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8. Найдите пары синонимов.
Constituent, habit, humanity, get, component, mankind, routine, acquire
9. Найдите пары антонимов.
Worshipper, destroy, antagonist, strong, atheist, protect, supporter,
fragile.
10. Прочитайте текст и составьте к нему план.
Culture and religion are two very important constituents of humanity.
They share many things in common, e.g., history, traditions, customs, etc.
Culture can be considered as the entire social heritage of man. The pioneer English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, “Primitive Culture”, published in 1871 said that culture “includes knowledge, belief, art,
law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man
as a member of society.”
Religion is an important aspect of human culture and society. Religion,
like culture itself, consists of systematic patterns of beliefs, values, and behaviour. Within all religions, however, there are differences of interpretation
of principles and meanings. Religion has been defined as a system of beliefs
based on humanity’s attempt to explain the universe, often involving one or
more deities or other supernatural forces and also requiring supporters to
follow religious obligations.
Religion is part of culture in its wider sense. Sometimes it can becomes
part of one’s culture so that a person cannot even separate between whether
something is a cultural practice or a religious one. In places that are overly
religious (e.g. Saudi Arabia), religion is the culture. Culture and religion relates to the way people interact with each other. Religion usually shapes the
laws and morals of culture. A baby can be placed into any family on earth
and grow up to learn their culture and religion, accept it as his or her own,
since culture and religion are non-instinctive.
Our written languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made
things are merely the products of culture. Even though culture is a powerful
human tool for survival, it is a fragile phenomenon. All cultures change over
time. However, the rate of change and the aspects of culture that change vary
from society to society. For instance, people in Russia and other countries
today adopt new words from other languages, especially from American
English, while many French people are resistant to it because of the threat of
“corrupting” their own language. However, the French are just as eager as
the Germans to adopt new technology.
32
As religion affects the dynamic development and transformation of cultural values, cultural perceptions interact with manifestations of religious
understanding and interpretation.
Religion has shaped the world and created the society that we live in today. Many historical aspects of the world have been revolved around the
church, either making a new church or breaking away from the church. Religion is technically trans-cultural, that is, it works beyond cultural borders as,
for example, Christianity in various countries around the world. However all
religions are also changed by cultures as further evidenced by the differences
in Christian groups within differing cultures.
The role of culture and religion in national development is highly important. It may be a negative one and cause misunderstandings and conflicts.
It may also be positive, for example in economic and trade in goods and services as well as exchange of values and cultural objects between different
regions of the world.
In nowadays globalization era cross-religious study is much more important than it was centuries ago. Thus to be a good specialist in the sphere
of tourism one should consider the importance of understanding cultural
concepts and religious principles, by studying the dominant faiths, including
Hinduism, Confucianism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, the Baha’i Faith and
the various religions of the Near East. Understanding the concepts of culture
and religion is the key to understanding human behaviour.
11. Определите, истинны или ложны высказывания.
1. Culture is the entire social heritage of man.
2. Religion is the only important aspect of human culture and society.
3. Within all religions, however, there are differences of interpretation
of principles and meanings.
4. Religion has been defined as a system of beliefs based on humanity’s
attempt to explain the principles of physics.
5. Culture is a part of religion in its wider sense.
6. In places that are overly religious (e.g. Saudi Arabia), religion is
the culture.
7. Religion has shaped the world and created the society that we live
in today.
12. Ответьте на вопросы по прочитанному тексту.
1. What is culture?
2. What is religion?
3. What are the important aspects of religion?
4. Is religion a culture or a part of culture?
33
5. Does culture change over time?
6. How has religion shaped the world and created the society that we
live in today?
7. What is the role of culture and religion in national development?
8. Why is cross-religious study important?
9. Is the role of culture and religion in national development important?
10. Why is it important to understand cultural concepts and religious
principles?
13. Прочитайте текст и скажите, какие религиозные объекты
включены в список мирового наследия ЮНЕСКО. Найдите информацию в сети Интернет и расскажите об одном из них.
