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Файл:Английский язык для юридических специальностей. English for Law students. Учебное пособие
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b) Look at the diagram. What is about? Who gets the highest salary?
Police Chief
104,414
Police Officer
59,75
School Resource
Officer
71,241
Crime scene
investigator
51,372
Detective
78,12
Evidence
technicians
60,59
Victim Advocate
41,816
ANNUAL MEDIUM INCOME
Police Chief
Police Officer
School Resource Officer
Crime scene investigator
Detective
Evidence technicians
Victim Advocate
Who gets the lowest salary? Describe the diagram.
Job Title Annual Medium Income
Law Enforcement Workers 53,240
Detectives and Criminal Investigators 78,120
Police Officers 59,750
Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Officers 59,680
Transit and Railroad Police 66,610
Sheriff/Police Chief 104,414
School Resource Officer 71,241
Crime scene investigator 51,372
Evidence technicians 60,590
Victim Advocate 41,816
Используйте предложенные речевые модели.
Let me show you this bar graph…
Let’s turn to this diagram…
I’d like you to look at this map…
If you look at this graph, you will notice…
The shaded area describes…
This coloured segment is for…
The red bar…
to compare
compared to
as opposed to
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more than
the majority of
only a small monitory
greater than
less than
TEXT С.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE AMERICAN POLICE
There’s no national police force in the US, where policing is organized on a
state and local basis. The country has around 500,000 police officers and a total
of 40,000 separate police forces, over half of which are simply one or two-man
sheriffs’ offices in small towns.
There are several different types of police agencies, each with its own
jurisdiction and special functions.
The major types of police agencies can be divided into three major branches of
government: federal, state and local (city and county).
The federal law enforcement system includes such well-known agencies as the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Park Service, Border Patrol, US Postal
Inspector and many more.
Law enforcement on the state level includes the state police or highway patrol,
drug control agencies, investigative bureaus and others.
On the level of local government, the police agencies are the largest law
enforcement group. These agencies include municipal (or city) police, county
sheriff’s office, constables and village police departments. Municipal police
department, which are the heart of the entire police system, have their own
organization with several different divisions, each with specific functions. In
most departments there are four major divisions: 1) field operations (patrol,
investigation, traffic, youth divisions, special operations, etc.) 2) administrative
services (community relations, planning, etc.) 3) technical services
(communications, records, etc.) 4) inspectional services (internal affairs,
intelligence, etc.)
Police forces include city police (possibly with separate departments to deal
with schools, traffic and even refuse), county police, transport police, sheriffs’
departments, state police (state troopers) and highway forces such as the
California Highway Patrol. An ordinary policeman is usually called a patrolman.
In addition to regular full-time police officers, many towns have auxiliary, part-
time police officers, special duty and volunteer sheriff’s possess (which assist
sheriffs’ offices in some areas). The American response to increasing crime is
usually to put more cops on the beat.
The division between federal and state law can be confusing; for example,
murder is classified as a state crime, while less serious crimes such as taking a
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woman across state lines for immoral purposes is a federal crime (although it
may be dealt with by local police force). City police are concerned with local
crime, and offences outside their jurisdiction are usually dealt with by state
police or federal investigators (the FBI). With the increased emphasis on
fighting and preventing terrorism, more and more responsibility has fallen on the
local police forces, and many jurisdictions are being stretched to the limit, with
promised federal funds for fighting terrorism proving inadequate for the
measures proposed.
All police are armed and popular weapons include specials and shotguns. Police
officers also carry truncheons (night-sticks), and some forces are issued with an
electronic tazer gun administering a charge of 50,000 volts for around eight
seconds (originally a cattle prod), used to knock out aggressive drug addicts. In
many areas, police wear bullet-proof vests, although even these are no defense
against the Teflon-coated bullets (known as cop-killers) used by some criminals.
Police officers also carry mace, a riot gas similar to CS gas. Police officers are
among the most frightening looking Americans you’re likely to meet, with their
carefully developed tough-men looks, truncheons and guns. In some states,
police can legally shoot suspected criminals trying to evade arrest, so don’t even
think about it!
a) Подберите английские эквиваленты к русским словам и
выражениям, данным в скобках. Переведите законченные
предложения на русский язык.
