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Файл:Английский язык для юридических специальностей. English for Law students. Учебное пособие
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Качественные имена прилагательные, обозначающие признак предмета,
дают оценку или характеристику предмету, которую можно сравнивать с
другими и определять степень выраженности этой оценки или
характеристики.
Поэтому имена прилагательные в английском языке образуют следующие
степени сравнений:
положительную (positive)
сравнительную (comparative)
превосходную (superlative)
Положительная степень
(The positive degree)
Положительная степень предполагает изначальную форму имени
прилагательного и применяется она в случаях, когда оценивается или
характеризуется какой-либо признак предмета без сравнения:
dark – темный
careful – осторожный
loud – громкий
Сравнительная степень
(The comparative degree)
Имена прилагательные в сравнительной степени употребляются для
обозначения большей степени выраженности того или иного признака или
характеристики предмета:
darker – темнее
louder – громче
more careful – осторожнее
Если прилагательное включает в себя не больше двух слогов – мы
прибавляем к окончанию слова -er:
Hard (твердый) – Harder (тверже)
Long (длинный) – longer (длиннее)
Cool (крутой) – cooler (круче)
Если прилагательное уже на конце имеет букву -е, просто прибавляйте к
ней -r:
a) Using the list below, rank the characters (from 1 to 6) in the order of
them responsibility for the death of the Baroness. One is most responsible
and 6 is least responsible for the death.
The Baron The Friend
The Baroness The Lover
The Boatman The Madman
Grammar.
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Brave (храбрый) – braver (храбрее)
Large (большой) – larger (больше)
В случае, когда двусложное прилагательное кончается на -y, а перед ней
стоит согласная, то -y превращается в -i, и все так же прибавляется -er:
Easy (простой) – easier (проще)
Lazy (ленивый) – lazier (ленивее)
Если в конце слова есть связка: согласная+ударная гласная+ согласная, то
последняя буква удваивается и прибавляется -er:
Hot (горячий) – hotter (горячее)
Wet (мокрый) – wetter (мокрее)
Для прилагательных, в составе которых больше двух слогов, существует
иной способ составления сравнительной степени.
Вместо суффикса -er, к которому мы привыкли, пока разбирались в
односложных и двусложных прилагательных, используется more:
Beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful
Превосходная степень
(The superlative degree)
Превосходная степень прилагательных употребляется для обозначения
высшей степени выраженности того или иного признака или
характеристики предмета и показывает превосходство одного признака над
другими:
darkest – темнейший
loudest – самый громкий
most careful – самый осторожный
Превосходная сравнительная степень получается в результате
использования most или суффикс -est, в зависимости от сложности состава
слова. Перед всеми прилагательными превосходной степени ставится
определенный артикль the.
Например:
в односложных или двусложных прилагательных превосходная форма
образуется с помощью присоединения к слову суффиксов -est.
Tall (высокий) – taller (выше) — the tallest (самый высокий)
Big (большой) – bigger (больше) – the biggest (самый большой)
Правила образования суффиксов превосходной степени повторяют
правила сравнительной степени:
Safe (безопасный) — safer (безопаснее) — the safest (самый безопасный)
Early (ранний) — earlier (раньше) — the earliest (самый ранний)
Sad (гусиный) — sadder (грустее) — saddest (самый грустный)
В более объемных же прилагательных вместо добавления суффикса -est в
превосходной степени используется конструкция the most.
Terrible – more terrible – the most terrible
Dangerous – more dangerous – most dangerous
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Исключения
В английском языке имеется ряд прилагательных, которые образуют
степени сравнения не с помощью суффиксов или вспомогательных слов, а
путем применения супплетивных форм, при котором изменяется само
слово.
Good (хороший) – better (лучше) – the best (лучший)
Bad (плохой) – worse (хуже) – the worst (худший)
Little (маленький) – less (меньше) – the least (наименьший)
Many/much (много) – more (больше) – the most (наибольший)
Old (старый) – older (старше) – the oldest (старый)
Old (старый) – elder (старше) – the eldest (самый старший) (о членах семьи)
Late (поздний) – later (более поздний) – the latest/last (последний/последний
по времени)
Late (поздний) – the latter (второй из двух по порядку) – the last (последний
по порядку)
Near (близкий) – nearer (ближе) – the nearest (ближайший по расстоянию)
Near (близкий) – nearer (более близкий) – next/the next (следующий по
времени/следующий по порядку)
Far (дальний) – farther (более дальний) – the farthest (самый дальний) (в
отношении физического расстояния)
Far (дальний, далекий) – further (дальнейший) – the furthest
(дальнейший/добавочный)
Как уже говорилось ранее, степени сравнения прилагательных
используются для обозначения степени выраженности какого-либо
признака или характеристики предмета. В английском языке можно
встретить сравнительные обороты с использованием союзов «as…as», «not
so…as» и «not as…as».
