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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для аспирантов консерваторий и вузов искусств
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to gain on weight
to take a bite
you have a poor appetite
to dine out
to boil over
you’ve made a poor meal
sweet course
piping hot
clear soup
lukewarm
to have a snack
dessert
a cool oven
to wash up
A
to lay the table
B
stale bread
dry ingredients
hard drinks
overdone meat
the cake is a failure
strong tea
tough meat
soft drinks
a slow oven
the cake is a success
to clear the table
a substantial meal
a simple diet
to gain on weight
to be bad at cooking
a hot oven
a light meal
fresh bread
weak tea
tender meat
to slim
a strict diet
stone cold
to be good at cooking
undergone meat
piping hot
liquids
3. Give the opposites from B to the words and expressions from A:
4. Translate the text. Are you interested in the health problems?
GARLIC PROVES ITSELF AGAINST CANCER AND CHOLESTEROL
Even familiar herbs offer potent healing abilities: garlic, parsley,
sage, ginger, basil and rosemary all offer positive healing effects without the dangerous negative side effects often associated with prescription
drugs. And yet the healing potential of these herbs goes way beyond
the simple uses. Garlic is useful for far more than lowering cholesterol;
it's also a potent anti-cancer therapy. Taken internally (by eating garlic
cloves or drinking garlic juice, preferrably raw), garlic has been shown
to shrink tumors in the breast, stomach and colon. Used externally as a
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paste applied to surface tumors, garlic simply destroys them, causing
many to fall off in a matter of days or weeks.
News Target Network,
Monday, September 27, 2004
Learn the words and use them in conversation:
1. prove – доказывать; удостоверять; подтверждать докумен-
тами; демонстрировать, показывать; проявлять.
2. herb – трава, растение (особ, лекарственное); собир. травы.
3. offer – предлагать; пытаться.
4. ability – способность, возможность делать что-л. (at, in;
to+inf.).
5. potent – могущественный; могучий, мощный, сильный;
сильнодействующий; крепкий (о спиртных напитках, лекарствах и
т.п.).
6. healing – исцеление, излечение; исправление; восстановле-
ние; избавление, спасение; целебный, целительный; полезный для
здоровья.
7. clove – зубок чеснока; долька (фруктовых плодов).
8. shrink – уменьшать, сокращать; уменьшаться, сокращаться;
сморщиваться; садиться (о материи), давать усадку; высыхать, пересыхать, усыхать; избегать (чего-л.); удаляться, исчезать.
9. tumor – неоплазма, новообразование; опухоль.
10. stomach – желудок; живот.
11. colon – анат. ободочная кишка, толстая кишка.
12. ginger – имбирь.
13. fall off – отпадать; отваливаться; уменьшаться; ослабевать.
14. in a matter of days or weeks – в течение дней или недель;
matter – материя; вопрос, дело.
Here are some common ideas about food. Do you agree or disagree
with them?
Think of situations where people use them.
Eating carrots is good for the eyes.
Fish is good for the brain.
Eating cheese at night makes you dream.
Garlic stops you getting colds.
Drinking coffee stops you sleeping.
Yoghurt makes you healthy.
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An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
A hot milky drink helps you go to sleep.
A cup of tea revives you.
Crusty bread makes your hair curl.
Brown eggs taste better than white ones.
5. Meals and cooking have given rise to many English idioms. How
many do you know?
Check yourself:
1. to put all one's eggs in one basket; 2. in apple-pie order; 3. a bad
egg; 4. to cry stinking fish; 5. my cup of tea; 6. in one's cups; 7. to eat
one's cake and have it; 8. the fat was in the fire; 9. to have a finger in the
pie; 10. a nice kettle of fish; 11. neither fish, flesh, nor fowl (nor good
red herring); 12. other fish to fry; 13. to drink like a fish; 14. to keep the
pot boiling; 15. to make mincemeat (of); 16. to have too much in one's
plate; 17. the pot calling the kettle black; 18. a pound of flesh; 19. to pull
the chestnuts out of the fire for smb.; 20. a red herring; 21. small beer;
22. in the soup; 23. to stew (or to fry) in one's own juice; 24. a storm in a
tea-cup; 25. to take smth. with a grain of salt; 26. two bites of (or at) a
cherry; 27. not worth his salt; 28. to have one's bread buttered on both
sides; 29. to sell like hot cakes; 30. to be meat and drink (to smb.); 31. to
take pot-luck; 32. hunger is the best sauce; 33. bread-and-butter letter;
34. he is all sugar and honey; 35. as like as two peas; 36. everyman's
meat; 37. to pick the plums out of the pudding; 38. to use a steamhammer to crack nuts.
