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Файл:Английский язык для юридических специальностей. English for Law students. Учебное пособие
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a decision as to guilt in a driving offence and impose a fine without the
involvement of a court.
The mere presence of the police is a factor in deterring people from committing
offences. A just legal system needs an independent, honest police force. In
countries where the public trusts the police force people are more likely to report
crimes, and it seems that they are also more likely to be law-abiding.
Police powers are great and they are given to the police as part of their overall
responsibility to enforce the law but they are all governed by the law and are
subject to strict control by rules and regulations. For example, a British police
officer is subject to the law and may be sued or prosecuted for any wrongful act
committed in carrying out duties. Legislation and the code of practice in
England are designed to prevent any abuse of power enjoyed by the police
officer. In 1985 The Police Complaints Authority was established to supervise
the investigation of any serious complaint against the police officer.
The police in Britain are organized very differently from any other country.
Most countries have a national police force which is controlled by central
Government. Britain has no national police force although the police is
supervised by the central Government’s Home Office. There is a separate police
force for each of 52 areas into which the country is divided. Each has a police
authority – a committee of local county councilors and magistrates. The policing
of London is in the hands of the Metropolitan Police Force with headquarters at
New Scotland Yard. The forces co-operate with each other but it is unusual for
members of one force to operate in another’s area unless they are asked to give
assistance.
One of the important powers of the police which has caused much difficulty and
controversy is the power to question or interview persons suspected of crime.
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984provides numerous laws to protect
people in England who are being interviewed by the police.
All members of the British police must gain a certain level of academic
qualifications at school and undergo a period of intensive training. The career
structure in the British police force allows to be promoted from constable to
sergeant, then through inspector and superintendant to chief constable. In
London the Head of the Force is called the Metropolitan Commissioner. He
heads the force which now has more than 25,000 police officers – one-fifth of
all the officers in England and Wales. The police are helped by a number of
special constables – members of the public who work for the police voluntarily
for a few hours a week. Women make up about 10 per cent of the police force.
In most countries the police carry guns. The British police generally do not carry
firearms, except in Northern Ireland. In certain circumstances specially trained
police officers can be armed, for instance, those who guard politicians and
diplomats or who patrol airports but only with the signed permission of a
magistrate. The police now use advanced modern equipment. This ranges from
motorbikes and squad cars to helicopters. It includes the most advanced
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surveillance aids and access to the Police National Computer and the facilities of
the Forensic Science Service. This service runs highly sophisticated laboratories
where forensic scientists carry out the scientific examination of exhibits.
Ever since the first police force in England was founded, the police have come
under criticism – for denying civil liberties, for failing to catch criminals or for
catching the wrong people. These cases which have resulted in serious injustice
have had a profound effect upon the whole criminal justice system and, of
course, the police and the manner in which they carry out their duties. They have
also resulted in very significant changes in the law.
Vocabulary Notes
1. to prosecute – преследовать в судебном порядке
2. to have judicial functions – иметь (выполнять) судебные функции
3. to deter – удерживать от чего-либо, deterrent – cдерживающий фактор
4. abuse of power – злоупотребление служебным положением
5. the Metropolitan Police – столичная полиция
6. to supervise the investigation – осущеcтвлять надзор за расследованием
7. forensic science – судебная экспертиза
a) Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What are the functions of the British police?
2. What is the Сode of Practice designed for?
3. How are the British police organized?
4. Are women allowed to serve in the police forces?
5. Why is it important for the police to work in close contact with the public?
b) Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями.
1. The British police have no judicial power.
2. The police have judicial functions to impose a fine without the involvement of
a court.
3. The policing in London is in the hands of Scotland Yard.
4. British policemen always carry firearms.
5. The Police forces in England do not cooperate with each other.
6. It is not necessary for policemen to be well-educated.
TEXT C.
POLICE FORCES IN GREAT BRITAIN
___________All forces have a department of officers trained to give advice on
how citizens may best protect themselves and their property against criminals.
They often visit schools and make presentations to children.
2.__________The job of Community Liaison Officers is to improve relations
between the police and the different parts of the community they serve,
including young people in the area. This includes race relations work and
visiting of schools.
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3. __________These officers are specially skilled in training and handling
Dog handling Crime prevention Traffic wardens
Drugs Squad Community relations Mounted police Scenes of crimes and
forensic science Murder Squad Flying Squad
В английском языке существует два залога — активный (active voice) и
пассивный или страдательный (passive voice). В активном залоге действие
выполняет подлежащее. В пассивном залоге действие происходит над
подлежащим. Давайте сравним:
Mary cleans the office every morning. — Мэри убирает офис каждое утро.
