Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для аспирантов консерваторий и вузов искусств
.pdf
В англо-русских словарях используется ряд знаков, знание ко-
торых облегчит вашу работу со словарем. Так, знак ~ (тильда) в
примерах заменяет заглавное слово в тех случаях, когда дается производная форма. Например: read; ~ -ing, -er следует читать соответственно reading, reader. Знак ~= означает, что данный русский эквивалент наиболее близко передает значение английского выражения.
После знака <> приводятся фразеологические единства и сло-
восочетания, не имеющие прямой связи с приведенными значениями. Например: <> hand and glove with — в близких, приятельских
отношениях.
Известно, что слова в английском языке, так же как и в рус-
ском, могут иметь не одно, а несколько значений, поэтому при выборе нужного для данного контекста значения слова необходимо исхо-
дить из общего содержания текста, абзаца и предложения.
ОСНОВНЫЕ ФОРМЫ НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
be, was/were, been быть
beat, beat, beaten бить
break, broke, broken ломать
bring, brought, brought приносить
build, built, built строить
buy, bought, bought покупать
catch, caught, caught ловить
choose, chose, chosen выбирать
come, came, come приходить
cost, cost, cost стоить
cut, cut, cut резать
do, did, done делать
draw, drew, drawn рисовать
drink, drank, drunk пить
drive, drove, driven вести машину
eat, ate, eaten есть
fall, fell, fallen падать
feed, fed, fed кормить
feel, felt, felt чувствовать
fight, fought, fought бороться
find, found, found найти
171
fly, flew, flown летать
forbid, forbade, forbidden запрещать
forget, forgot, forgotten забывать
forgive, forgave, forgiven прощать
freeze, froze, frozen замораживать
get, got, got получать
give, gave, given давать
go, went, gone идти
grow, grew, grown расти
hang, hung, hung вешать
have, had, had иметь
hear, heard, heard слышать
hide, hid, hidden прятать
hit, hit, hit ударять
hold, held, held держать
hurt, hurt, hurt ранить
keep, kept, kept держать
know, knew, known знать
lead, led, led вести
leave, left, left оставлять
lend, lent, lent одалживать
let, let, let разрешать
lie, lay, lain лежать
lose, lost, lost терять
make, made, made делать
mean, meant, meant означать
meet, met, met встречать
mislead, misled, misled вводить в заблуждение
put, put, put класть
read, read, read читать
rise, rose, risen всходить, подниматься
run, ran, run бегать
say, said, said сказать
see, saw, seen видеть
seek, sought, sought искать
sell, sold, sold продавать
send, sent, sent посылать
set, set, set помещать
shine, shone, shone светить
172
shoot, shot, shot стрелять
A
Absolute music
Instrumental music based upon abstract principles
of music theory and form, rather than upon an extra-musical programme
Accidental
a sharp, flat, or natural sign that alters a diatonic
pitch
Answer
The dominant version of the subject in a fugue
Antecedent
The first of two balanced phrases, sometimes
compared with a question
anticipation
an unaccented nonharmonic tone that resolves by
reputation
show, showed, shown показывать
shut, shut, shut закрывать
sing, sang, sung петь
sink, sank, sunk тонуть
sleep, slept, slept спать
speak, spoke, spoken говорить
spend, spent, spent проводить
spread, spread, spread расширяться
stand, stood, stood стоять
steal, stole, stolen красть
strike, struck, struck ударять
swear, swore, sworn клясться
swim, swam, swum плавать
take, took, taken брать
teach, taught, taught учить
tear, tore, torn рвать
tell, told, told сказать
think, thought, thought думать
throw, threw, thrown бросать
understand, understood, understood понимать
wake, woke, woken просыпаться
wear, wore, worn носить
win, won, won выиграть
write, wrote, written писать
173
antiphonal
containing alternatng choirs
art song
The setting of a well-known poet’s work to music
by a serious composer
augmentation
Rhythmic variation in which note values are doubled, making a theme twice as slow as it was
authentic
cadence
a cadence consisting of the pro-
gression dominant to tonic (V–I)
auxiliary tone
an unaccented nonharmonic tone approached
stepwise from above or below a chordal tone to
which it returns
B
Backbeat
a regular emphasis on the typically unstressed
beats in a 4/4 meter (i.e. beats two and four)
Ballades
Songlike instrumental pieces, particularly for piano
Ballad opera
An English dramatic form in which comedy and
satire were set to popular tunes
band
An instrumental ensemble containing woodwind,
brass and percussion section
bar, bar line
a vertical line drawm through one or more staves
to undicate measure divisions. Bar also means
measure
bar form
a form in three sections, the first of which is repeated (A A B)
Baroque
Originally meant “irregular”. The term was applied to the dramatic, emotional style of XVII th
and early XVIII-th century art
beat
the unit of time in metric music. In time signatures, the upper numeral indicates the number of
beats per measure
bebop