Make up sentences or situations using them.
C. CONVERSATION AND DISCUSSION
Here is a problem to discuss:
TO SMOKE OR NOT TO SMOKE?
That is the question
If you smoke and you don't believe that there is a definite link between smoking and bronchial troubles, heart disease and lung cancer,
then you are certainly deceiving yourself. Let us say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. Whenever the subject of smok-
43
ing and health is raised, the governments of most countries hear no evil,
see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have taken
timid measures. In Britain, for instance, cigarette advertising has been
banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the
population continues to puff its way to a smoky, cancerous death.
You don't have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simply
money.
Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It's almost like a tax on
our daily bread. In tax revenue alone the government of Britain collects
enough from smokers for its entire educational facilities. So while the
authorities point out ever so discreetly that sine king may, conceivably,
be harmful, it does not shout too loudly about it.
This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine.
While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid
out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are
spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the
disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run, there is no
doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned
altogether.
Of course, we are not ready for such drastic actions. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of
their people, do you think they'd conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns? Far from it! The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering
sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We
are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early
in the morning. That would never do. The advertisements always depict
virile clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke, even
positively healthy. Smoking is associated with the great open-air life,
beautiful girls, true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense!
For a start governments could begin by banning all cigarettes and
tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising
campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public places
like theatres, cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to
inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the
habit. A horrific warning - say, a picture of death's head - should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals we are
certainly weak, but if governments acted honestly and courageously,
they could protect us from ourselves.
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Vocabulary
admittedly (adv) – по общему признанию или согласию
appease fv) – успокаивать, умиротворять
conscience (n) – совесть
lukewarm (a) – равнодушный, вялый
commodity (n) – товар
revenue (n) – годовой доход
discreetly (adv) – осторожно, сдержанно
conceivably (adv) – предположительно
in the long run – в конце концов
drastic (a; – решительный, крутой
insidious (a) – коварный, предательский
virile (a) – мужественный, сильный
utter (a) – абсолютный, крайний
dire (a) – ужасный, страшный
quit (v) – бросать, прекращать
HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS CLAIM:
• Hundreds of non-smokers die of lung cancer every year because
they live or work with smokers.
• Passive smoking is 100 times more dangerous than breathing as-
bestos particles. Non-smokers are 30 per cent more likely to contract
lung cancer if they live or work with smokers.
• Government should issue an official warning to the public due to
the results of medical findings.
• We are convinced that the evidence is strong showing that you
can cause cancer in somebody else by smoking in their presence
• Several hundred non-smokers each year contract lung cancer
through passive smoking-.
• From a decision of the Supreme Court: cigarette makers can be
sued in state courts for misrepresenting the dangers of smoking
• The American Cancer Society estimates 435,000 Americans a
year die from smoking-related diseases, including 143,000 from cancer.
Are you a smoker? Have you ever tried to give up smoking? Was it
a success?
Would you like to give up smoking?
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Do you think a psychologist should help people stop smoking?
3. Sayings and proverbs to memorize:
Life is a stage, so learn to play your part.
Every family has a skeleton in the cupboard.
Good things come in small packages
Charity begins at home
D. GRAMMAR
I. Open the brackets using the verbs in Simple or Continuous
forms:
1. We (to have) a postcard from them two days ago. They (to say)
they (to have) a marvellous time. 2. While she (to shop) this morning,
she (to lose) her money. She (not to know) how. 3. They (to announce)
our flight. We (to have) a problem. One of our suitcases (to miss).
4. Who (to speak) there? – I (not to know). 5. He (not to smoke). He (not
to smoke) now. When he (to be) at the office yesterday, he (not to
smoke), he (to work) hard. 6. When my sister (to wash) her skirt, she (to
find) a pound note in the pocket. 7. When you (to learn) German? 8. We
(to go) home now because it (to be) late. 9. Who you (to wait) for?
10. Her car (to break) down yesterday while she (to drive) to work.
11. When and where it (to happen)? 12. She always (to wear) nice
clothes for work. Today she (to wear) a nice blouse and a dark skirt.