В утвердительных предложениях применяется союз «as…as» - «такой же
как»:
This boy is as smart as his brother – Этот мальчик такой же умный как его
брат
В предложениях с отрицанием используется «not so…as» и «not as…as» «не такой как»:
Lisa is not so smart as her sister – Лиза не такая умная как ее сестра
Pluto is not as big as Jupiter – Плутон не такой большой как Юпитер
Ex. 1. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени от
следующих
прилагательных и наречий:
a) happy, short, thick, long, young, nice, small, hot, easy, cold, late;
b) beautiful, happily, difficult, wonderful, interesting, popular;
c) good, many, bad, little, much, well, badly.
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Ex. 2. Сравните:
1. Nick is (old) than I. 2. I am (tall) than my friend. 3. This text is (difficult) than
text 1.4. He knows English (well) than I. 5. This film is (interesting) than that
one. 6.I came home (late) than usual last night. 7. My friend studies (badly) than
I. 8. Who is (young): you or your brother? 9. This group is (popular) than that
group. 10. Exercise 3 is (easy) than exercise 2.
Ex. 3. Поставьте прилагательные и наречия в превосходную степень:
1. This is the (good) student in our group. 2. This is the (interesting) story by
this writer. 3. 1 think this exercise is the (difficult). 4. The (near) cinema is
“Vityaz”.5. Who is the (tall) in your group? 6. This text is the (short) in the
book. 7. Today is the (bad) day in my life. 8. My friend is the (happy) man in the
world. 9. I am the (young) in the family 10. Do you know the (late) news?
Ex. 4.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного.
1. Which is (large): the United States or Canada?
2. What is the name of the (big) port in the United States?
3. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia.
4. The London underground is the (old) in the world.
5. There is a (great) number of cars and buses in the streets of Moscow than in
any other city of Russia.
6. St. Petersburg is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world.
7. The rivers in America are much (big) than those in England.
8. The island of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland.
9. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia?
10. The English Channel is (wide) than the straits of Gibraltar
Ex.5. Вставьте as ... as, so ... as или than.
1. Mike is ... tall ... Pete.
2. Kate is not ... nice ... Ann.
3. My room is ... light ... this one.
4. The house I live in is ... old ... the one my sister lives in.
5. Sergei is... old ... Michael.
6. Nevsky Prospect is more beautiful ... our street.
7. My composition is not ... long ... yours.
8. She is ... young ... Tom's brother.
9. This woman is ... good ... that one.
10.Exercise No.2 is easier ... Exercise No.3.
11. Nick's English is not ... good ... his friend's.
12. This woman is ... young ... that one.
13. Kate is ... lazy ... her brother.
14.The new cinema in our district is much bigger ... the old one.
15. This child is not . . small . . that one.
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Speaking
1. Answer the following questions.
1. For what crimes do you think the death penalty should be imposed?
2. Is there a connection between a political regime in a country and the
practice of capital punishment?
3. Is there a connection between death penalty and the crime rate in a
country?
4. Capital punishment is often replaced with long-term or life
imprisonment. Do you think it is right?
5. What is the situation like in Russia?
2. Form two groups. One should make a list of arguments for capital
punishment, the other – against it.
3. Make a speech either supporting or opposing the death penalty.
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1.__________
2._____________
3.____________
4. __________________
5.________________
6.__________________
7.____________________
8.________________
9. __________________
a police patrol car (vehicle), a police whistle, a ballistic vest,
a police radio, a handgun, a shotgun, police hat (cap), a police baton,
handcuffs
Тема 5.
POLICE WORK IN THE UNITED STATES
Vocabulary.