A complex, highly improvised style of jazz
berceuse
A piece with the “character” of a lullaby
blue notes
Slightly inflected, or lowered pitches
blues
A vocal system that originated as a kind of blackAmerican folk song and has become a form of
jazz. The classic form is strophic, with three lines
(twelve bars) in each verse
boogie-woogie
“Piano blues”. A piano style derived from the
formal and harmonic structure of the blues, but
174
bright in mood and fast in tempo. The left hand of
the pianist plays a characteristic ostinato pattern
brass
Wind instruments, including the trumpet, trombone, French horn and tuba that produce tone by
vibration of the lips
break
A dramatic, unstable, strongly rhythmic section,
as in march
broken chord
the tones of a chord played conescutively, usually
according to some pattern
C
Cadence
A stopping point
Cadenza
A passage for solo instrument, typically found in
a solo concerto
chaconne
Variations over a repeated harmonic pattern
chamber music
Music for a small instrumental ensemble with
one instrument per line of music
chanson
French term for song
chant, plainchant,
plainsong, Grego-
rian chant
Music to which portions of the Catholic service
are sung. The texture is monophonic, the timbre
that of unaccompanied voices
character piece
A relatively short piano piece in a characteristic
style or mood
chart
the score of a jazz composition
choir
An ensemble of voices or instruments
chorale
A religious song with simple tune and vernacular
language, sung by the congregation. It was introduced by Martin Luther
chorale prelude
A prelude based upon a Lutheran chorale melody
choral music
Music performed by a vocal choir
chord
A meaningful (as opposed to a random) combination of three or more tones
chorus
A composition sung by a choir (also called a chorus) of voices; May alternate homophonic with
polyphonic passages
Clavier
General term for a keyboard instrument
Clef
A sign that fixes the tone represented by each line
and space on the staff
closing section
In a sonata-allegro, the end of the exposition
175
cluster
A chord built upon seconds, which may contain
any number of tones
combo
A small performing group of jazz musicians
concert
An orchestral, band or choral performance
concerto
A multimovement work for orchestra and an instrumental soloist
conjunct
Smooth, connected
consort
a term of the XVIth and XVIIth centuries meaning ensemble
contrapuntal
Polyphonic texture (is another term texture for
polyphony)
cool jazz
A mild style, performed by bands of a moderate size
countersubject
Thematic material in a fugue, usually derived
from or related to the subject, which is treated imitatively by each in turn
D
Development
In a sonata-allegro, the second section It moves
through many keys.
Diatonic scales
The major and minor scales
Disjunct
Angular, disconnected
Dixieland
A white musicians’ imitation of the New Orleans
style of jazz
Dotted rhythm
rhythmic patterns consisting of a dotted note followed by a note of the next smaller denomination
(e.g. a dotted quarter followed by an eighth note)
double bar
two vertical lines drawn through one or more
staves to indicate a major sectional division or the
conclusion of a composition
double stop
the playing of two notes simulta-neously on a
bowed string instrument
Downbeat
The first beat of a measure
Drone
A single tone, sounded continuously or repeated
duple meter
Two beats per measure
dynamic level
Level of volume
E
Embellishment
ornamentation such as thrills, Mordents, and turns
Ensemble finale
A closing scene in which several soloists participate each singing different words and music at the
same time
equal tempera-
the standard method of tuning Western
176
ment
instruments since the early XVIII th century. The
twelve semitones that form an octave are equally
spaced
etudes
Studies or “exercises” suitable for recital performances
expressive style
An emotional style of music inspired by the
German middle class of the second quarter of the
eighteenth century
F
Familiar style
homophonic style
Figured bass
A system of musical shorthand by which composers indicated intervals above the bass line with
numbers (figures) rather than with notated pitches
The Five
Five Russian composers associated with Russian
nationalism
Flat
A sign which indicates a tone is to be performed
one-half step lower than notated
folk music
Usually music of unknown origin transmitted
orally, and enjoyed by the general population.
Today the term is applied to some commercial
popular music which has the style of flavor of a
folk art
free jazz
A style of jazz in which musicians improvise in-
dependently, sometimes producing a “random”
effect
fugue
An imitative polyphonic composition originally
for keyboard instruments
fusion
The combination of jazz and rock
G
Grand opera
The XIX th-century French serious opera style
which particularly empha-sized spectacular visual
effects
Gregorian chant
Term for Roman Catholic plainchant since the
sixth century A.D.
