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Файл:Английский язык для юридических специальностей. English for Law students. Учебное пособие
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Vocabulary Notes
Activities
Q
HC
HL
Legislation
Controlling finance
Giving Royal approval to laws
Hearing legal appeals
Appearing on radio and TV
Annual opening of Parliament
Running the country
Suggesting changes to the budget
Examining the work of the Government (by debates or in
committees)
i.e.= id est= that is - т.е.
current issues- текущие проблемы
sitting— заседание
a quality- качество
impartiality— беспристрастность
sound— зд. точный, глубокий
to handle debates— вести дебаты
to scrutinize— тщательно исследовать
to reject— отвергать
to amend, to make amendments— вносить поправки
to review— пересмотреть
a) Выберите черты характера, которыми, по-вашему мнению, должен
обладать политический деятель.
1. an ability to organize people
2. an ability to choose the right person for a right job
3. an ability to handle debates
4. an ability to control the meetings
5. a good knowledge of a parliamentary procedure
6. to be impartial
7. to be honest
8. to be responsible
9. high standards of personal behaviour
b) Поставьте знак "+" в ту графу, где обозначенная слева
деятельность, является функцией: королевы (Q), Палаты Общин (НС)
или Лордов (HL)
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TEXT D.
GOVERNMENT
The UK is governed by the Government - a body of ministers who are
responsible for the administration of national affairs. The ministers are the
leading members of the political party which wins a majority of seats in
Parliament. The party which wins the second largest number of seats in
Parliament becomes the official Opposition.
The Prime Minister, the leader of the party with a majority, is appointed by the
Queen. (The Queen appoints, but does not select the Prime Minister. She has no
choice.) All other Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation
of the Prime Minister. The majority of ministers are members of the Commons,
although the Government is also fully represented by ministers in the Lords. The
Lord Chancellor is always a member of the House of Lords.
The Cabinet. The most senior Ministers (usually about 20 in number) compose
the Cabinet, which meets regularly (once or twice a week) under
the chairmanship of the Prime Minister to decide government policy on major
issues, exercise supreme control of government and co-ordinate government
departments.
Minister are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions;
individual ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their
departments.
The "Shadow Cabinet". The Opposition party, which is not currently in power,
under the direction of its leader forms a "Shadow Cabinet". The ministers in the
Shadow Cabinet deal with the same matters as the Cabinet of Ministers in the
current government, debating with the actual Cabinet ministers from the
Government side.
The people elects MPs.
After an election a Government is formed.
Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen.
The Prime Minister selects his Ministers.
The Ministers form the Cabinet.
The Cabinet decides Government policies.
The Parliament agrees to support or reject Government policies and laws.
Parliamentary control
Ministers are responsible to Parliament for their department and its actions. The
Commons can force a government to leave office. This happened in 1979, when
the official Opposition put forward a no-confidence motion which was carried
by one vote. The Government was therefore obliged to advise the Queen to
dissolve Parliament and a general election followed.
One of Parliament's most prized occasions is Commons' Question Time. For
roughly one hour a day, ministers are asked by MPs searching questions on
major government policies. This is often the best way for MPs to probe
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ministers about government intentions. The Prime Minister is questioned twice
the government
the government policy
the laws
the ministers
the “Shadow Cabinet”
is appointed
is formed
are supported
are rejected
are selected
can be forced to leave the office
Инфинитив — это начальная форма глагола (т.е. форма, лишенная
грамматической нагрузки — идти, петь, спать — нам не известно, кто
именно (он, она или оно) выполняет, выполнил или выполнит действие).
Отвечает на вопросы что делать?, что сделать?.
В английском языке показателем инфинитива является частицей to перед
глаголом: to go, to sing, to sleep — идти, петь, спать.
Отрицательная форма инфинитива
Отрицательная форма по-классике образуется с помощью частицы not —
просто ставим ее перед инфинитивом. Если инфинитив с частицей to —
отрицание not встает перед ней.
I decided not to buy ticket. – Я решил не покупать билет.