13. What she (to watch) at the moment? 14. I (to see) my friend in the
street yesterday, but he (to run) for a bus and he (not to have) time to
speak to me. 15. What your son (to do)? – He (to study) computer science. 16. What you (to do) at the weekend? 17. When she (to open) the
door, a man (to stand) on the doorstep. It (to be) her uncle, but she (not
to recognize) him because he (to wear) dark glasses. 18. Last night we
(to go) to a cafй to meet our friend. 19. Where your brother (to work)? –
He (to work) at an institute. 20Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to
come) home yesterday? 21. What your brother (to do) tomorrow? 22. I
(to go) to the shop tomorrow. 23.Where Kate (to go) when you (to meet)
her yesterday? 24. Look at these children: they (to skate) very well. You
(to skate) last Sunday? – Yes, we (to skate) the whole-day last Sunday.
We (to skate) again next Sunday. 25. My brother can skate very well. He
(to skate) every Sunday. 26. What you (to do) now? – I (to wash) the
dishes. 27. What you (to do) at three o'clock yesterday? – I (to have)
dinner. 28. You (to have) dinner now? 29. Every day the boss (to enter)
the office at nine o'clock. 30. Yesterday the boss (to enter) the office at
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half past nine. 31 When the boss (to come) tomorrow? 32. At six o'clock
yesterday we (to listen) to a very interesting lecture. 33. When I (to enter) the office, the secretary (to type) someletters. 34. My friend (to ring)
me up at eight o'clock yesterday. 35. Look! My friends (to play) football.
36. Kate (not to write) letters every day. 37. You (to see) your friend
yesterday? 38. Your father (to go) on a business trip last month?
39. What Nick (to do) yesterday? 40. When Nick (to get) up every morning? 41. Where your mother (to go) tomorrow? 42. I (to invite) my
friends to come to my place tomorrow. 43. A disco, which (to take) place
at the club last weekend, (to keep) people awake half the night. 44. I (to
apply) for a visit visa and (to want) to make two journeys to your country while the visa (to be) valid. 45. They (to listen) to the news on the radio when the telephone (to ring). 46. I (to look) for a nice pair of gloves.
47. My train (to leave) in half an hour. – OK, I (to drive) you to the station in my car. 48. I (to check) the battery? – Yes, please. 49Nowadays
cars (to get) more and more expensive. 50. He (to get) a higher salary.
51. A father and his son (to travel) home in a car. It (to snow) and a
strong wind (to blow). As they (to go) over a bridge, they (to hear) a
loud bang and the father (to lose) control of the car. They (to be) injured
and their lives (to be) in great danger. A helicopter (to take) the father
and the boy to hospital and they (to be) saved. Now, the happy father (to
look) at his son and (to say) to him: "I never (to drive) my car when it (to
snow). I (to promise) you. It (to be) very dangerous to drive when it (to
be) so slippery.”
II. Translate into Russian:
1. When I came to Baku in 1962 the first metro line was being built
there 2. What questions are being discussing now? They are organizing
this kind of work at their laboratory. 3. He was being told the news when
I entered the room.4. I can't understand what he is saying. 5. Prof. N.
was being listened to with great attention. 6. Who is being examined
now? 7. I don’t know what book he is reading. 8. Can you tell me who’s
sitting next to you? 9. All the way home he was being followed by a
strange-looking man 10. At the end May the students will be preparing
for their examination 11. The experiments were still being made in some
laboratories when the new term began. 12. The famous Egyptian pyramids at Giza were being built for more than forty years. 13. The driver
was going by his car very fast when he saw an accident on the opposite
side of the street.
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E. SUPPLEMENTARY READING PRACTICE
I. Read the texts. Write out the underlined phrases and sentences
and use them in your own story on the subjects under discussion:
A) GETTING WHAT YOU WАNT
I hate advertising. It annoys me when I'm watching TV and a good
film is interrupted every twenty minutes or so by a series of eight or ten
stupid lying commercials – I always turn the sound off. I never look at
newspaper advertisements, and I don't even open the kind of glossy
magazine where there is more advertising than anything else. And it
makes me really furious when I see posters all over the place trying to
persuade me to make somebody else rich by spending money I can't afford on things I don't need, especially when half the world is starving.
Just now the shops are having sales. There are advertisements everywhere offering magnificent bargains, and people are queuing up for
days in advance, just so that they can be first into the shop when the sale
starts. I'd rather stay at home, put my feet up and enjoy what I've got.
Economists tend to argue that if we didn't have advertising there
wouldn't be such a wide choice of things to buy. Perhaps, but I think advertising makes things more expensive, and it would be better if the
money were spent on improving quality or making things cheaper.
Small ads are different, perhaps. I think they perform a useful service, because they put individual buyers and sellers in direct contact.