(активный залог)
Подлежащее (Мэри) выполняет действие (убирает).
The office is cleaned every morning. — Офис убирают каждое утро.
(пассивный залог)
Неизвестно, кто выполняет действие. Подлежащее (офис) подвергается
действию (его убирают).
She asked her students to come earlier. — Она попросила студентов прийти
раньше. (активный залог)
The students were asked to come earlier. — Студентов попросили прийти
раньше. (пассивный залог)
Страдательный залог в английском языке образуется с помощью
вспомогательного глагола to be и смыслового глагола в третьей форме.
На месте подлежащего в утвердительных предложениях будет стоять
police dogs, whose duties may range from protection against violent criminals to
assisting in the investigation of crime. (drug, terrorism).
4.__________Even in these modern times the police still make use of horses as
a particularly effective means of crowd control.
5. __________Scenes of Crimes Officers are expert in visiting the scenes of
crimes and searching for clues. They take fingerprints or the castings of shoeprints, and remove any item of interest which will require laboratory
examination. Police officers are also trained to work in the laboratories.
6.__________ These officers must become expert in the identification of a
whole range of prohibited dangerous drugs and substances.
7. __________These branches of the force deal with the most serious
investigations into murder and other violent crime, such as armed robbery.
8.__________These officers wear plain-clothes and specialize in detective work.
9. __________Their job is to make sure that drivers obey the parking
regulations. It is the police who are responsible for controlling offences like
speeding, careless driving and drunken driving.
a) Соотнесите названия полицейских подразделений, данные в рамке,
с их описаниями (1-9).
Grammar
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человек или предмет, над которым будет производиться действие.
Важно помнить, что третья форма глагола всегда присутствует и остается
неизменной во всех временных формах пассивного залога. Собственно
время высказывания мы определяем по форме глагола to be. Сравним формы
активного и пассивного залога:
Tense
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Present Simple
write
is/are written
Present Continuous
am/is/are writing
is/are being written
Present Perfect
have/has written
have/has been written
Past Simple
wrote
was/were written
Past Continuous
was/were writing
was/were being written
Past Perfect
had written
had been written
Future Simple
will write
will be written
Future Perfect
will have written
will have been written
Modals
can/ should write
can/ should be written
В отрицательных предложениях частица not ставится после
вспомогательного глагола, а если их несколько, то после первого из них:
He has not been seen anywhere.
Его нигде не видели.
В вопросительных предложениях вспомогательный глагол (или первый
из них) выносится на место перед подлежащим:
Was your wallet stolen?
Ваш бумажник был украден?
"Агент действия" и перевод из активного залога в пассивный.
Несмотря на то, что в пассивном залоге действие более существенно, чем его
исполнитель (агент действия), он может указываться в предложении, когда
это необходимо. Агент вводится в предложение предлогом BY:
The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell. – Телефон был изобретен
Александром Беллом.
The damage was caused by the hurricane. – Повреждения были нанесены
ураганом.
При трансформации предложения из активного залога в пассивный,
дополнение (object) становится подлежащим (subject), а подлежащее
становится агентом (agent):
Subject
Verb
Object
Active Voice
A famous director
made
this thriller.
Subject
Verb
Agent
Passive Voice
This thriller
was made
by a famous director.
Чтобы указать в пассивном залоге предмет, инструмент, материал или
ингредиент, при помощи которого осуществлялось действие, используется
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предлог WITH:
The door was opened with a crowbar. – Дверь открыли при помощи лома.
The toys are made with paper, plastic or rubber. – Игрушки делают из бумаги,
пластмассы или резины.
При переводе из активного в пассивный залог не указывайте агента, если
агент действия неважен, неизвестен или очевиден, а также если в активном
залоге в качестве подлежащего указывается: people, somebody, someone, one,
they:
Active Voice
Passive Voice
People believe that garlic is good for
health. –
Люди считают, что чеснок полезен
для здоровья.
It is believed that garlic is good for
health by people. –
Считается, что чеснок полезен для
здоровья.
Если мы хотим узнать, кто является исполнителем действия, то используем
вопросительные слова WHO или WHAT, а в конце вопроса предлог BY:
Who was telephone invented by? – Кем был изобретен телефон?
What was the damage caused by? – Что причинило повреждение?
Во временах группы Perfect Continuous (Present, Past и Future) и Future
Continuous пассивный залог не используется. Если возникает
необходимость употребить одно из этих времен, то они заменяются
активным залогом или другим временем.