The United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization
(UNESCO) administers the World Heritage list under the World Heritage
Convention, through which signing member countries pledge to protect their
natural and cultural heritage.
According to the UNESCO website, World Heritage sites are of “outstanding universal value” and, as such, “belong to all the peoples of the
world, irrespective of the territory on which they are located.”
The World Heritage list currently contains 878 sites, including 679 cultural, 174 natural, and 25 mixed sites in 145 countries. Some of the more
famous sites include the Grand Canyon, the Great Barrier Reef, Iguazu Falls
National Park in Argentina and Brazil, the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia, the Great Wall of China, the monastery of Mont-Saint-Michel in
France, the Acropolis in Athens, and the Roman ruins at Pompeii and Herculaneum.
UNESCO currently lists 30 sites as “World Heritage in danger.” These
are sites whose continued existence or well-being is at risk due to development projects, land use change, abandonment, armed conflict, natural disasters, or other threats. World Heritage sites in danger include the walled city
of Baku in Azerbaijan, Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador, the Old City of Jerusalem, the
rice terraces of the Philippines, the medieval monuments of Kosovo in Serbia, and the Chan Chan Archaeological Zone in Peru.
14. Найдите в сети Интернет информацию, необходимую для
ответа на следующие вопросы.
1. Are there the objects belonging to the UNESCO World Heritage List
in Moscow?
2. Which of the objects belonging to the UNESCO World Heritage List
in Moscow are religious ones?
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15. Составьте предложения из данных в каждой цепочке слов.
1. religion, highly, of, development, the, role, culture, and, in, national,
is, important.
2. World Heritage, the, remained, the, territory, integrity, and, the, of,
property, unchanged.
3. is, List, Kremlin, into, the, World, included, Heritage?
16. Составьте аннотацию к прочитанному тексту, используя
речевые клише для аннотаций.
17. Сделайте сообщение по изученной теме.
35
5. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION ETIQUETTE
1. Запишите и запомните следующие слова.
customer — заказчик, покупатель, клиент;
associate — коллега, партнер, компаньон, единомышленник, по-
мощник, заместитель;
highlight — ярко освещать, выдвигать на первый план, делать ак-
цент, подчеркивать;
clarify — разъяснять, вносить ясность;
distort — искажать, исковеркать;
confuse — смущать, приводить в замешательство, запутывать,
усложнять;
clergy — духовное лицо, священник;
appointment — договоренность (о встрече), назначение (на долж-
ность);
in advance — заранее;
punctuality — пунктуальность;
appreciate — ценить, высоко ставить;
rank — ранг;
hierarchical — иерархический;
deliberately — намеренный;
precedent — прецедент, аналог;
opportunistic — предприимчивый;
persistence — настойчивость;
prevail — преобладать, господствовать;
solution — решение;
consistency — последовательность, логичность;
bow — поклон, кивок;
deference — уважение, почтительное отношение;
endorsement — подтверждение, поддержка;
connection — связи, знакомства;
intermediary — посредник;
patient — терпеливый;
deadline — крайний срок;
thoroughly — тщательно;
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harmful — вредный;
consequence — последствия;
profitable — выгодный.
2. Запишите и запомните следующие словосочетания.
cultural/intercultural sensitivity — межкультурная восприимчи-
вость, понимание особенностей других культур;
faux pas — оплошность, накладка, ложный шаг;
cursory glance — беглый взгляд;
consensual agreement — полное согласие;
cultural beliefs and values — культурные убеждения / верования и
ценности.
3. Переведите предложения с английского языка на русский.
1. Supermarkets use a variety of tactics to attract customers. 2. The case
highlights the need for adequate control on such experiments. 3. Could you
clarify your remarks? 4. Customers are confused by the range of products on
offer. 5. I have an appointment to see my lawyer next Saturday. 6. We expect punctual payment of bills. 7. Our restaurant is popular with people who
appreciate good service and fine wines. 8. There are good precedents for this
sort of cooperation between organizations. 9. We hope that common sense
will prevail and an agreement will soon be reached.
