Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Альтернативная энергетика как фактор модернизации российской экономики. Тенденции и перспективы. Сборник научных трудов
.pdf
ɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɭɸ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1960-1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ – ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, – ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ, ɚ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ – ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ
ɩɨɞ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ ɲɬɪɚɮɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ 1980-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ» ɬɨɜɚɪɵ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ
. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ, ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɹ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ»
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɭɥɨɜɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɝɪɢɧɜɨɲɢɧɝɚ» (greenwashing). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɨɛ-
ɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɋ ɤɨɧɰɚ 1980-ɯ ɢ ɜ 1990-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1996 ɝ. ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɂɋɈ 14000 [2]. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹ-
ɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ. [3, p. 19-25]).
Ʌɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼɂɗ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ
ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ȿɋ, ɋɒȺ, Ʉɚɬɚɟɦ, ɘɠɧɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.)
ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ (ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ)
ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ) ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ȼɂɗ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɪɨɫɬɚ,
ɫɬɚɜɲɟɣ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ
ɢɡ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ 2007-2009 ɝɝ.
81
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ȼɂɗ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɯ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ȼɂɗ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ȼɂɗ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɇɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ȼɂɗ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
2000-2013 ɝɝ. ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ȼɂɗ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɪɨɫɥɨ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ 3% ɜ ɝɨɞ
(ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2006-2013 ɝɝ. – ɧɚ 5,5% ɜ ɝɨɞ) [4, p. 64]. ȼ 2013 ɝ. ɜ ɦɢɪɟ
ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ 36 Ƚȼɬ, ɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 20102013 ɝɝ. ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ [4, p. 140].
ɇɚ ȼɂɗ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɜ 2014 ɝ. ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ 128 Ƚȼɬ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 45%) ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ
ɜɜɨɞɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 37%
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɪɟɬɢ – ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ [5, p.
21]. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, (ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
30-50 ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ ɡɚ ɛɚɪɪɟɥɶ) ɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛ-
ɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ȼɂɗ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɲɢɟ ɜ 2015 ɝ. ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɜ 285 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
109,6 ɦɥɪɞ. –
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɭ, 161 ɦɥɪɞ. – ɜ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɭɸ [6, pp.
12, 14].
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɪɵɜɵ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ» ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɩɪɹɦɵɯ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
82
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ.
[7]).
Ʉɚɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XX
ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɵ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ, ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ «Swiss Re» ɢ «Munich
Re», ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 30 ɥɟɬ (ɫ 1980 ɩɨ 2010 ɝ.) ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɜɞɜɨɟ [8, ɫ. 1059]. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
2000-2009 ɝɝ. ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ 1970-1979 ɝɝ. ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɨ ɜ 4,5 ɪɚɡɚ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɡɚ
2002-2012 ɝɝ. ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 184 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 13-15 ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1970-1979 ɝɝ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ [8, ɫ. 1059].
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ
ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 2005 ɝ. ɩɨ 2014 ɝ. ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ «ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ»
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɨ ɜ 4 ɪɚɡɚ (ɭɞɜɚɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ 2005-2009 ɝɝ. ɢ 2009-2014 ɝɝ.)
ɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ 2014 ɝ. ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ 804 [9, pp. 19, 29]. Ɋɹɞ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɜ 2015 ɝ., – ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɐɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɨ 2030 ɝ., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ – ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ
ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɞɨ 2030-2050 ɝɝ.
ȼ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ 2015 ɝ. ɧɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɫɫɚɦɛɥɟɟ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɐɟɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ» [10], ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨ 2030 ɝ., ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ «ɐɟɥɹɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹ»,
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɦ ɫ 2000 ɩɨ 2015 ɝɝ. ɐɟɥɶ ʋ7 «ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ
ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɢɦ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ», ɩɪɹɦɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ, ɨɫɨɛɨ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ «ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ», «ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
83
«ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ» [10, ɫ. 23]. Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɰɟɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ
2015 ɝ. ɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2016 ɝ. ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɟ ɫɨ-
ɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2020 ɝ. ɢ ɩɪɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ
ɫɦɟɧɭ Ʉɢɨɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ [11]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
1,5oɋ ɨɬ ɞɨɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 1900 ɝ 3.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɯ
4
ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɵɦ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȼɂɗ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɲɚɝɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ
ɹɧɜɚɪɟ 2015 ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ
ɨɬ 23.01.2015 ʋ 47 [13], ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɲɟɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ȼɂɗ, ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɩɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɵɧɤɭ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ 2013 ɝ. (ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ. [14] ɢ ɝɥ. 9 ɧɚɫɬ. ɢɡɞ.).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɦɨɝ «ɪɟɲɚɬɶ» ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ (ɥɢɛɨ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ) ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɭɠɟ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɧɚ [15]. ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ
ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɟɪɟɞ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ
3
«… ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ 2°ɋ ɫɜɟɪɯ ɞɨɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜ-
ɧɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ1,5°ɋ…» [11, ɫ. 3]
4
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɦ. [12].