H
Half step
The smallest interval on a keyboard and the closest interval in traditional Western harmony
harmony
the simultaneous sounding of two or more different tones
hymn
a religious song with a nonliturgical text
I
style appropriate to a specific medium, its Capac-
177
Idiom
ities and limitations. Also used to mean Style in
general
Impromptus
pieces of an improvisatory character
Incipit
the first word or words of a text. Also, the first
few identifying notes of a theme
Indeterminate aleatoric, or
Music in which some elements of compo sition
are left to the decision of performance -
chance music
participants or to chance
Invention
A piece with two or three voices in imitative contrapuntal style
invertible
counterpoint so designed that either of two
counterpoint
melodic lines may be the upper line
J
Jazz
A popular music with roots in Africa which developed in early XX th-century America There
are many styles of jazz but they generally share a
danceable beat, syncopated rhythms and certain
characteristic performance practices, including
improvisation
K
Key
the tonic note, and the major or minor scale upon
which a tonal composition is based
keyboard
the series of black and white keys of a piano, organ, harpsichord, or similar instruments
key signature
sharps or flats at the beginning of each staff that
indicate the key of the composition
L
Leading tone
A half step leading to the final, or tonic, note of a
scale
Leitmotif
A recurring melodic fragment of chord bearing
dramatic or emotional significance, introduced by
Wagner in his music dramas
Lied
German word for song. Plural: Lieder
Liturgy
the words of a Christian worship service, Such as
the Mass
M
Madrigal
a secular song introduced in Italy that became
popular in England also. Madrigals are polyphonic in texture and expressive in mood
madrigalism
word painting used to enhance the expression of
madrigal texts
major scale
the ascending pattern of steps is whole, whole,
178
half, whole, whole, whole, half
Mannheim rocket
A rapidly ascending melodic phrase
Mass
the Roman Catholic worship service
Measure
a unit containing a number of beats
Melismatic chant
a chant that includes several notes of music for
each syllable of text
minor scale
the ascending pattern of steps is whole, half,
whole, whole, half, whole, whole
minstrel show
a variety show, popular in the mid- and lateXIX th century, which included songs, dances,
and comic repartee performed by white men who
blackened their skin to resemble blacks
modes
seven-note scales within the range of an octave,
including but not limited to the scale patterns we
call major and minor
modulate
change keys
motet
(1) in the Middle Ages, a polyphonic vocal form
usually consisting of two melodic lines, each with
its own text, above a plainchant tenor (2) since
the Renaissance, a religious composition
with a nonliturgical text
Motive
a short melodic phrase that may be effectively
developed
Movement
a section of a complete work which has a formal
design and a degree of independence, it is usually
separated from other movements by a pause
music
originally meant “the art of the Muses”
musical
a play with music of a popular nature
musicology
the scientific study of music
musique concrete
music consisting of recorded and electroni-cally
altered sounds
N
Natural
a symbol that cancels a previously indicated sharp
or flat
Notation
written music
Note
a tone or specific pitch
Neumatic
a melodic style in which several notes Are sung to
a single syllable. Also a type of notation that indicates general pitch direction
O
179
Octave
the interval of an eighth, as from C to C
Octave
a melodic concept, involving the selection
displacement
of pitches from various, sometimes distant, octaves
opera
a drama with music
Ordinary
portions of the Mass appropriate any time of the
church year
overture
an instrumental introductory piece to a dramatic
work
P
Passing tone
an unaccented nonharmonic tone that moves
stepwise between two chordal tones up to a third
apart
Passion
an oratorio based on the events leading to the crucifixion of Christ
patter songs
humorous words sung very rapidly, with comic
effect
pedal point
a pitch which is sustained, usually in the bass,
while harmonies change above it
percussion
all instruments that may be played by shaking, rubbing, or striking the instrument itself. These include
the timpani (tuned kettledrums), other drums,
chimes, tambourine, triangle, cymbals, and various
smaller instruments, such as the xylophone
pitch
the highness or lowness of a sound
prelude
(1) a short free-form or introductory piece for
keyboard (2) in the XIX th century, a short freeform independent piece, usually for piano, a character piece
prepared piano
a piano, timbre and pitches of which have been
altered by the application of foreign materials on
or between the strings
Proper
portions of the Mass performed only at certain
times of the day or year
psalm tunes
tuneful settings of the 150 psalms in versions
suitable for congregational singing
psalter
a collection of the 150 psalms in rhymed, metered
verse
180
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]