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Файл:Английский язык для юридических специальностей. English for Law students. Учебное пособие
.pdf
federal judges — федеральные судьи
to appoint — назначить
to amend — вносить изменения, вносить поправки (в законопроект и т. п.)
slavery — рабство
a) Find the English equivalents in the text to the following words and
phrases:
o состоять из
o поправка (к резолюции, законопроекту)
o нарушать, попирать, преступать
o федеральная власть
o подразделение; ветвь (власти)
o помогать, содействовать
o главнокомандующий
o принимать, брать на себя (ответственность, управление и т. п.);
получать (должность)
o Верховный суд
o аннулировать, отменять, упразднять, объявлять недействительным
o позволять, разрешать
b) Ответьте на вопросы по-английски.
1. What powers is the federal government given?
2. Where is the federal government located?
3. Where is the legislative power vested?
4. How many members are there in the House of Representatives?
5. Who is the head of the executive power in the USA?
6. How often do the President's elections take place?
7. Who deals with foreign affairs in the USA?
8. What does the Bill of Rights guarantee?
9. What is the main document of the USA?
10. How many Amendments have been added to the Constitution?
TEXT B.
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA. PART II
The USA is a presidential republic. The legislative branch of the US
Government, or the Congress, represents all of the American states. It consists
of two parts: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each state has two
senators, who are elected every 6 years. A senator must be at least 30 years old,
a citizen of the United States for 9 years, and live in the state he or she will
represent. A representative must be at least 25 years old, a citizen for 7 years,
and live in the state.
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The job of the Congress is to make laws. The President can veto a bill. The
Congress can pass the law anyway if it gets a two-thirds majority vote. The
Congress can also declare war. The House of Representatives can also impeach
the President. This means that the House can charge the President with a crime.
In this case, the Senate will put the President on trial. The Senate votes to
approve the justices that the President appoints to the Supreme Court.
The executive branch of the government puts the country's laws into effect.
The President of the United States is a member of the executive branch. The
President must be at least 35 years old, be a natural citizen of the USA. In
addition, he must have lived in the US for at least 14 years, and be a civilian.
The President is elected every four years and cannot serve more that two terms.
The Vice-President of the USA is president of the Senate. When the President
receives a bill from the Congress, he must sign it, and then the bill becomes a
law. However, if he disagrees with the law, he can veto it. The President can
also ask the Congress to declare war. He also appoints the justices to the
Supreme Court. He must do his job according to the Constitution, or he may be
impeached.
The judicial branch of the government is the system of courts in the United
States. Its job is to enforce laws. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the
country. It consists of 9 justices: one Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices. The
President appoints the justices, but the Senate must approve them. The justices
are appointed for life. The Supreme Court makes sure that people obey the laws.
The Supreme Court can also decide if a law is constitutional, that it is in
agreement with the Constitution. The judicial branch works together with the
legislative and executive branches to protect the Constitution and the rights of
people.
Vocabulary Notes
the legislative branch of the government- законодательная власть
to make laws— создавать законы
to enforce a law— проводить закон в жизнь
to obey a law— исполнять закон
to pass the law— провести закон
to veto a bill- наложить вето на законопроект
majority/minority— большинство/меньшинство
to impeach the President— подвергнуть президента импичменту
to charge- обвинить в каком-либо преступлении
to vote— голосовать
Chief Justice— Главный Судья
Associate Justice— Член Верховного Суда
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a) Find the English equivalents in the text to the following words and
phrases: состоять из, в этом случае, обвинять в преступлении, одобрять,
срок, в соответствии с, подписывать, защищать права, проводить закон в
жизнь, гражданское лицо, гражданин страны по рождению
b) Закончите следующие предложения, используя Text B.
The USA is....
The legislative branch consists of....
The job of the Congress is …
The U.S. President is...
A senator must be....
The Supreme Court consists of...
The judicial branch..
The Supreme Court is....