ПРИМЕРЫ И ПОЯСНЕНИЯ
Чтобы запомнить все формы пассивного залога и особенности их
употребления, обратимся к примерам и пояснениям. Мы рассмотрим
наиболее часто используемые формы пассивного залога.
Present Simple (обычное, постоянное, регулярное действие)
Мы пишем много писем каждый день.
–
We write a lot of letters every day.
Много писем пишется каждый день.
–
A lot of letters are written every day.
Если письма пишут прямо сейчас, в момент речи, то мы используем Present
Continuous Passive:
Present Continuous (действие происходит в момент речи)
Они пишут письмо сейчас. –
They are writing a letter now.
Письмо пишут прямо сейчас.
The letter is being written now.
Очень распространенная ошибка – использование Present Simple
Passive вместо Present Continuous Passive. Не забывайте, что во всех временах
группы Continuous должен присутствовать глагол с окончанием -ing, даже в
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пассивном залоге. Слово being указывает на процессуальность действия.
Если вы забываете про вспомогательный глагол being, ваше высказывание
меняет смысл и превращается в Present Simple. Сравните:
Present Simple Passive
Present Continuous Passive
Эта машина такая грязная!
Видимо, эту машину нечасто моют. – This
car is so dirty! Obviously, it is hardly ever
cleaned.
Пойду выпью кофе, пока мою
машину моют. –
I will have a cup of coffee while
my car is being cleaned.
Past Simple (завершенное действие в прошлом)
Они написали много писем вчера. –
They wrote a lot of letters yesterday.
Вчера было написано много писем. –
A lot of letters were written yesterday.
Past Simple Passive употребляют для описания исторических событий, когда
само действие (историческое событие, открытие) важнее того, кто его
совершил или неизвестно, кто являлся исполнителем действия:
The telephone was invented in 1876. – Телефон был изобретен в 1876 году.
The scientists say that this sculpture was made in the Roman Empire. – Ученые
утверждают, что эта скульптура была изготовлена в Римской Империи.
В первом примере для нас не важно имя изобретателя телефона, а во втором
мы можем только догадываться, кем была изготовлена скульптура.
Past Continuous (действие было в процессе в определенный момент в
прошлом)
Когда я пришел, они писали письма.
–
When I came, they were writing letters.
Когда я пришел, письма писали. –
When I came, the letters were being
written.
I couldn’t drive yesterday at 6 o’clock. My car was being serviced. – Я не мог
пользоваться машиной в шесть часов. Мою машину ремонтировали.
While I was waiting, the room was being cleaned. – Пока я ожидал, комнату
убирали.
Еще раз напоминаю вам, что если действие подразумевает процесс, то
используется второй вспомогательный глагол being.
Present Perfect (действие произошло недавно и важен его результат)
The police have arrested the robbers.
–
Полиция задержала грабителей.
The robbers have been arrested by the
police. –
Грабители задержаны полицией.
Present Perfect Passive часто используют, когда передают новости, если
исполнитель действия неважен, неизвестен или, наоборот, понятен из
контекста:
The annual budget has been adopted. – Принят ежегодный бюджет.
The protests have been suppressed. – Протесты были подавлены.
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В приведенных примерах, которые вполне можно услышать в новостях, не
указывается исполнитель действия, потому что нам и без этого ясно, кто
принимает бюджет, подавляет протесты и арестовывает грабителей.
Past Perfect (прошедшее действие, предшествующее другому прошедшему)
When I arrived at the office the secretary
had already sent the letter. –
Когда я приехал в офис, секретарь уже
отправила письмо.
When I arrived at the office the letter
had been sent. –
Когда я приехал в офис, письмо
уже было отправлено.
Если в вашем предложении два действия и одно из них произошло раньше
другого, следует это обозначить, используя Past Perfect:
She got into a car and remembered that the door hadn't been locked. – Она села в
машину и вспомнила, что дверь не была закрыта.
We came in and saw that the room had been cleaned. – Мы вошли и увидели, что
в комнате прибрали.
Если вы забыли, в каких случаях используется Past Perfect, рекомендуем
заглянуть сюда.
Future Simple (действие, которое произойдет в будущем)
The secretary will send this letter
tomorrow. –
Секретарь отправит это письмо
завтра.
This letter will be sent tomorrow. –
Это письмо будет отправлено
завтра.
Future Perfect (действие, которое будет завершено до определенного
момента в будущем)
The secretary will have sent this letter by 5
o’clock. –
Секретарь
отправит это письмо к пяти часам.
This letter will have been sent by 5
o’clock. –
Это письмо будет отправлено к
пяти часам.
