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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для аспирантов консерваторий и вузов искусств
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Счастье и свобода отдельного человека были для него важнее, чем
богатство и власть королей.
3. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list:
Became; lived; taught; badly; Austrian; including; was born; had
been poisoned; composing; felt sure; most famous; anonymously; settled; funeral; on a tour; weak; very suddenly; gave concerts; visited; impressionable; composition; legends; count.
Mozart was the greatest ….. composer. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
….. only 35 years, but in that time he ….. one of the world's ….. com-
posers.
Mozart ….. in Austria in 1756. He began ….. at the age of five. His
father was a musician and he ….. his son to play different instruments.
As a very young child his father took him ….. of Europe, playing before
royalty. From the age of six he toured Europe and ….. in Austria, Germany, France, Italy and Switzerland.
As a young man, Mozart ….. in Vienna. He wrote symphonies and
several great operas, ….. "The Marriage of Figaro", and "The Magic
Flute.
He died ….. after a short illness. Rumour had it that he ….. , but it
is more likely that he had a ….. heart. He died so poor that only the gra-
vedigger attended his ….. . There are many ….. around Mozart's death.
They say two weeks before his death a man in black ….. him ….. and
ordered him to write a requiem. Mozart agreed because he needed mon-
ey ….. . He was a romantic and ….. man. He ….. that it was his death.
The visitor in black was just a certain ….. who wanted to publish the
requiem as his own ….. .
B. COMMUNICATION
Improve your speech habits.
1. Talk on familiar topics
CELEBRATIONS
1. Christmas Music and Traditions
Millions of Americans will celebrate Christmas on December
Twenty-Fifth. It is the most widely-celebrated religious holiday in the
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United States. For the past few weeks, Americans have been preparing
for Christmas.
People have been buying gifts to give to family members and
friends. They have been filling homes and stores ruling homes and stores
with evergreen trees and bright, colored lights. They have been going to
parties and preparing special Christmas foods. Many people think
Christmas is the most wonderful time of the year.
Many Christians will go to church the night before the holiday or
on Christmas Day. They will celebrate Christmas as the birthday of Jesus
Christ. Christian ministers will speak about the need for peace and understanding in the world. This is the spiritual message of Christmas.
Church services will include traditional religious songs for the holiday.
One of the most popular is this one, «Silent Night».
Many other Americans will celebrate Christmas as an important,
but non-religious, holiday. To all, however, it is a special day of family,
food, and exchanging gifts.
Christmas is probably the most special day of the year for children.
One thing that makes it special is the popular tradition of Santa Claus.
Young children believe that Santa Claus is a fat, kind, old man in
a red suit with white fur. They believe that – on the night before Christmas – lie travels through the air in a sleigh pulled by reindeer. He enters
each house from the top by sliding down the hole in the fireplace. He
leaves gifts for the children under the Christmas tree.
Americans spend a lot of time and money buying Christmas pre-
sents. The average American family spends about eight-hundred dollars.
Stores and shopping centers are crowded at this time of year. More than
twenty percent of all goods sold during the year are sold during the
weeks before Christmas. This is good for stores and for the American
economy.
Some people object to all this spending. They say it is not the real
meaning of Christmas. So, they celebrate in other ways. For example,
they make Christmas presents, instead of buying them. Or they volunteer to help serve meals to people who have no homes. Or they give
money to organizations that help poor people in the United States and
around the world.
Home and family are the center of the Christmas holiday. For many
people, the most enjoyable tradition is buying a Christmas tree and
decorating it with lights and beautiful objects. On Christmas Eve or
Christmas meaning, people gather around the tree to open their presents.
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Another important Christmas tradition involves food. Families prepare many kinds of holiday foods, especially sweets. They eat these
foods on the night before Christmas and on Christmas day.
For many people, Christmas means traveling long distances to be
with their families. Another Christmas tradition is to go «caroling.» A
group of people walks along the street. At each house, they stop and sing
a Christmas song, called a carol. Student groups also sing carols at
schools and shopping centers.
Not everyone in the United States celebrates Christmas. Members
of the Jewish and Muslim religions, for example, generally do not. Jewish people celebrate the holiday of Hanukkah. And some black Americans observe another holiday, Kwanzaa. Yet many Americans do take
part in some of the traditional performances of the season. One of the
most popular is a story told in dance: «The Nutcracker» ballet. The
music was written by Russian composer Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky in
Eighteen-Ninety One.