You can find things you really need - like a cheap second-hand car being
offered directly by the owner - and if you want to sell something yourself a small ad is an easy way of getting rid of it.
B). MARKETING
Marketing touches everyone’s life. It is the means by which the products and services that create a standard of living are developed and delivered
to people. Marketing involves a large number of activities, including marketing research, product development, distribution, pricing, advertising, and
personal selling.
Many people confuse marketing with selling. But Marketing occurs
long before and after the selling event.
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C) MUSIC AND BUSINESS
Strange as it may seem, but music, at least some kinds of it, also appears to be a product and sometimes (hard to believe!) a service to deliver to
people. The text below proves the fact:
Music is widely used by business to attract customers. Two management professors at top American universities – Mr Morris Hoibrook
at Columbia and Mr. Robert Schindler at Rutgers – think the use could
be more scientific. Together they have constructed a “nostalgia index”
by playing, in random order, 30-second excerpts from 28 top hits from
the years 1932 to 1986 to people aged from 16 to 86. Their trial audiences have included a football club, a women’s church group and a parentteacher's association. Immediately after listening to an extract, each person was asked to rate the music on a ten-point scale. The tests suggest
that people are most nostalgic about the hits they heard in late adolescence and early adulthood. For example, a Miami Beach restaurant- that
seeks to attract pensioners to dine at its tables – might have to play songs
from the 1940s in a 1930s decor where the walls are hung with photographs of 1950s film stars wearing the New Look dresses of the immediate postwar years.
Give your examples of a close connection and interaction of music and
business, say, in advertising.
II. Read the text. Make up 10 questions to it.
Write out professional words and terms, learn them:
"MOSCOW,"
CORONATION CANTATA FOR CZAR ALEXANDER III,
for Mezzo-Soprano and Baritone Soloists, Chorus, and Orchestra
Composed in 1883.
by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893)
Premiered on May 27, 1883 in Moscow,
conducted by Edward Napravnik.
It was a not infrequent occurrence in Tchaikovsky's life that he
went begging for money, and afterward felt shame at having to grovel.
One such incident happened during a financial nadir in 1881, when he
boldly applied for assistance to the new Czar, Alexander III, who had
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just replaced his assassinated father on the Romanov throne. Before
Tchaikovsky could change his mind about sending the letter, his servant
scooped it up and posted it to the Imperial Palace. Some days later, a donation of 3,000 rubles arrived from the Czar, setting off a round of
Tchaikovsky's characteristic self-deprecations, and he vowed both to
keep the whole affair from his friends and to give his thanks to the ruler
at the first opportunity.
Early in 1883, Tchaikovsky received a commission from the city of
Moscow to compose a ceremonial march for a fete in Sokolniky Park In
June celebrating the formal coronation of Czar Alexander III. (The coronation had been delayed two full years from Alexander's rise to power
because of the nation's volatile political situation.) At the same time,
Tchaikovsky was commissioned by the official coronation committee to
write a cantata – Moscow – for the ceremonies. Remembering the earlier
generosity – of Alexander, Tchaikovsky refused payment for the works,
saying that "the coronation pieces were the outcome of a mingled feeling
of shame and gratitude." Alexander, however, insisted on granting
Tchaikovsky 1,500 rubles for his contributions to the festivities, but the
composer was cruelly disappointed when the Imperial gift was not in the
form of cash but was rather a diamond ring, which he pawned, then redeemed, and finally sold to his benefactress, Nadejda von Meek. Tchaikovsky thought highly enough of his march and cantata to include them
on his American concerts of 1891. It is an interesting bit of historical
marginalia that he conducted these two pieces at the inaugural concert of
New York's Carnegie Hall on May 5, 1891.
The coronation committee commissioned the text for the cantata
from the Russian poet Apollon Maikov (1821–1897), who devised appropriately celebratory verses hailing Moscow as the center of the
known universe and the Czar as champion and protector of city and nation. "The text Maikov has written for the cantata is very beautiful and
poetic," Tchaikovsky reassured Mme. von Meek. "There is a bit of patriotic vaporing, but apart from this the piece is deeply felt and written with
originality. It has freshness and its tone is sincere, which is making it
possible for me to put into my music a measure of feeling." The score for
Moscow was completed in early April 1883, and premiered by the chorus
and orchestra of the Bolshoi, conducted by Eduard Napravnik, in the
Kremlin on May 27th during the ceremonial act immediately following
the coronation itself in which the new Czar dined alone in the presence
of the other participants in the main ceremony. Tchaikovsky, still en
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