They asked him not to be late. – Они попросил его не опаздывать.
I might not come. – Я могу не прийти.
a week.
a) Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:
o быть ответственным;
o управление делами государства;
o партия большинства;
o под председательством;
o "теневой кабинет";
o проблема;
o политика правительства;
o деятельность;
o распустить парламент;
o уйти в отставку
b) Составьте предложения, соединив подходящие части:
Grammar.
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Когда употребляем с частицей to
1. Обычно инфинитив употребляется с частицей «to»: «to write», «to cook»,
«to go».
Но если в предложении есть два инфинитива, они стоят рядом и соединены
союзом «and» или «or», то перед вторым инфинитивом частица «to» как
правило опускается.
• She decided to go and buy something for supper. – Она решила пойти и
купить что-нибудь на ужин.
• I intend to call on him and discuss this question. – Я намерен зайти к
нему и обсудить этот вопрос.
2. В конце предложения без глагола.
Так делают, чтобы избежать повторения одного и того же глагола в
предложении. Такое употребление частицы «to» обычно встречается после
глаголов «to wish» – желать, «to want» – хотеть, «to try» – пытаться, «to
allow» – разрешать, «to have to» – быть должным и др.
• I didn’t want to stay there, but I had to. – Я не хотел оставаться там, но
пришлось (остаться).
3. После глаголов «ask» (спрашивать), «learn» (научиться, узнать),
«explain» (объяснять), «decide» (решать), «find out» (узнать), «want to
know» (хотеть узнать), когда после них стоит вопросительное слово.
• We should decide now what to do next. – Мы должны решить сейчас,
что делать дальше.
• Ralph wanted to know where to buy some good cheese. – Ральф хотел
узнать, где можно купить хороший сыр.
4. После слов «first» (первый), «second» (второй), «next» (следующий),
«last» (последний).
• He loves parties: he is always the first to come and the last to leave. – Он
любит вечеринки: он всегда приходит первым и уходит последним.
5. После выражений «would like» или «would love» (хотел бы), «would
prefer» (предпочел бы), которые указывают на определенное желание.
• I would like to talk to her right now. – Я бы хотел поговорить с ней
прямо сейчас.
• I would love to help you, but I have no time. – Я бы с радостью с помог
тебе, но у меня нет времени.
• I would prefer to drink hot tea. – Я бы предпочел выпить горячий чай.
6. После слов «too» (слишком) и «enough» (достаточно).
• It’s too cold outside to go jogging. – На улице слишком холодно, чтобы
пойти на пробежку.
Когда употребляем инфинитив без частицы to
1. После модальных глаголов.
Это особая группа глаголов, которые выражают не само действие, а
отношение к нему: вероятность, долженствование, способность. Например,
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can, must, should, may и прочие. Сами по себе они не дают полного смысла,
поэтому дополняются инфинитивом без частицы to — это самый
распространенный случай.
• She can’t speak to you. – Она не может говорить с вами.
• He should ask them a question. – Ему следует задать им вопрос.
• Shall I talk to him? – Мне поговорить с ним?
They must leave before 10.00 a.m. – Они должны уйти до десяти утра.
Исключения — модальные глаголы «dare» / «ought» / «have» / «be». Им
частичка to нужна.
• She ought to be more polite to other people. – Ей следует быть более
вежливой с людьми.
2. После глаголов make, let, feel, see, hear.
Например, в предложениях, где make используется в значении
«заставлять», а let — «позволять».
• Let’s go to the cinema tonight. – Давай пойдем в кинотеатр сегодня
вечером.
• You made me cry. – Вы заставили меня плакать.
• Don’t make me read that boring book. – Не заставляй меня читать эту
скучную книгу.
• I saw her leave the room. – Я видел, как она вышла из комнаты.
3. После глагола «help» (помогать) может использоваться глагол как с «to»,
так и без.
• Help me (to) find my keys, please. – Помоги мне найти ключи,
пожалуйста.
4. После оборотов had better и would rather.
Оборот had better переводится, как «лучше, следует». В сокращенном
варианте пишется, как d’better.
