hear include:
'Oona Woop Woop or just Woop Woop - a long way away, very far, a remote place.
apples: she‟s apples
It is very popular idiom with Australians meaning that everything is fine, all is well.
Australian English often uses the feminine pronoun 'she' where standard English would use
'it'. For example, instead of 'it‘ll be right' Australians say ‗she‘ll be right‘. 'She's apples' was
originally rhyming slang— 'apple and spice' or 'apple and rice' for 'nice'. The phrase has now
lost all connection with its rhyming slang origin.
blood: your blood‟s worth bottling
You‘re a really valuable person! You‘re a loyal friend! This is one of the many
Australianisms, along with terms such as ‗digger‘, ‗Anzac‘ and ‗Aussie‘, that arose during
the First World War. It applied to a person of great heart, who displayed courage, loyalty,
and mastership. It is now used in many contexts— ‗Those firefighters—their blood‘s worth
bottling!‘
Bush week: what do you think this is, bush week?
Do you think I‘m stupid? An indignant response to someone who is taking you for a
fool —‘You‘re going to charge me how much? What do you think this is, bush week?‘ ‗Bush
week‘ is a time when country people come to town, and the phrase implies that they are
easily fooled by the more sophisticated city slickers. The speaker resents being mistaken for a
country bumpkin.
pineapple: get the rough end of the pineapple
Get a raw deal, be treated badly—‗Sally got the sack? She really got the rough end of
the pineapple!‘ The force of the phrase derives partly from the fact that either end of a
pineapple is ‗rough‘, although the end with the prickly leaves is very rough indeed. The
equivalent American saying is ‗to get the fuzzy end of the lollypop‘. The expression was first
recorded in the 1960s.
happy little vegemite
An Australian, especially a young one. The phrase comes from a 1950s advertising
jingle for the yeast-based spread Vegemite. The jingle began: ‗We're happy little vegemites,
as bright as bright can be we, We all enjoy our vegemite for breakfast, lunch, and tea'. The
phrase is often used ironically: Come on, you happy little vegemites, get to work
Comparisons
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