The ballet is about a young girl named Clara. Clara is celebrating
Christmas with her family and friends. One of her Christmas presents
is a little device to open nuts — a nutcracker. It is shaped like a toy soldier. She dreams that the nutcracker comes to life as a good-looking
prince.
Professional dance groups in many American cities perform the
ballet at this time of year. They often use students from local ballet
schools to dance the part of Clara and the other children in the story.
This gives parents a chance to see their children perform.
One of the best melodies is «The Waltz of the Flowers» from
«The Nutcracker».
By Marilyn Christiano, VOA Special English program,
Broadcast: December 20,2004
1.evergreen trees – елки, вечнозеленые деревья;
evergreen – вечнозеленый; вечнозеленое растение.
2.Christian – христианин, христианка.
3.church – церковь.
4.Christian ministers – христианские священники.
5.spiritual message – духовное послание [обращение].
6.Santa Claus – Сайта Клаус – Дед Мороз.
7.young children – маленькие дети.
8.sleigh – салазки, сани; Syn: sledge.
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9.reindeer – северный олень.
10.Christmas tree – рождественская елка.
11.Christmas presents – рождественские подарки.
12.they volunteer to help serve meals to people who have no
homes – они становятся добровольцами, чтобы помочь раздать пи-
щу бездомным людям.
13. Christmas Eve – канун Рождества.
14. performance – театр, игра, исполнение; литературное,
театральное или музыкальное представление.
15. «The Nutcracker» ballet – балет «Щелкунчик»;
nut – орех; cracker – тот, кто ломает, раскалывает и т.п..
«The Waltz of the Flowers» – «Вальс цветов».
Do you celebrate Christmas? What traditions do you observe?
What English or American holidays can you name?
Make up a story
“Holidays and Celebrations in My Life” or
“My Happiest Memory”
“Once Upon a Time, Five Years From Now”
2. Read the poem and translate it:
WHERE ART THOU, MOTHER CHRISTMAS?
Where art thou, Mother Christmas?
I really wish I knew
Why Father should get all the praise
And no one mentions you.
I'll bet you buy the presents
And wrap them large and small
by Roald Dahl
While all the time that rotten swine
Pretends he's done it all.
So Hail to Mother Christmas
Who shoulders all the work!
And down with Father Christmas,
That unmitigated jerk!
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Where art thou, Mother Christmas? - Где ты, Матушка Рожде-
ство?
So Hail to Mother Christmas who shoulders all the work! –
Итак, ура Матушке Рождество, на чьих плечах лежит вся работа!
unmitigated jerk! – отъявленный негодяй
C. CONVERSATION AND DISCUSSION
1. Read the text. Learn new expressions and use them in your
speech.
OVERTURE TO SHAKESPEARE'S AS YOU LIKE IT, OP. 28
JOHN KNOWLES PAINE (1839–1906)
Composed in 1876.
Premiered on November 21, 1876, at Harvard University, conduct-
ed by Theodore Thomas.
John Knowles Paine was among the most distinguished figures in
American music during the last half of the 19th century - he was the earliest American composer whose works won general acceptance both at
home and abroad, and he was the first person to become a professor of
music at an American university. Paine was born into a musical family
in Portland, Maine, and studied as a youth with Herman Kotschmar, a
German bandsman who fled Europe in 1848 and settled in New England.
In 1858, Paine left for Germany to continue his education at the
Hochschule fur Muslk in Berlin. He returned to Boston three years later,
and soon thereafter secured the post of organist at Harvard University,
where he instituted a series of informal lectures on musical theory and
history which became popular enough to warrant their inclusion as a
course in the regular curriculum. Paine was appointed to the Harvard
faculty in 1862, and promoted to full professor in 1875, the first such position at an American university. He spent the last thirty years of his life
in that post, continuing to compose as much as his academic duties allowed. His work brought to American composers and American music
an unprecedented respectability that marked an important step in the artistic maturity of this country.