1. Local police include (полицию округа, региональную и городскую
полицию). 2. There are many types of (правоохранительных органов). 3. The
major functions of American police are (охранять порядок, предотвращать и
раскрывать преступления, защищать жизнь и собственность). 4. My
subordinates (имеют дело с правонарушителями и преступниками). 5. Patrol
officers do not investigate (грабежи и убийства). 6. Police officers will soon
(раскроют эту кражу). 7. (Осмотрите место преступления и соберите
доказательства) of this bank robbery. 8. Do you (cоставляете отчеты) for the
police leadership? 9. (Нарушения правил дорожного движения) are punished
by fine. 10. One of the police duties is (задержать подозреваемого). 11. In the
United States (охрана общественного порядка) is fragmented into federal,
state and local levels of organization. 12. Any citizen of the USA at the age of
21–35 years who has no criminal past may become (участковым полицейским
офицером). 13. The federal agencies (расследуют) only matters that are within
the power of the federal government. 14. These people are (свидетели этого
дорожно-транспортного происшествия). 15. The criminal (был задержан)
two days ago. 16. Unlike many cities in the USA the New York City Police
Department is totally (отвечает за охрану общественного порядка) of the city.
17. The duties of patrol officers are (отвечать на вызовы, устанавливать личность преступника и задерживать подозреваемого). 18. The fundamental unit
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of patrol is the (участок патрулирования). 19. Police officers (выполняют)
Дополнительные придаточные предложения (Object Clauses)
Дополнительные придаточные предложения выполняют функцию прямого
(реже предложного) дополнения к глаголу или прилагательному в главном
предложении. Дополнительные придаточные соединяются с главным
предложением:
o союзами that, if, whether:
Do you doubt that I can do it? - Вы сомневаетесь в том, что я смогу это
сделать?
Do you know if any changes have been made in your time-table? - Не знаете ли
вы, были ли внесены какие-либо изменения в наше расписание?
В разговорной речи союз that после глаголов и прилагательных, как правило,
опускается:
I suppose (that) he’ll be there. - Я полагаю, он там будет.
o соединительными местоимениями what, who, whom, which, whose:
I don’t know what you are talking about. - Я не знаю, о чем ты говоришь.
I’ve forgotten whom I gave the book. - Я забыл, кому я дал книгу.
o соединительными наречиями when, where, how, why:
I wonder why he hasn’t come. - Интересно, почему он не пришел.
Do you remember where he lives? - Ты помнишь, где он живет?
Если соединительное слово сочетается с предлогом, последний ставится в
конце придаточного предложения:
I can’t understand, what you are laughing at. - Я не могу понять, над чем ты
смеешься.
o бессоюзным способом.
Этим способом всегда вводятся дополнительные придаточные предложения
к главному предложению, выраженному словами I wish. При этом глагол в
придаточном предложении употребляется в условном или сослагательном
наклонении:
I wish it were summer now. - Жаль, что сейчас не лето.
I wish I hadn’t gone there. - Напрасно я туда пошел.
В разговорной речи бессоюзные дополнительные придаточные предложения
широко употребляются после различных глаголов и прилагательных:
I hope you are ready now. - Надеюсь, ты уже готова.
I’m glad you’re with us again. - Я рад, что ты снова с нами.
В дополнительных придаточных предложениях после глаголов
various tasks within their assigned district. 20. Officers of Public Order
Protection Department (регулируют общественную деятельность) and
enforce law against those who (нарушает общественный порядок). 21. When
a driver (совершает) а traffic accident, patrol officers (штрафуют
правонарушителя).
Grammar.
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волеизъявления употребляется сослагательное наклонение с
вспомогательным глаголом should:
The family decided that the elder son should become a lawyer. - Семья решила,
что старший сын должен стать юристом.
Сказуемое в дополнительных придаточных, присоединяемых союзами when
и if, может быть выражено глаголом в любом будущем времени:
I don’t know when he will come. - Я не знаю, когда он придет.
I don’t know if he’ll be meeting you. - Я не знаю, будет ли он тебя встречать.
Ex 1. Выберите те предложения, в которых относительные
местоимения могут быть пропущены, но смысл останется прежним:
a. What is the name of the perfume which you are wearing today?
b. I don’t really know why she is crying.
c. The company which I work for is based in Italy.
d. The thing that I like about Nick is his punctuality.
e. Nobody likes the salad which Jane made.
f. The hotel where they stayed was terrible.
g. My boss Ted, who is Spanish, plays the guitar.
h. Amanda is my best friend who I can always rely on.
i. Who was that boy who you were talking to?
j. It was the funniest book that I have ever read.
k. She met a woman who works on TV.
Ex 2. Соедините предложения, используя придаточные предложения.
My dad works in a factory. It makes parts for computers. (Мой отец работает
на фабрике. Она производит детали для компьютеров.) – The factory …
makes parts for computers. – The factory where my dad works makes parts for
computers. (Фабрика, на которой работает мой отец, производит детали
для компьютеров.)
1. There is a bakery near my house. It sells wonderful pies. – The bakery …
sells wonderful pies.
2. They lived in a cottage. It was struck by lightning. – The cottage … was
struck by lightning.