Что касается будущих времен, их функции в пассивном залоге не
отличаются от функций в активном. Часто пассивные формы будущих
времен используются в обещаниях и заверениях. Например:
The room will be cleaned tomorrow, I promise. – Комната будет убрана завтра,
я обещаю.
The report will have been finished by midday. – Отчет будет окончен к
полудню.
Modal verbs (функция определяется модальным глаголом)
The secretary can send this letter now.–
Секретарь может отправить это
This letter can be sent now. –
Это письмо может быть
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письмо сейчас.
отправлено сейчас.
You must deliver the mail in the morning.
–
Вы должны доставлять почту по
утрам.
Mail must be delivered in the morning.
–
Почта должна доставляться по
утрам.
Ex. 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future
Simple Passive.
1. My question (to answer) yesterday.
2. Hockey (to play) in winter.
3. Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn.
4. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London.
5. His new book (to finish) next year.
6. Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets.
7. St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.
8. Bread (to eat) every day.
9. The letter (to receive) yesterday.
10. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week.
11. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday.
12. I (to give) a very interest ing book at the library last Friday.
13. Many houses (to build) in our town every year.
14. This work (to do) tomorrow.
15. This text (to translate) at the last lesson.
16. These trees (to plant) last autumn.
17. Many interesting games always (to play) at our PT lessons.
18. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow.
19. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday.
Ex. 2. Choose a proper form (active or passive). Mind the word order where
necessary:
1. Russia (washes; is washed) by seas and oceans in the North and in the East.
2. The ease (has investigated; has been investigated) successfully.
3. At our Institute the students (teach; are taught) English, German or French.
4. The University (founded; was founded) in 1755.
5. My friend (has finished; has been finished) the translation of this exercise.
6. 1 am sure the exams (will pass; will be passed) successfully.
7. This event (is reporting; is being reported) in all newspapers.
8. Our English lab (equips; is equipped) well. It’s interesting to work there.
9. (Did write; was written) his test without mistakes?
10. English (speaks; is spoken) at our English-tutorials.
11. A very interesting competition (has organized; has been organized) by the
chair of foreign languages.
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12. Specialists of high qualification (train; are trained) at the Moscow Law
Institute.
Ex.3. Change the following sentences from active to passive form. Keep the
same tense with each change:
1. The students saw this English film.
2. He left his notebook at home.
3. 1 bought this book yesterday.
4. My friend has taken this newspaper.
5. He is working at his English successfully.
6. Sport plays an important role in educational process of our future police
officers.
7. The Law Institute trains future investigators, detectives for Moscow and
the Moscow region.
8. The students attend lectures and tutorials with interest.
9. You have done this exercise successfully.
10. You translated this text last time.
11. You can find many interesting books in our library.
12. You must learn as many new English words as you can.
Speaking.
1. Read the interview with a police officer. Dramatize it. Then sum up the
information you learnt from the interview about the British police.
What is it like to be a police officer in London?
We asked Karen Giles, an experience Metropolitan Police Officer.
- How long have you been a police officer?
I joined the Metropolitan Police Service which is based in London and Greater
London just over twenty-eight years ago. It is a very large police force with
about thirty-one thousand police officers and sixteen thousand civilian staff. The
City of London has its own police service.
- Why did you decide to become a police officer?
I decided to join the police service after a police woman visited my school when
I was about fifteen years old. I live in a small town in the South West of England
and my mother was very worries when I decided to travel to London to join the
police.
- What is your typical working day?
I work on the response team which means that we answer calls made to Scotland
Yard and the local police station by people from the local community. We deal
with family arguments, people who have had their homes broken into, assaults –
lots of very different situations. It is a challenging job and there are many
different aspects to policing a large city. Some of my colleagues have police
dogs, some ride police horse, others ride police motorbikes and many works in
plain clothes.
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I work shifts which means that I work two early turns (06.00-14.00 or 15.00),
two late turns (13.00-23.00) and then two-night duties (21.00-06.00) and then I
have four days off.
- What are the most challenging aspects of your job?
It is difficult sometimes because there are many tragic situations which need to
be dealt with by police – people who die suddenly as a result of accidents or
who have been attacked. It is important to be compassionate and strong in these
situations.
-Are British police officers armed?
Most British police officers do not carry firearms. There are teams of officers
who have extra training an carry guns but they are only called in for very serious
incidents where perhaps a person has used a gun.
- What skills and personal qualities do you need to be a police
officer?
The skills you need as a police officer in the UK are varied.You need a very
good sense of humour, a strong constitution (can’t faint at the sight of blood!), a
sense of duty in serving the community, like talking to people (I talk a lot!) and
most of all believe in the importance of law and order.
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