The justices are...
The President is elected...
c) Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What branches does the USA Government consist of?
2. What is the composition of the legislative branch of the U.S. Government?
3. Can the President veto a bill?
4. How can the Congress effect laws?
5. How do you understand the term “impeachment”?
6. The executive branch of the government puts the country’s laws into
effect, doesn’t it?
7. What legislative power does the President of the USA have?
8. What is the judicial branch of the U.S. Government?
9. Are there any facts in the text that are interesting and educational from your
point of view?
10. What are the main three branches of the U.S. Government?
TEXT C.
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
How Voting Works
An important part of the United States government is the right of every person
over the age of 18 to vote. Voting is not only a right, but a privilege and a
responsibility.
Who can Vote?
When the US government was first formed only white men over the age of 21
were allowed to vote. This was changed over the years to include everyone
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regardless of race or gender. Today anyone who is a citizen and is over the age
of 18 can vote.
Is Voting Important?
Yes. It's important that each person vote and get their voice to be heard. Even
though it may seem to not make a difference as your vote is one in millions, it's
important that each citizen cast their vote. This is important for democracy and
for our country that people get to have their say and place their votes.
Why do we have political parties?
At first it may seem strange that we have different political parties. The two
main ones in the United States are the Republican and Democratic Parties. They
seem to be fighting and arguing a lot over issues. This may seem like a bad
thing, but is really a good thing. Having different parties allows for different
sides of issues to get discussed and voted on. If we only had a single party, then
the party leaders would decide everything and other ideas would not get
presented and voted for.
How Elections Work
Elections can be complicated things, especially when you are talking about a
nationwide election like the president. Candidates have large teams of people
working for them who try to convince voters to vote for them. They use
statistics and polls to determine what people like and try to say and do the right
things to get elected. Candidates run ads on TV, hand out buttons, give
speeches, and have debates to let people know why they will be the best person
for the job.
How the President is Elected
You may think that the President of the United States is just voted on by all the
people in the country and then the person with the most votes wins. But it's not
that simple. The president is actually elected by something called the Electoral
College.
The Electoral College Each state has a certain number of delegates in the
Electoral College based on the population of the state. During the election, when
one person wins the popular vote in a state, then they win all the electoral votes
for that state (the exception being Nebraska and Maine who apply electoral
votes per each Congressional District). Once all the votes are in, if one candidate
has a majority of electoral votes, then they win the election and become
president. In the case where one person does not have a majority of Electoral
College votes, then the House of Representatives votes on who will be president.
a) Пройдите тест на понимание прочитанного.
1) How old do you need to be to legally vote in the United States?
a. 15
b. 16
c.18
d.21
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2) What were the requirements to vote when the United States first became a
country?
a. You had to be 25 years old
b. You had to be white.
c. You had to be 21 years old.
d. You had to be a man.
e. All of the above.
3) True or False: It is not important that each citizen of age vote in a democratic
election.
a. FALSE
b. TRUE
4) True or False: Having more than one political party is a bad thing because it
causes people to argue over issues.
a. FALSE
b. TRUE
5) What are the two main political parties in the United States today?
a. Whigs and Tories
b. Nationalists and Democrats
c. Republicans and Whigs
d. Conservative and Liberal
e. Democrats and Republicans
6) What is the primary thing that is voted on in most elections in the United
States?
a. Whether a Bill should become a Law
b. The income tax rate for the next year
c. Supreme Court Judges
d. What holidays to celebrate
e. Elected Representatives
7) Which of the following statements best describes the right to vote?
a. A pain in the neck
b. Not worth the wait in line
c. You should do it if you like stickers
d. A privilege and responsibility
e. Something only a few people should be allowed to do
8) Which of the following are things that politicians will do to try and get
elected?
a. Run ads on TV
b. Give speeches
c. Kiss babies
d. All of the above
e. Participate in debates
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9) What is the group of people that determine who will be president called?