1. Police equipment’s. Match the equipment’s and the pictures.
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2. Найдите русский эквивалент английским выражениям
1. law enforcement agencies
2. police beat
3. beat officer
4. juvenile criminals
5. complaint
6. to control crime
7. to enforce law
8. to protect order (to preserve
peace)
9. to protect rights/property
10. to deal (with)
11. to violate (to break) law
12. to commit a crime
13. to report a crime
14. to investigate / investigator
15. offence/offender
a) защищать
права/собственность
b) охранять порядок
c) зарегистрировать
преступление
d) участковый полицейский
e) жалоба
f) применять закон
g) бороться с преступностью
h) правоохранительные органы
i) иметь дело (с)
j) преступление/преступник
k) несовершеннолетние
преступники
l) полицейский участок
m) нарушать закон
n) совершить преступление
o) расследовать / следователь
3. Practice correct and quick reading.
Law [lɔː], police [pəˈliːs], order [ˈɔːdə], jungle [ˈdʒʌŋɡ(ə)l], necessity [nɪˈsɛsɪtɪ],
know [nəʊ], repeal [rɪˈpiːl], break [breɪk], obey [ə(ʊ)ˈbeɪ], enforce [ɪnˈfɔːs],
apply [əˈplaɪ], purpose [ˈpɜːpəs], society [səˈsaɪətɪ], personal [ˈpɜːs(ə)nəl],
individual [ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒʊəl], arrest [əˈrɛst], punish [ˈpʌnɪʃ], trial [ˈtraɪəl], believe
[bɪˈliːv], rule [ruːl], protect [prəˈtɛkt], basic [ˈbeɪsɪk], publicly [ˈpʌblɪklɪ],
change [tʃeɪndʒ], adult [ˈædʌlt], [əˈdʌlt], impose [ɪmˈpəʊz], morality [məˈrælɪtɪ],
resemble [rɪˈzɛmb(ə)l], control [kɒnˈtrəʊl], alter [ˈɔːltə], enforce [ɪnˈfɔːs], prison
[ˈprɪz(ə)n], obey [ə(ʊ)ˈbeɪ], structured [ˈstrʌktʃəd], since [sɪns], associate
[əˈsəʊʃɪɪt], [əˈsəʊsɪɪt], chaotic [keɪˈɒtɪk], ensure [ɪnˈʃʊə], conduct [kənˈdʌkt],
[ˈkɒndəkt], duel [ˈdjʊ(ː)əl], totalitarian [təʊˌtælɪˈtɛ(ə)rɪən], cruel [ˈkruːəl], tactics
[ˈtæktɪks], reject [rɪˈdʒɛkt], official ,[əˈfɪʃ(ə)l] effect [ɪˈfɛkt], benefit [ˈbɛnɪfɪt] ,
injured [ˈɪndʒəd], fairness [ˈfɛənəs], liberty [ˈlɪbətɪ], quality [ˈkwɒlɪtɪ],
advantage [ədˈvᴂntɪdʒ], unjust [ʌnˈdʒʌst], flaw [flɔː].
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Reading.
TEXT A.
THE MOST GLAMOROUS ASPECT OF POLICE WORK
The basic responsibility of the police is to fight crime, maintain order, and
provide miscellaneous services to the public. Patrol remains the basic manner in
which police services are delivered to the public.
Criminal investigation is the most glamorous aspect of policing. Most police
officers regard detective work as “real” police work. Detective work has a
specific mission: apprehending the offender. The quality of work can also be
measured in terms of the number of arrests. This contrasts sharply with patrol
duty, which largely involves peace-keeping. Good detectives are believed to be
able to solve most crimes, so the citizen-victim becomes angry when the police
fail to solve the crime he or she suffered from.
The process of investigating a crime involves several different steps performed
by at least three different units within the police department: patrol officers,
detectives, criminalistics technicians. The two major stages of the investigation
process are the preliminary investigation and the follow-up investigation.
The preliminary investigation is normally the responsibility of the patrol officer
who is the first to arrive at the scene of the crime. The five major responsibilities
include:
1) arresting any suspect or suspects,
2) providing aid to any victims,
3) securing the crime scene to prevent loss of evidence,
4) collecting all relevant physical evidence, and
5) preparing a preliminary report.
Once the responding officer has completed the preliminary investigation, the
case is assigned to the detective bureau for the follow-up investigation. In all but
the smallest departments, the detective unit is separate from the patrol unit. The
smallest departments have no separate detective unit. Medium-sized
departments have a separate detective unit but detectives handle all types of
crime here. Larger departments specialize according to a type of crime (e.g.,
crimes against person, crimes against property).