84
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɭɱɟɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ.
ɋɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ) – ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ, ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɤ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ
ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɟɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɬ.ɞ. [16, p. 30]. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɪɹɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ ɜ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɟ
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɫɦɚɪɬɮɨɧɚ «ɩɪɨɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɬɪɢɯɤɨɞ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ, ɧɟ ɫɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɥɢ
ɨɧ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ» [17, p. 82]. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ; ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ (ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢ).
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ,
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɭɸ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ 24 ɬɵɫ. ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɜ 20 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, 74% ɡɚɹɜɢɥɢ ɨ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɤ ɛɪɟɧɞɭ ɜ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ 49% ɨɩ
-ɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ
ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
79% ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ ȼɂɗ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɥɢɲɶ 8% ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɹɞɟɪɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɢ 5% - ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟ-
5
ɦɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ) [36, pp. 10, 14, 20]
. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨ-
ɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ (ɪɢɫ. 2).
5
Ɉ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ (2010
ɝ.) ɫɦ: [19, ɫ. 119-120].
85
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɇɟɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɢ ɞɥɹ
ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: [18, p.23].
ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ, ɜɵɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɦɢ: ɪɨɫɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ) ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ
, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȼɂɗ.
Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ȼɂɗ:
ɨɩɵɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ» ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ȼɂɗ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ [20]. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ceres ɨ ɞɨɥɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ Fortune 100 ɢ
Global 100, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚ
-
ɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɧɚ 2012 ɝ.) [21, p.12]
6
(ɪɢɫ. 1)
. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨɥɹ
ȼɂɗ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ; ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ȼɂɗ [21, p.4; 22].
ȼ ɋɒȺ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɛɚɡɵ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ȼɂɗ. ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɡ
6
ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ Fortune 100 ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ 100 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɋɒȺ, ɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ Global 100,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ-
86
ɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɜ (renewable energy
certificate – REC).
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ Fortune 100 ( )
ɢ Global 100 ( ) ɜ 2012 ɝ. ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɩɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: [21, p.12]
ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɦ 1 Ɇȼɬɱ
ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼɂɗ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨ
ɫɭɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȼɂɗ. ɋɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɫɨɡɞɚ-
ɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ȼɂɗ.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (power purchase agreement - PPA). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ (ɞɨ 15-20 ɥɟɬ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 2-3 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɜ) ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɜ ɤɨɧ-
ɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ [21, p. 18].
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɜɫɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ ɜ ȼɂɗ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ (on-site generation) ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬ-
87
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɨɦ 30 ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ-ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫ
2014 ɝ. ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɋɒȺ (EPA), ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ 25 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2016 ɝ., ɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Wal-Mart (ɫɜɵɲɟ 182 ɦɥɧ. Ʉȼɬɱ) ɢ Apple (ɫɜɵɲɟ 156
ɦɥɧ. Ʉȼɬɱ) (ɬɚɛɥ.).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɋɒȺ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɫɨɛ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟ-
ʋ Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ
Wal-Mart
1
Stores, Inc.
2 Apple Inc. 156 513 800 15 Ȼɢɨɝɚɡ, ɋɨɥɧɰɟ 865 093 200
General
3
Motors
Coca-Cola
4
Refreshments
BMW Manu-
5
facturing Co.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: [23]
ɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, Ʉȼɬɱ/ɝɨɞ
182 297 795 1 ɋɨɥɧɰɟ, ȼɟɬɟɪ 644 045 931
53 260 800 43 Ȼɢɨɝɚɡ 0
51 827 856 6 Ȼɢɨɝɚɡ, ɋɨɥɧɰɟ 0
51 534 262 21 Ȼɢɨɝɚɡ, ɋɨɥɧɰɟ 0
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɜ ɨɛ-
ɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, %
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ
ȼɂɗ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɟɧɟ-
ɪɚɰɢɢ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɦ «ɡɟɥɟ-
ɧɨɣ» ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ,
Ʉȼɬɱ/ɝɨɞ
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨ 2013
ɝ. ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɩɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ȼɂɗ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɤɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ. ȼ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ,
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ
ɩɥɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ «Ɋɨɫɚɬɨɦ» ɩɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ [24], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ Ɋɨɫɧɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ
ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ 2020-2025 ɝɝ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
1. Heedɟ R. Tracing Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emis-
sions to Fossil Fuel and Cement Producers, 1854-2010 // Climatic
Change, 2014, January, vol . 122, ʋ 1-2, pp. 229-241. DOI
10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y
88
2. Environmental Management. The ISO 14000 Family of International
Standards. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ. URL:
http://www.iso.org/iso/ru/iso14000
3. Rainy D.L. Sustainable Business Development: Inventing the Future
through Strategy, Innovation, and Leadership // Cambridge University
Press, 2006.