• We had better take some warm clothing. – Нам лучше взять теплой
одежды.
5. В вопросительных предложениях с Why.
После вопросительного местоимения why используется инфинитив без to,
в случае вопроса с отрицательной частицей not — “why not?” — частица
тоже опускается.
• Why wait until tomorrow? – Зачем ждать до завтра?
• Why not ask him now? – Почему бы не спросить его сейчас?
6. После глаголов восприятия в обороте «сложное дополнение».
Этот оборот в английском называется Complex object и строится по схеме:
подлежащее + глагол + объект действия + инфинитив. В случае, если на
месте глагола стоит глагол восприятия (see, hear, feel) — используем
инфинитив без частицы to.
• He saw her fall from the cliff. – Он видел, как она упала с утеса.
• We heard them close the door. – Мы слышали, как они закрыли дверь.
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Ex.1. Translate into Russian.
1 . The buyers want to know our terms of payment.
2 . This is for you to decide.
3 . The plan of our work will be discussed at the meeting to be held on May 25.
4 . To walk in the garden was a pleasure.
5 . Jane remembered to have been told a lot about Mr. Smith.
6 . I felt him put his hand on my shoulder.
7 . This writer is said to have written a new novel.
8 . She seems to be having a good time at the seaside.
9 . They watched the boy cross the street.
10 . To advertise in magazines is very expensive.
11 . He proved to be one of the cleverest students at our Institute.
12 . He knew himself to be strong enough to take part in the expedition.
13 . To see is to believe.
14 . He is sure to enjoy himself at the disco.
15 . To tell you the truth, this company has a very stable position in the market.
Ex.2. Put “to” before the infinitive where it is necessary.
1 . My son asked me … let him … go to the club.
2 . You must make him … practice an hour a day.
3 . She was made … repeat the song.
4 . He is not sure that it can … be done, but he is willing … try.
5 . Let me … help you with your work.
6 . She asked me … read the letter carefully and … write an answer.
7 . You ought … take care of your health.
8 . I looked for the book everywhere but could not … find it.
9 . He was seen … leave the house.
10 . We had … put on our overcoats because it was cold.
11 . The man told me not … walk on the grass.
12 . Have you heard him … play the piano?
13 . You had better … go there at once.
14 . I would rather not … tell them about it.
15 . We shall take a taxi so as not … miss the train.
Ex. 3. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive.
1 . They want (to take) to the concert by their father.
2 . I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday.
3 . This plant is known (to produce) tractors.
4 . He wants his son (to become) a lawyer.
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5 . The enemy army was reported (to overthrow) the defense lines and (to
advance) towards the suburbs of the city.
6 . He seems (to know) French very well: he is said (to spend) his youth in Paris.
Speaking.
1. Расположите предложения в логической последовательности так,
чтобы получился рассказ о выборах в Великобритании.
o For electoral purposes Britain is divided into constituencies.
o When one of the parties wins, its leader is invited by the Queen to form a
government.
o It is the Prime Minister who chooses the date of the election.
o The majority system of voting is used in parliamentary elections in
Britain.
o Men and women over 18 years old have the right to vote.
o Voting takes place on Polling Day
o When the date of the election is known, the Prime Minister asks the
Queen to dissolve Parliament.
o The British Government is elected for five years.
o The election campaign is launched
2. Расскажите о политической системе Великобритании, отметив
следующее.
– What the United Kingdom is;
– Who is Head of State and the head of Government;
– Who exercises the executive power;
– What the United Kingdom’s supreme legislative body is;
– What the judiciary is;
– When general elections are held;
– Why the UK is sometimes called a “two-and-a-half” party system.
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Тема 3.