1. the House of Representatives
2. a major political party
3. the introduction of a bill to the
Congress
4. to be subject to approval by
smb
5. to vote
6. to announce pre-term election
7. to sign a bill into law
8. “winner-take-all” principle
9. to move a bill forward
10. to pass both houses of the
Congress
11. voter-turn-out
12. the electoral college
13. to enforce the law
14. privilege
15. responsibility
a) голосовать
b) поставить подпись на
законопроекте, сделав его тем самым
законом
c) объявлять досрочные выборы
d) обеспечить исполнение закона
e) привилегия
f) подлежать утверждению кем - то
g) явка избирателей
h) коллегия выборщиков
i) ответственность
j) внесение законопроекта на
рассмотрение Конгресса
k) Палата Представителей
l) принцип «победителю достаётся
всё»
m) продвигать законопроект
n) пройти обсуждение в обеих палатах
Конгресса
o) главная политичеcкая партия
a. The Premium Electors
b. The Executive Pollers
c. The Electoral College
d. The Election Representatives
e. The Presidential Voters
10) If one person does not receive a majority of votes from the Electoral
College, what group decides who will be president?
a. The Democrats
b. The Supreme Court
c. The Senate
d. The House of Representatives
e. The Republicans
b) Сопоставьте слово и его перевод.
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Grammar.
Модальные глаголы в английском языке относятся к особой группе
глаголов. Они обозначают возможность, способность, необходимость и
вероятность совершения действия.
Значения, выражаемые модальными глаголами в английском языке
Модальные глаголы в английском языке не употребляются
самостоятельно, а в сочетании с инфинитивом основного смыслового
глагола, после них не ставится частица to (исключение составляет ought).
I can do it. – Я могу сделать это.
You ought to be there. – Вам следует быть там.
Глаголы can и may имеют форму настоящего времени и прошедшего
could, might. Глаголы must, ought и need имеют форму только настоящего
времени.
Модальные глаголы в английском языке имеют одну форму для всех лиц
и чисел. Вопросительная форма образуется без вспомогательных глаголов.
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not.
I can't do it. – Я не могу этого сделать.
May I use your phone? – Могу я воспользоваться вашим телефоном.
Модальных глаголов в английском языке сравнительно немного и каждый
из них имеет свое значение.
1. Модальный глагол can:
употребляется для выражения возможности или способности совершения
действия;
I can type very fast. – Я могу печатать очень быстро.
для выражения сомнения, удивления.
Can they arrive tomorrow? – Неужели они приедут завтра?
2. Модальный глагол could:
· для выражения возможности, способности в прошлом;
I could type very fast. – Я умела печатать очень быстро.
· в главной части условных предложений.
If I had much money I could buy a new car. – Если бы у меня было много
денег, я бы мог купить машину.
3. Модальный глагол may:
· для выражения разрешения;
You may use my phone. – Вы можете воспользоваться моим телефоном.
· для выражения предположения.
He may know her. – Возможно, он знает её.
4. Модальный глагол might:
· для выражения предположения в настоящем и будущем с большей
степенью сомнения.
He might know her. – Он, может быть, знает её (а может и нет).
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5. Модальный глагол must:
· для выражения долженствования;
You must do it. – Ты должен сделать это.
· для выражения предположения;
It must be him. – Это должно быть он.
· для выражения запрета.
You mustn't touch it. – Тебе запрещается трогать это.
6. Модальный глагол ought to:
· для выражения морального долга, совета в отношении настоящего и
будущего.
He ought to help me. – Он должен мне помочь.
7. Модальный глагол need:
· для выражения необходимости. Употребляется в форме Present Simple в
вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.
Need I do it? – Мне нужно делать это?
No, you needn’t do it. – Нет, не нужно делать этого.
8. Модальный глагол to be to употребляется для выражения
необходимости совершения действия, согласно предварительной
договоренности. После него употребляется частица to.