Technical specialists in investigation are normally located in a separate
administrative unit. They are available upon request to assist detectives in the
follow up investigation. Only the larger police departments are able to maintain
their own criminalistics specialists.
The follow-up investigation includes the following steps:
1) interrogation of suspect or suspects, if arrested at the scene of the crime;
2) interview of witnesses;
3) search of the crime scene for physical evidence;
4) modus operandi review to determine, if the crime is similar to others under
investigation or resembles crimes committed by known suspects;
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5) development of additional information from informants, contacts, official
records, etc.;
6) preparation of reports.
To obtain information about suspected criminal activity, the police make use of
informants. Persons who are either criminals themselves or who associate with
criminals are extremely valuable sources of information. Police officers seek to
develop a list of informants.
Пояснения к тексту
miscellaneous services – разнообразная помощь;
in terms of – с точки зрения;
follow-up investigation – текущее расследование, вторичное расследование;
to assign – передавать, поручать;
modus operandi (Lat.) – способ совершения преступления, «почерк».
a) Find the English equivalents in the text to the following words and
phrases:
поддерживать правопорядок, задержание преступника, предварительное
дознание, место преступления, предотвратить утрату улик, относящиеся к
делу вещественные доказательства, допрос, оказание помощи,
преступление против личности, ценный источник информации.
b) Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is a specific mission of detective work?
2. What are the main steps in the progress of investigating a crime?
3. What steps does the preliminary investigation include? Who is responsible
for this stage?
4. What steps does the follow-up investigation include? Who is responsible
for this stage?
5. What is regarded as “real” police work?
6. Is the text interesting and informative?
7. Does the text widen your world outlook?
TEXT B.
CAREERS IN A POLICE DEPARTMENT
Uniformed officers and other personnel in a police department work together
closely to keep the public safe. They work all hours of the day and night, solving
cases and preventing crime. Working in a police department can be highly
rewarding, and there may be more career options than you think. Here are a few
of the jobs you will find in the police department.
____________is the top administrator and public face of a police department.
All uniformed officers and civilian personnel are in his line of supervision. He
holds operational and financial power over the department. Depending on the
city’s form of government, he may report to the mayor or the city manager.
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____________put their lives on the line every day as they protect the public
Police Chief, Police Officer, School Resource Officer, Crime scene investigator,
Detective, Evidence technicians, Victim Advocate
from crime. Officers patrol areas by car, motorcycle, horseback, or on foot.
They issue traffic citations, direct traffic for special events, and deal with traffic
signal malfunctions and accidents. They're typically the first responders when a
crime occurs on the street. They assist other personnel in casework and write
reports.
____________are uniformed officers who identify, collect, process, and protect
evidence. They may witness some gruesome sights when they're called to a
crime scene. They assist detectives in analyzing the evidence. By ensuring that a
documented chain of evidence custody exists, they reduce the risk that criminal
defense attorneys can get a judge to throw out evidence.
____________are sworn peace officers who investigate crimes with the goal of
handing cases over to prosecutors. They use physical and testimonial evidence
to piece together a probable version of events leading to and following the
commission of a crime. Like most other jobs in law enforcement, a detective's
job can be highly dangerous at times.
____________are civilian employees who have expertise in preserving and
interpreting evidence provided to them by detectives and investigators. They
often work in labs with scientific tools and techniques but will occasionally
appear at crime scenes as well. They participate in solving crimes without
having to carry a gun, track down evidence, or make arrests. This may make an
appealing choice for those who want to be involved in law enforcement without
being on the front lines.
____________help crime victims cope with trauma. They help them navigate
the criminal justice system. Advocates are liaisons between victims and the
criminal courts. They attend court with victims, help them file paperwork, and
arrange for necessary services. After a trial, they keep victims up to date with
important events related to the convicted criminal, such as upcoming parole
hearings or appeals.
____________are police officers assigned to public schools. They investigate
reports of criminal activity on and around school grounds. They work with
school administrators to develop and implement crime mitigation strategies.
Police departments negotiate arrangements with school districts to provide
SROs and, in turn, districts typically cover the salaries and benefits that
departments pay to SROs.
a) Соотнесите название полицейских должностей с их описанием.
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