4. Заполните пропуски словами, данными в рамочке.
Persistence, clarify, punctual, distorted, clergy, customers,
appointment, confuse, solution
1. Discounts are available for our regular ………… . 2. It is important
to ………… what the change in the law will mean. 3. The newspaper presented a ………… picture of her life. 4. If you don’t explain clearly, you’ll
just ………… the reader. 5. The Pope may consult the ………… , but he
alone decides. 6. Viewing of the property is by an ………… only. 7. Mrs
Marsh liked her students to be ………… . 8. Her ………… was finally re-
warded by a reply from the minister himself. 9. Solar energy offers a lowcost ………… to our fuel problems.
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5. Сопоставьте слова, данные в левом столбике, с определениями к ним из правого столбика.
1. highlight
a) to do something even though it involves risk
2. clarify
b) to make someone feel that they do not
understand something
3. distort
c) to explain something more clearly so
that it is easier to understand
4. confuse
d) to change something such as information so that it is no longer true or accurate
5. take a chance
e) to describe something in a way that
makes people notice it and think about it
6. Найдите пары синонимов.
in advance, highlight, dominate, beforehand, co-worker, emphasize, as-
sociate, prevail.
7. Найдите пары антонимов.
Deference, deliberate, in advance, clarify, afterwards, disrespect, unin-
tended, confuse.
8. Допишите термин к определению.
1) a person or a company that buys goods or services;
2) someone you work with;
3) behaviour of someone who continues to do, or try to do, something in
a determined way;
4) the people who lead religious services, especially Christian priests;
5) an arrangement to see someone at a particular time, especially for a
business meeting or to get a professional service.
9. Прочитайте текст и составьте к нему план.
With increased globalization, it is critical for today’s managers and future business leaders to develop their understanding and comfort level with
customers, associates, and partners abroad. Worldwide business organizations have discovered that intercultural communication is very important.
38
The life of every businessperson is made up of a series of meetings and
greetings. Cultural differences can either highlight and clarify or distort and
confuse what is said.
So, before starting a business with a foreign company it is necessary to
get some information about the country and its political and economical situation, local customs and traditions, religion and cultural sensitivities to avoid
making faux pas.
1. The UK: The British are rather formal. They shake hands with everyone at a meeting upon arrival and maintain eye contact during the greeting.
Business cards are exchanged at the initial introduction without formal ritual.
The business card may be put away with only a cursory glance. Most people
use Mr, Mrs or Miss and their surname, and only medical doctors and the
clergy use their professional or academic titles in business. If your business
partner is from the UK remember that the appointments should be made at
least few days in advance. Punctuality is appreciated. Rank is respected and
businesspeople prefer to deal with people at their level. It is always desirable
to send older, senior representative to the UK for face-to-face discussions, as
British business culture remains essentially hierarchical. Decision-making
can be a slow, deliberate process, and also one should take into account that
precedent plays an important part in the decision-making. Also western
business culture places emphasis on clearly presented and rationally argued
business proposals using statistics and facts. Networking and relationship
building are often keys to long-term business success.
2. The USA: Most business partners will introduce themselves with the
first name, and this is usually the way you address each other. However, you
still should be careful especially with new customers and people in higher
ranks. If you are unsure, always go with a “Mr. Smith” first. Handshaking is
an important procedure in the Western Civilization and has its place in the
American business culture. The concept “time is money” is taken seriously
in the US business culture. American businesspeople are opportunistic, willing to take chances, direct and will not hesitate to disagree with you. Persistence is another characteristic you will frequently encounter in American
businesspeople; there is a prevailing belief that there is always a solution.
Consistency is common among Americans; when they agree to a deal, they
rarely change their minds. “No religion”, “no politics”. This unwritten rule is
carried out in the world of USA business. So, as a general rule: in the beginning of a business relationship avoid any topic related to politics, religion,
race, gender and so on.