3. Jane made a seafood salad. Nobody likes it. – Nobody likes the salad … .
4. Jack is an architect. He designed the Opera House. – Jack is the architect
… .
5. The woman didn’t apologize. Her cat bit me. – The woman … didn’t
apologize.
6. Madonna is a famous American singer. Her parents were born in Italy. –
Madonna … is a famous American singer.
7. The apartment is the biggest in the house. The lawyer lives there. – The
apartment … is the biggest in the house.
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8. We play tennis in a sports centre. It is very expensive. – The sports centre
Speaking of …
To begin with, …
Our top priority is …
Above all, …
Another consideration is …
In short …
To sum up …
Говоря о …
Прежде всего …
Наиважнейшим является …
Главным образом, в основном, …
Следующее, что следует принять во
внимание, это – …
Короче говоря …
Подводя итог сказанному … (В
итоге …)
… is very expensive.
Ex.3 Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.
1. My friend Jack, that I who / whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to
spend Christmas in Scotland.
2. Here’s the computer program that / whom / whose I told you about.
3. I don’t believe the story that / who / whom she told us.
4. Peter comes from Watney, that / who / which is near Oxford.
5. This is the gun with that I whom / which the murder was committed.
6. Have you received the parcel whom / whose / which we sent you?
7. Is this the person who I which / whose you asked me about?
8. That’s the girl that I who / whose brother sits next to me at school.
9. The meal, that I which / whose wasn’t very tasty, was quite expensive.
10. We didn’t enjoy the play that / who / whose we went to see
Speaking.
1. Discuss the following questions.
1. Do you agree with the statement: «the more policemen the less the
crime rate»?
2. Do you agree that honest police means a just legal system?
3. What do you think about the community-based principle of police
work?
4. Do you believe that it’s possible to take legal action against a police
officer?
5. What is the attitude of the Russian people to police forces? Why is
there such an attitude?
6. Do police officers work effectively in Russia? Why/why not?
7. Should police officers be allowed to carry a gun?
8. Should women work in police?
9. How can the problem of bribes in police be solved?
Используйте предложенные речевые модели.
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Тема 6.
• to apprehend
• to safeguard
• to defend in court
• to plead guilty
• to convict
• to search
• to detain
• to seize
• to imprison
• to sentence
• to investigate
• to take into custody
• to lock up
1. to detect / detective
2. to prosecute / prosecutor
3. to charge (with)
4. to search a crime scene
5. to collect evidence
6. to apprehend a suspect
7. to identify a criminal
8. to interrogate a witness / a
victim
9. to respond to calls
10. to fine / a fine
11. to perform duties
12. to have a power
13. to abuse a power
14. community policing
a) обвинять (в)
b) раскрывать/оперуполномоченный
c) охрана общественного порядка с
привлечением общественности
d) злоупотреблять полномочием
e) штрафовать / штраф
f) предъявлять обвинение /
прокурор
g) осматривать место преступления
h) собирать улики, доказательства
i) допрашивать
свидетеля/потерпевшего
j) задерживать подозреваемого
k) устанавливать личность
преступника
l) реагировать на вызовы
m) иметь полномочие
n) выполнять обязанности
POLICE FORCES IN GREAT BRITAIN
Vocabulary.
1. The word POLICE means, generally, the arrangements made in all
civilized countries to ensure that the inhabitants keep the peace and obey
the law. The word also denotes the force of peace officers (or police)
employed for this purpose. Which of the actions above can be performed by
a POLICE OFFICER? Sort out the odd words. Explain your choice.
2. Найдите русский эквивалент английским выражениям
3. Read the sentence and put the correct word in the sentence.
1. The police in the United Kingdom are always here to __________you.
2. The police must_________________ Law and Order.
3. You should always ________________ crimes to the police.
4. You should always __________________ racial abuse to the police.
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5. You can not _________a child under the age of 14 alone in your house or flat.
drive
pass
beg
tell
drive
tell
report
leave
report
help
maintain
play
6. You should never allow young children to _________ outside unsupervised.
7. If your partner assaults you. you should _________someone who can help
you.
8. If you suffer a violent assault, you should _________the police.
9. You must not __________ for money or food because it is an offence.
10. You must not __________ a car without driving documents.
11. You must _________ a driving test before you can drive a car.
12. You must be 17 years old or over before you can ___________.
Reading.
TEXT A.
THE HISTORY OF BRITISH POLICE
The police play the most important part in keeping public order and protecting
persons and property. To do their work properly the police need necessary
powers. They have the power to intervene to prevent a crime. If their orders are
not obeyed, they may arrest the people who have broken the law and bring them
before the courts.
