Английский язык для юридических специальностей. English for Law students. Учебное пособие

4. I would like to draw your attention to …. – Я хотел бы привлечь ваше внимание к …

5. I’ m well aware of …. – Я хорошо знаю о …

6. I’d like to add that … – Я хотел бы добавить, что …

7. I fully/quite agree with you … – Я с вами полностью согласен.

8. I agree with neither side. – Я не соглашусь ни с одной из сторон. 9 . So … – Итак, таким образом …

1. Look at the sentences below. Match the definition of crimes to words from the box.

4. lying or cheating for business or monetary purposes

6. when someone writes something false and offensive about someone

7. trading illegal drugs

8. stealing merchandise from a store

9. taking someone's life through violence

11. when someone offers you money to do something

1. fine of £100

3. 6 months in prison

4. death penalty

5. 5 years in prison

6. prison for life

7. a fine of £50

1. “I arrived home late and found that I’d forgotten my keys. I didn’t want to

2. “I was walking my dog when I saw a gun lying on the ground. I picked it up -

much better. I put the copies in my briefcase - intending to use the other side as

running. We didn’t write anything down; it was an oral agreement. The

photographs I have of him with his secretary have no connection with these payments”.

Reading.

It is possible to divide crimes into various categories. A legal division can be made in which some crimes are labeled as felonies (those punishable by death or more than a year of incarceration) and others as misdemeanors (for which a lesser sanction is imposed). Criminologists have developed another scheme that categorizes crimes according to the nature of the behavior and the type of person most likely to commit specific offenses. This scheme distinguishes five categories of crime: occupational, organized, visible, crimes without victims, and political. Each type has its own level of risk and profitability, each arouses varying degrees of public disapproval, and each has its own group of offenders with differing cultural characteristics. Occupational crime is the violation of the law committed through opportunities created in the course of a legal business or profession. They include three categories:

1. Crimes for the benefit of employing organization, such as price-fixing, theft of trade secrets, and falsifications of product tests.

2. Crimes through the exercise of state-based authority in which the offender has the legal authority to enforce laws or to command others, such as bribery, corruption, falsifying documents.

felony тяжкое преступление misdemeanor менее тяжкое преступление

incarceration тюремное заключение to distinguish различать, выделять profitability выгода, прибыльность bribery взяточничество homicide убийство rape изнасилование assault нападение larceny воровство treason измена sedition призыв к бунту, мятежу obscenity непристойное поведение to harm причинить вред

4. What is occupational crime?

5. Which three categories does occupational crime include?

6. How can you characterize street crimes?

7. What activities does political crime include?

8. Why are some types of crimes called victimless?

b) Insert appropriate prepositions.

1. Criminologists categorize crimes according ___ the nature ___ the behavior and the type ___ person.

2. Occupational crime is the violation ___ the law committed ___ opportunities created ___ the course ___ a legal business or profession.

6. Crimes ___ victims are offenses ___ morality.

There are three categories of crimes in the UK: indictable, summary, and either­way crimes. Indictable offences are the most serious ones and are punishable by the longest prison terms. They include murder, rape and robbery and can only be tried in the Crown Court. Either-way offences can be heard either in the Crown Court or by magistrates. Examples of either way offences include theft, drug offences and less serious physical violence. A magistrate can decide that an either-way offence is serious enough to be heard in the Crown Court where the penalties prescribed can be more severe. If, however, a magistrate decides that an either-way offence can be heard as a summary trial, the defendant can choose to move the trial to the Crown Court. An important aspect of criminal law is that in most crimes the prosecution has to prove two elements. The first, actus reus, refers to the criminal act itself. The second, mens rea, refers to the intent to commit a crime – ‘guilty mind’. However, in some cases, such as drunk driving or speeding, the prosecution does not have to prove intent. Such offences are said to be of ‘strict liability’. Types of serious crimes in most jurisdictions are: arson, theft, sexual offences, terrorism. In common law arson is setting fire to the dwelling of another person. Theft sometimes is still known by the traditional name of larceny which probably is the most common crime involving criminal intent. The traditional definition of theft is the physical removal of an object without the consent of the owner. Burglary is entering a building, inhabited vehicle or vessel to steal, to inflict bodily harm or to do unlawful damage. In English law, any entry by an individual into a building with intent to commit theft is burglary. Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence. Robbery takes many forms – from the mugging of a stranger in the street to robberies of banks, involving numerous participants and careful planning.

An interesting way of looking at crime is suggested by former Attorney General Ramsey Clark in Crime in America. He believes that crime has many «faces» and may perhaps be best understood by using the following categories: White-collar crime converts billions of dollars annually in tax evasion, price fixing, embezzlement, swindling and consumer fraud. Organized crime reaps hundreds of millions in gambling, loansharking, drug traffic, extortion and prostitution, corrupting officials and resorting to force, including murder, when necessary, to accomplish its purposes. Crime in the streets, as we have come to call it, encompassing a wide variety of crimes against people and against property – robbery, mugging, burglary, larceny, theft and looting – produces millions of hard-earned dollars for its perpetrators. Crime of passion, emotion overwhelming reason, includes most murders, rapes and assaults. Conduct once deemed immoral and made criminal – gambling, prostitution, alcohol and drug abuse, profanity, abortion, homosexuality, fornication and obscenity – is a pervasive face of crime accounting for hundreds of thousands of arrests annually. Violations of regulations designed to protect the public health, safety and convenience – traffic control, building codes, fire ordinances, minimum standards of quality, mandatory safety precautions, misrepresentation – involve highly antisocial conduct in mass society causing hundreds of thousands of deaths each year.

Revolutionary crime and illegal conduct intended to alter institutions impose rioting, mob violence, unlawful confrontation, arson and trespass on a weary society. Terrorist actions — sniping, bombing and ambushing – common in parts of the world, are an ever-increasing risk in America. Corruption in public office – bribes, payoffs, fixes, conflicts of interest – occurs in every branch of government, legislative, executive, judicial, administrative, and at every level, federal, state and local.

3. Taking a can of soda from a supermarket without paying for it

14. Setting fire to a warehouse to collect insurance

1. How does Ramsey Clark classify crimes?

«Do not attempt to cross this bridge, Baroness, or I will kill you», he raved.

With dawn approaching and her last resource exhausted, the Baroness returned to the bridge in desperation, attempted to cross to the castle, and was slain by the madman