As may be expected of a composer with Paine's strong German associations, his music was heavily Influenced by the forms and styles of
Mendelssohn, Schumann, Brahms and Liszt. He composed two symphonies, five tone poems (including one left unfinished at his death on the
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subject of Abraham Lincoln), a number of independent orchestral compositions, a grand opera, several chamber works, songs and many choral
pieces. Paine's Overture to As You Like It, like Mendelssohn's Midsum-
mer Night's Dream, was written directly for the concert hall rather than
as a curtain-raiser for a specific production of the play. It was premiered
on November 21, 1876 by Theodore Thomas and his orchestra In the
new Sanders Theater at Harvard, and proved to be one of Paine's most
popular scores, with numerous performances in Boston, New York, Chicago and elsewhere during the remaining three decades of his life; the
important Leipzig publisher Breitkopf und Hartel issued the score in
1907, a year after the composer's death. The Overture to As You Like It
was received warmly at its unveiling. Critics noted that the music captured the bustling, joyful mood of Shakespeare's comedy without resorting to what the reviewer for the Advertiser called the "coarse realism" of
programmatic depiction of incidents and characters. John Sullivan
Dwight, one of America's leading music chroniclers of the late 19th cen-
tury, judged the work to be "rich, varied, consistent and symmetrical. . . .
The orchestra played it con amore, and the audience received it con fu-
rore, the composer being compelled to rise in his seat and bow acknowledgment." Like the concert overtures of Mendelssohn, Paine's work follows conventional sonata form, here fitted with a slow introduction
which previews the spacious theme that provides much of the Overture's
melodic material.
2. Using the material you’ve studied make a report on the topics:
Music On My Mind
My Favourite Music Interpreter
Something I Feel Proud of
My Greatest Success
D. GRAMMAR
I. Write another sentence with the same meaning using Passive forms:
1 The bill includes service. Service …….. in the bill.
2 People don't use this road very often. This road ……..
3 They cancelled all flights because of fog. All flights ……..
4 Somebody accused me of stealing the money. I ……..
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5 They are building a new ring-road round the city.
A new ring-road ……..
6 I didn't realize that someone was recording our conversation.
I didn't realize that our conversation – …….
7 They have changed the date of the meeting. The date of the
meeting …….
8 Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the
street.
Brian told me that he …….
9. They don't pay Jim very much. Jim …….
10. They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview. You
…….
11 .Nobody told me that George was ill. I …….
12. His colleagues gave him a present when he retired. He …….
13. We will send you your examination results as soon as they are
ready. You …….
14. They didn't ask me my name. I …….
15. I think they should have offered Tom the job. I think Tom
……………….
2. Replace Active forms of the verbs by their Passive forms:
1. ACTIVE; Somebody cleans this room every day.
PASSIVE: …….
2. ACTIVE: Dangerous driving causes many accidents.
PASSIVE: …….
3. ACTIVE: Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.
Passive: …….
4. ACTIVE: The police have arrested three men.
PASSIVE: …….
5. ACTIVE: Somebody has cleaned my room.
PASSIVE: …….
6. ACTIVE: I heard footsteps, somebody was following us.
PASSIVE: …….
7. ACTIVE: They have changed the date of the meeting.
PASSIVE: ……..
8. ACTIVE: I didn’t realize that someone was recording our con-
versation.
PASSIVE: …….
9. ACTIVE: Somebody told him the news.
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PASSIVE: …….
10. ACTIVE: They are building a new ring-road.
PASSIVE: …….
11. ACTIVE: They gave me a nice present.
PASSIVE: …….
12. ACTIVE: Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.
PASSIVE: …….
3. Translate into English using Passive constructions:
1. Вас когда-нибудь кусала собака? 2. Эту проблему можно
решить. 3. Моя сумка исчезла. Должно быть ее украли. 4. Гостиницу откроют в следующем месяце. 5. Уходи! Я хочу, чтобы меня
оставили одного. 6. Музыка была очень громкой и ее было слышно
издалека. 7. Ему скажут об этом завтра. 8. Письмо отправили вчера.
9. Мои часы починили? 10. Телепрограммы смотрят миллионы людей. 11. Его часто приглашали на вечеринки. 12. Многие века природу использовали и разрушали. 13. Слышали новость? Застрелен
президент США. 14. Подождите минуту, Ваше письмо печатают.
15. Магазин закроют в 18.00.
E. SUPPLEMENTARY READING PRACTICE
1. Translate the text into Russian.
LONG LIVE MOZART!
By Michael Walsh
Two hundred years after his death, the world is celebrating his
genius. One question remains: Did he die before his time?
"It must not be supposed, however, that Mozart's life was one of
actual want in the ordinary sense", wrote George Bernard Shaw on the
occasion of the centenary in 1891. "He had immense powers, both of
work and enjoyment; joked, laughed, told stories, talked, traveled,
played, sang, rhymed, danced, masqueraded, acted and played billiards
well enough to delight in them all; and he had the charm of a child at 30
just as he had had the seriousness of a man at five".