My friend is to call you tomorrow. – Мой друг должен позвонить вам завтра.
9. Модальный глагол have to используется для выражения совершения
действия в силу определенных обстоятельств.
She had to go there. – Ей пришлось поехать туда.
10. Глагол should используется для выражения морального долга или
совета.
Tom shouldn't have done it. – Тому не следовало делать этого.
Ex.1. Прочитайте предложения, объясните значения модальных
глаголов can/could, must, to have to, to be to, may/ might, should, ought to,
shall, to be obliged to и переведите на русский язык.
1. The laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation cannot contradict federal
laws.
2. Bills may be introduced by individual MPs, they are debated in the Commons
usually on Fridays.
3. To become a law a bill must be approved by both chambers and signed by the
President.
4. The President can veto a bill.
5. Can the state system of a particular country be changed?
6. The House of Representatives can also impeach the President.
7. The President is to carry out the programmes of the Government.
8. All citizens of the Russian Federation shall enjoy equal rights.
9. The Monarch must give the Royal Assent before a Bill can become a legal
enactment (Act of Parliament).
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10. The British are divided on the issue whether the Monarchy should last.
11. The Speaker of the House of Commons has to be completely impartial.
12. Students ought to treat professors with respect.
13. Shall I pay the rent monthly? No, you needn’t. We charge rental payments
once a year.
14. You should do your best to learn legal terminology.
15. Trade secret needn’t be registered.
16. All citizens are obliged to observe laws.
17. The US President shall be elected every 4 years.
Ex. 2. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу модальные глаголы или их
эквиваленты.
1. Do you believe all people, including high-ranking officials, … obey the law?
2. An unwritten Constitution … be easily changed.
3. What courses of law … be included for advanced students?
4. Parliament … not follow a special procedure to alter any constitutional laws.
5. General election … be called within five years.
6. Who … veto a bill?
7. The US President appoints the justices, but the Senate … approve them.
8. The law … not contradict the Constitution.
9. The government really … do something about unemployment.
10. In a civil case a claimant … prove the guilt of a defendant “beyond
reasonable doubt”.
11. Why … trade secret not be disclosed?
Ex.3. Вставьте модальные глаголы must, have to, should. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. The court … establish a person’s guilt on the basis of facts.
2. The government … give the police great powers to combat crime.
3. Judges … be fair.
4. On the one hand, laws … be just. On the other hand, morality needs laws to
uphold rights and punish wrongs.
5. Many companies … employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid.
6. Contracts … be either written or oral.
7. You have violated the law and … pay a fine.
8. … the victim identify his assailant?
9. In civil cases the jury … decide on the amount of damages to be awarded to
the plaintiff.
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Ex.4. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя
модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1.В Британских школах дети должны носить форму.
2. Все граждане обязаны соблюдать законы общества, в котором они
живут.
3. Свидетель должен прийти в кабинет следователя в 9 часов утра.
4. Вы обязаны помогать вашим пожилым родителям.
5. Вам следует просмотреть все вещественные доказательства еще раз.
6. Судьи обязаны действовать в соответствии с законом.
7. В наши дни члены общества не должны жить по законам джунглей.
8. Могу я попросить Вас описать этот случай?
Ex.5. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (must / can / need)
1. Sonia (must / can / need) practise so much if she wants to take part in the
marathon.
2. If you want to improve your English, you (must / can / need) work very
hard.
3. You (must / can / need) not come to help them tomorrow: the work is
done.
4. You (must / can / need) not change the whole text as the beginning is all
right.
5. John (must / can / need) not tell us the rules of the game: we know them.
6. We (must / can / need) not afford to pay the bill.
7. It is already six o’clock. We (must / can / need) hurry if we don’t want to
be late.
8. She (must / can / need) decorate a room nicely.
9. You (must / can / need) take care of your parents.
10. We (must / can / need) stay with my brother when we are in Paris.
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