4. Energy Technologies Perspectives, Paris. EIA, 2014.
5. Energy and Climate Change: World Energy Outlook Special Report.
EIA, 2015.
6. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2016. Frankfurt School-
UNEP Centre/ BNEF, 2016. URL: http://fs-unecentre.org/sites/default/files/publications/
globaltrendsinrenewableenergyinvestment2016lowres_0.pdf
7. Ɍɟɪɟɧɬɶɟɜ ɇ.ȿ. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ» ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɧɨ-
ɜɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ // ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɂɇɉ ɊȺɇ,
2011. ɋ.115-135.
8. ɉɨɪɮɢɪɶɟɜ Ȼ.ɇ., Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ ȿ.Ⱥ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ
ɧɚɭɤ. 2014. Ɍɨɦ 84. ʋ12. ɋ.1059-1072.
9. The 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study: A Review of Climate
Change Legislation in 99 Countries. Summary for Policymakers/ London
School of Economics Grantham Research Institute. May 2015.
10. ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ: ɉɨɜɟɫɬɤɚ ɞɧɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟ-ɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ 2030 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɋɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɹ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɫɫɚɦɛɥɟɢ ɈɈɇ ɨɬ 25 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 2015 ɝɨɞɚ URL:
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=
R
11. ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ,
2015.URL:https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2016/02/20160215%200603%20PM/Ch_XXVII-7-d.pdf
12. ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪɨɜ Ɉ. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɩɥɸɫɵ ɢ
ɦɢɧɭɫɵ // ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ. 17 ɦɚɹ 2015
ɝ. URL:
http://www.ng.ru/ng_energiya/2016-05-17/9_climate.html
13. ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɨɬ 23.01.2015 ʋ 47 «Ɉ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ»
89
14. Ɋɵɧɨɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ȼɂɗ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɩɬɨɜɵɣ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɵɣ. 13 ɦɚɹ
2013 ɝ. URL: http://green-city.su/rynok-energii-vie-snachala-optovyjteper-roznichnyj/
15. Pasquali V. Compliance Goes Global: the Unavoidable Costs of In-
creasing Regulation // Global Finance. 2015. ʋ5. May. URL:
https://www.gfmag.com/magazine/may-2015/unavoidable-costsincreasing-regulation-compliance-goes-global
16. Laszlo C. et al Flourishing Enterprise: the New Spirit of Business //
Stanford University Press, 2014. – 224 p.
17. Ɇɷɣɧɭɨɪɢɧɝ ɋ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɦɢɪ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɚ / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. ɇ. Ɂɚɪɚɯɨɜɢɱ. – Ɇ.:
Ɇɚɧɧ, ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɢ Ɏɟɪɛɟɪ, 2013. – 384 ɫ.
18. Vestas in partnership with TNS Gallup (2012). Global Consumer Wind
Study 2012.
19. Ɍɟɪɟɧɬɶɟɜ ɇ.ȿ. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ» ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ:
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ // ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɂɇɉ ɊȺɇ,
2011. ɋ.115-135.
20. Ɍɟɪɟɧɬɶɟɜ ɇ.ȿ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚ-
ɧɢɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ / Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ «ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȼɂɗ. ȼɵɡɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ» (ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɬɨ ɲɟɫɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ «ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ» (ɋɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ Ⱥ.ɋ. ɇɟɤɪɚɫɨɜɚ)
ɨɬ
27.10.2015. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɂɇɉ ɊȺɇ, 2015. ɋ. 61-68.
21. Power Forward: Why the World’s Largest Companies are Investing in
Renewable Energy. Ceres, 2012.
22. Power Forward 2.0: How American Companies are Setting Clean En-
ergy Targets. Ceres, 2014.
23.https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/201604/documents/top30ons
ite_apr2016.pdf
24. Ɏɨɦɢɱɟɜɚ Ⱥ. Ⱥɬɨɦɧɵɣ ɜɟɬɟɪ. "Ɋɨɫɚɬɨɦ" ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɢɧɜɟ-
ɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ. // Ʉɨɦɦɟɪɫɚɧɬɴ. 03.06.2016. URL:
http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3002870
90
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]