39
3. Japan: Introduce yourself with your full name followed by your
company name. It is important to use proper titles when addressing someone.
Exchanging the business cards when doing business in Japan involves a degree of ceremony. One side of your card should be in Russian, the reverse in
Japanese. Cards are presented after a bow or a handshake. When exchanging, offer your card with both hands or just the right hand. Present your
business card the Japanese side facing up. When accepting always use two
hands as this shows deference. After you have received, examined and remarked upon the card it should be places in your card case, not into the back
pocket. Partnerships will only be made with those they know, trust and feel
comfortable with. If you know a highly respected, important person, use his
or her endorsement and connection. But be careful, an intermediary should
not be a part of a company involved in a deal. Punctuality is necessary when
doing business here; as they believe it is rude to be late. There is a particular
emphasis on hierarchy; age equals rank, so be especially respectful to your
older counterparts. Negotiations begin at the executive level and continue at
the middle level. The Japanese are very detail orientated. Expect lots of
questions and lots of questions repeated in different ways. Decisions are
made only within the group and will be based upon consensual agreement.
Be patient and show little emotions, do not mention deadlines.
Of course, there are a lot of other particularities in cultural differences
and before starting a business in a foreign country and making a deal with
foreign businesspeople first of all you should explore thoroughly the business etiquette of that country. Doing or saying the wrong thing at the wrong
time, poor communication and cross cultural misunderstandings can all have
harmful consequences.
Your goal within the first few minutes of meeting other people is to
make them feel comfortable and to put them ease so they will want to do
business with you.
When you are confident of the rules, you will have a solid start for longterm profitable relationships. Understanding cultural beliefs and values is a
key to success.
10. Определите, истинны или ложны высказывания.
1. The British are rather informal.
2. The British kiss everyone at a meeting upon arrival.
3. It is always desirable to send older, senior representative to the UK
for face-to-face discussions.
4. Persistence is a feature you will frequently encounter in American
businesspeople.
5. Americans often speculate on politics, religion, race, and gender.
40
6. In Japan present your business card the Japanese side facing up.
7. The Japanese are very detail orientated.
11. Ответьте на вопросы по прочитанному тексту.
1. Why is it critical for today’s managers and future business leaders to
understand cultural differences before starting a business with a foreign
company?
2. When should you make an appointment if your business partner is
from the UK?
3. Are the British/Americans/ Japanese punctual?
4. What are keys to long-term business success when dealing with busi-
ness partners from the UK?
5. What are the important procedures of meeting and greeting business
partners from the UK, the USA and Japan?
6. How should you introduce yourself if your business partner is from
the UK/the USA/Japan?
7. What characteristics describe American/British/Japanese businesspeople?
8. Is there a particular emphasis on hierarchy in the UK, the USA and Japan?
9. How do British/Americans/Japanese make decisions?
10. Is there any special rule of presenting business cards the UK, the
USA and Japan?
12. Составьте предложения из данных в каждой цепочке слов.
1. Of, there, a, lot, cultural, in, particularities, are, differences.
2. Before, business, you, etiquette, of, should, explore, the, starting, a,
business, the, country.
3. Is, emphasis, on, hierarchy, in, UK, there, a, particular?
4. Your, of, goal, within, the, them, feel, first, few, minutes, meeting,
other, people, is, to, make, comfortable.
5. Understanding, beliefs, a, key, and, values, is, to, cultural, success.
13. Выберите слова и словосочетания, обозначающие сведения,
которые должен знать экскурсовод, проводящий экскурсию для
зарубежных гостей.
Working distance, the guests’ marital status, ways of greeting, meanings
of gestures, eating habits, the guests’ clothing sizes, the guests’ age, the
guests’ salaries, vocabulary and terminology of a particular excursion.
14. Составьте аннотацию к изученному тексту, используя рече-
вые клише.
15. Сделайте краткое сообщение по изученной теме.
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