Shaw, who prized Mozart and Wagner above all others, was one of
the first to comprehend the scope of Mozart's achievement. He knew that
raw emotion was at the root of Mozart's genius, not pretty sounds "Far
from finding Mozart's contemporaries listening with half-closed eyes to
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his delicious strains of melody you are stunned and amazed by complaints of the horrible noisiness of his instrumentation, of having to
climb an arid mountain of discord to pluck a single flower of melody of
'too many notes', of assaults on the human ear ... What has become of all
this disturbing power?"
The answer was "progress". Like Bach in the Baroque period, Mozart summed up and personified the prevailing musical style; he was not
an innovator, but a culminator. He took the forms he found – sonatas,
symphonies, concerti and operas – and infused them with palpable life.
Mozart's music speaks on the deepest human levels, without artifice or
pretence.
The Romantics, however, prized exploration and discovery. Their
hero composers – Beethoven, Liszt, Wagner – were, like so many musical Sir Richard Burtons, busy exploring the sonic equivalents of Punjab,
Arabia and central Africa. Harmonies that had shocked audiences of
Mozart's day now seemed tame tigers. And Mozart's greatest and most
lasting contribution to the musical culture – his transformation, in the
works with Lorenzo da Ponte, of opera from a static, stylized musical
play whose characters were drawn from mythology or ancient history into vivid music theatre – was taken for granted.
But did Mozart really not accomplish all he was capable of? It is
easy to sentimentalise the tragedy of his early death – although by the
standards of the day he lived to a decent age. And it is true that Mozart
cried out on his deathbed: "Now to leave my Art, when I must no longer
be a slave to fashions when I could follow the flights of my fantasy!"
But he bore no lasting grudge against fate, even when it took him in midlife; rather, his grief was for his wife and two sons, whom he was leaving
nearly penniless. There is no suggestion in his letters that he ever felt he
was giving less than his best, although there were plenty of times when
he felt others were giving less than theirs.
A lingering question is, Had Mozart lived to 80, would he have
written many more masterpieces? It is unanswerable, but it is not sacrilegious to suggest. Perhaps not. The last three symphonies, in E flat,
G minor and С major, are as perfect as anything humanity is capable of.
THE CLARINET CONCERTO, his last great completed utterance,
speaks to us with an unearthly serenity that thoroughly belies the composer's physical state. In 1791 he wrote two operas: THE MAGIC
FLUTE, a prototypical Broadway-musical show of timeless appeal, and
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LA CLEMENZA DI TITO, an old-fashioned, regal opera seria that is the
last word on a style Mozart himself had rendered antique.
What might have come after these? In 1791 Beethoven was a firebreathing 21-year-old, smashing the delicate pianos of the time to
matchsticks and starting to find his own distinctively rebellious voice.
Giacomo Meyerbeer was born that year; his grand spectacles would be
as far from the Mozartean idea as can be imagined. Haydn was writing
his symphonies Nos. 93 through 96; he lived on to 1809, the classical
style's last representative. When he died, the musical vocabulary of the
late 18th century died with him. What would Mozart have written?
Would he have been like Bach, ridiculed by even his sons as an old
foggy? Would there have been successors to Figaro and Flute, perhaps
ignored in their time but treasured today? Or would he have gone, as Sibelius and Charles Ives later did, into a funk, his last decades as silent as
his first had been productive? It is just possible that God took Amadeus
home at precisely the right moment.
So let us give thanks for the music we have, rather than mourning
the music we don't. A little night music, please; let us celebrate the
PRAGUE and HAFFNER symphonies, let us marvel at 11 SOGNO DI
SCIPIONE and IDOMENEO and The ABDUCTION FROM THE SERAGLIO, let us bask in the harmonious GERMAN DANCES, titter at
the scatological choral canons and rejoice in the ANDANTE FOR MECHANICAL ORGAN and the ADAGIO and RONDO for glass harmonica. In just under 36 years, Mozart composed a lifetime's worth of masterworks. It was all the time he ever had. He wrote many, many, many
notes. But not one less than necessary.
2. Write out the underlined phrases and use them in the sentences and situations of your own
3. Have you seen any films about Mozart’s life?
What do you think of the legends around Mozart’s death?
4. Retell the text in brief.
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