Centuries before the formation of any official police force passed when attempts
were made to provide some means of ‘community policing’. In England keeping
law and order was the special responsibility of Justices of the Peace (JPs).
Despite the cruel penalties inflicted upon criminals the state of lawlessness in
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was appalling. By the second half of
the eighteenth century the general population lived with a terrifying sense of
insecurity. Gangs of criminals roamed the towns. Any form of transport was
risky.
Justices of the Peace had to employ thief-takers to catch criminals. Thief-takers
were often no better than the criminals themselves. Sometimes they were
criminals who knew the criminal underworld well.
The most notorious thief-taker of all was Jonathan Wild who operated in the
early part of the eighteenth century. He began his career in a small way
informing on criminals who were suspected of crime. Eventually he built up a
criminal empire of his own. His speciality was the organization of robberies and
burglaries. He was then paid rewards by the victims for securing the return of
their property.
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In 1719 as a direct result of activities of this kind Parliament passed the Second
1. to obey the law
2. to enforce the law
3. to maintain law and order
a) совершить преступление
b) предстать перед cудом
c) применять закон
Transportation Act which laid down that anyone taking a reward for receiving
stolen goods, who did not also help to arrest the thief and give evidence against
him, was guilty of a 'felony' (serious crime which could result in sentence of
death). Eventually, Wild was himself caught and prosecuted.
The first police force to become an organized body of men wearing uniforms
and given special powers was named the Metropolitan Police Force ('The Met'),
because it policed the metropolis of London. This force was created by the
Metropolitan Police Act 1829. At that time Sir Robert Peel was the Home
Secretary, and policemen were therefore known as 'Peelers' or 'Bobbies'. The
new police force first went out on duty on 29 September 1829.The force made a
poor start. By the end of the year the most of men had been dismissed because
of being drunk on duty.
It is hardly surprising that in the early days of the force public opinion was very
much against it. Newspapers complained bitterly that the police behaved with
brutality in their enthusiasm to make arrests. At the same time the police were
blamed for failing to clear up crime.
Nevertheless, the value of an organized police force soon became apparent. The
first plain-clothes detectives were used to gather information on the activities of
gangs of criminals.
The Metropolitan Police force was well organized and disciplined and after the
initial period of public skepticism became the model for other police forces in
Great Britain and this police system had been adopted throughout the world.
Vocabulary Notes
1. to keep public order – поддерживать общественный порядок
2. to prevent a crime – предотвратить преступление
3. a sense of insecurity – чувство незащищенности
4. notorious – пользующийся дурной славой
5. to pay rewards – давать денежное вознаграждение
6. to pass an act – принять законодательный акт
a) Ответьте на вопросы.
1. Why did Justices of the Peace have to employ thief-takers?
2. What did Jonathan Wild specialize in?
3. What did the Second Transportation Act lay down?
4. Why did the British police system become the model for police forces in other
countries?
b) Соотнесите английские словосочетания с их русскими
эквивалентами. Обратите внимание на их перевод.
79
4. to commit offences
5. legal process
6. to prosecute offenders before
courts
7. to apprehend criminals
8. to impose a fine
9. to abuse powers
10. to mistreat
11. to be suspected of a crime
12. to inflict cruel penalties upon
13. to come under direct supervision
14. to employ thief-takers
15. failing to clear up crime
16. to pay rewards
17. to prevent a crime
18. to give evidence
19. community policing
20. sentence of death
21. to bring before the court
22. to behave with brutality
d) потерпеть неудачу в
раскрытии преступлений
e) обращаться ненадлежащим
образом
f) арестовывать преступников
g) судебное преследование
правонарушителей
h) соблюдать закон
i) предотвратить преступление
j) смертный приговор
k) выплачивать вознаграждение
l) налагать суровые наказания
m) давать показания
n) нанять сыщиков
o) находиться в прямом
подчинении
p) поддерживать правопорядок
q) проявлять жестокость
r) подозревать в совершении
преступления
s) контроль за общественным
порядком
t) налагать штраф
u) превышать полномочия
v) судебный процесс
c) Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями.
1. There is no difference between thieves and thief-takers.
2. Jonathan Wild investigated burglaries and robberies.
3. People had to pay Jonathan Wild for securing the return of their stolen
property.
4. Parliament passed the Second Transportation Act to reduce crime.
5. The Metropolitan police was organized by Sir Robert Peel.
TEXT B.
The police have many functions in the legal process. As well as gathering
information for offences to be prosecuted in the courts the police have wide
powers to arrest, search and question people suspected of crimes and to control
the actions of members of the public during public demonstrations and meetings.
In some countries the police have judicial functions; for example, they may take
THE BRITISH POLICE
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