1. The
Constitution is
a) to give a certain post or job to someone;
2. The Congress is
b) group of important ministers
3. The Senate is
c) a period of time between two elections of a president
4. The Cabinet is
d) a large meeting of people from different parts of the
country
5. An amendment
is
e) one of the houses in the US Congress
6. A term is
f) the changes in the Constitution
7. Citizens are
g) Project of the future law
8. A bill is
h) People who live in the country or state
9. election
i) the main law of the country
10. vote
j) to have a right to act on somebody’s behalf
11. a justice
k) an organized process in which people vote
12. to represent
l) a group of people responsible for governing a country
13. to appoint
m) a choice made by a person in an election
14. government
n) a judge in American English;
15. the Supreme
Court
o) the main court in America;
THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF USA
Vocabulary.
1. Match the words (1-15) with the definitions (A-O).
2. Use the given words in the correct form:
1. The colonies in America won the War of ________________(depend).
2. They needed one strong national ______________(govern).
3. The states sent their _____________(represent) to Philadelphia.
4. There are 100___________(senate) in the Senate.
5. A ________(senate) term is 6 years.
6. The Supreme court is made up of 9 ___________(judge).
7. The Vice President helps the president to make __________(decide).
8. The 13th amendment ended _______(slave).
9. The Bill of rights guarantees people important rights and ______(free).
10. American Constitution was ___________(write) 200 years ago.
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3. Read the sentence and choose the correct word.
1. The President of the United States is elected/ examined/ changed every
four years.
2. In other words, the President delays / appoints / opposes the heads of the
most important departments in the Administration.
3. Each state has its own president/government/judge
4. People of the USA can exercise their power through their
friends/representatives/politics.
5. The Senators are elected by popular vote/people/choose for a term of six
years two from each state
Reading.
TEXT A.
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA. PART I
The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each
state has its own government («state government*). In some ways the United
States is like 50 small countries.
According to the Constitution the USA is a republic. So, the officials of any rank
are elected by US citizens. Every citizen has rights which can not be
violated.The Constitution proclaims a federal system of government which
keeps both the states and the federal power from getting too much power. It
means that the federal government is given certain powers, for example, to make
peace or war, to issue money and to regulate the trade and so on.
The federal power is located in Washington, D.C. It is based on legislative,
executive and juridical branches of power.
The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of two houses: the
Senate and the House of Representatives, There are 435 members in the House
of Representatives and 100 senators in Congress. Each state elects two members
for the Senate.
The executive branch is headed by the President who is assisted by the Vice
President. The President enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of
the Armed Forces. The President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds
vote shall overrule him. The Vice President, elected from the same political
party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the
death of the President, assumes the Presidency. The President of the USA is
chosen in nationwide elections every 4 years together with the Vice.-President.
The President can not be elected for more than two terms. The Cabinet is made
up of Department Secretaries. The most important of them is the Secretary of
State, who deals with foreign affairs.
39
The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and
the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life.
Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of
different states.
Constitution has been amended twenty six times. The Bill of Rights guarantees
individual liberties: freedom of word, religion and so on. Later amendments
abolished slavery, granted the vote to women and colour people and allowed
citizens to vote at the age of 18.
Vocabulary Notes
own — свой, собственный
to sign — подписать, подписывать
original — зд. первый
according to — в соответсвии с, согласно
officials — должностные лица, чиновники
citizen — гражданин
to proclaim — провозглашать; объявлять
certain — точный, определенный
to issue money — выпускать деньги
to regulate the trade — регулировать торговлю
to locate — находиться, размещаться
to vest — наделять (правом), давать права, облекать правом
legislative — законодательный
executive — исполнительный
judiciary — судебный
Congress — Конгресс
house — зд. палата
Senate — Сенат
House of Representatives — Палата представителей
Vice President — вице-президент
elections — выборы
to enforce — принуждать, вынуждать (к чему-л.)» заставлять; навязывать
(кому-л. — on)
armed forces — вооруженные силы
to veto — налагать вето (на что-л.), запрещать
bill — законопроект
overrule — отклонять, отказывать; отменять (чье-л. решение); отвергать
chairman — председатель
Cabinet — Кабинет (министров)
Department Secretaries — министры
Secretary of State — государственный секретарь, глава
внешнеполитического ведомства США
Federal District Court — Федеральный окружной суд
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