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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3
ə
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɜ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ
(ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ 2014 ɝ.), ɬɵɫ.
Ɇɢɪ Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ȼɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ 822 241 152 58 52 53 238
Ȼɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ 1788 71 845 282 35 3 26 30 42
Ȼɢɨɝɚɡ 381 209 85 49 3 14
Ƚɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ 154 35 2 17 33 54
Ɇɚɥɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ
ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ (ɮɨɬɨɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɤɚ)
ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ
(ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ (ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ)
209 126 12 8 12
2495 1641 125 210 56 26 82
22 174 1 14
764 600 41 75 11 7 19
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
ɋɒȺ ɂɧɞɢɹ
ɩɨɧɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
13
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
ȿɋ (ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ)
4 24
ȼɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: [34].
1027 502 36 73 48 3 138 20 162
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȼɂɗ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɞɥɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ, ɝɞɟ
ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ «ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɡ» ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 7 ɦɥɧ. ɬ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ 23 ɦɥɧ. ɬ ɭɝɥɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ, ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ. ɋɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 10 ɢ ɞɚɠɟ 50 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ Ʉȼɬ·ɱ, ɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ 3000 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ 1
Ƚɤɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ȼɂɗ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ [39]. ȼɟɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 960 Ɍȼɬ ɱɚɫɨɜ/ɝɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ [43].
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ȼɂɗ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
15 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫ ɧɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɝɭ-
51
ɥɹɪɧɨ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȼɂɗ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɵɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɪɚɞɚɪɵ, ɦɚɹɤɢ, ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ
ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɟɬɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨ. ȼ
ɰɟɥɹɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ
ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ȼɂɗ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɨ ɫ
ɪɹɞɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼɂɗ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼɂɗ. Ɉɛɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ʉɪɚɣɧɟɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ȼɂɗ –
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɲ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɣ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
1. Ȼɨɛɵɥɟɜ ɋ.ɇ., Ɂɚɯɚɪɨɜ ȼ.Ɇ. «Ɂɟɥɟɧɚɹ» ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ.
ɗɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ/ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɚɬɵ ɊɎ // ɇɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. 2012. ʋ 60.
2. ɉɨɪɮɢɪɶɟɜ Ȼ.ɇ. Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ // ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. 2013. ʋ 5.
3. Ȼɪɚɭɧ Ʌ. ɗɤɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ: Ʉɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ, ɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɭɸ
ɩɥɚɧɟɬɭ/ ȼɫɬɭɩ. ɫɥ. ȼ
.ɂ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜɚ-Ⱦɚɧɢɥɶɹɧɚ/ ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. Ɇ.: ɂɡ-
ɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ȼɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ», 2003. – 392 ɫ.
52
4. Barbier E.B. Rethinking the Economic Recovery: A Global Green New
Deal. Report for UNEP, April 2009. – 144 p.
5. Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development //
The World Bank, 2012. – 192 p.
6. Towards Green Growth. OECD, 2011. – 114 p.
7. EIA (2014). Energy Technologies Perspectives, Paris.
8. Ƚɥɚɡɶɟɜ ɋ.ɘ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ-
ɹɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ. – Ɇ.: ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ, 2000. – 254 ɫ.
9. ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ: ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ. – [Ʌ.ɗ. Ɇɢɧɞɟɥɢ, Ʌ.ɉ. Ʉɥɟɟɜɚ, Ɍ.ɘ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜɚ ɢ
ɞɪ.; ɝɥ. ɪɟɞ. Ʌ.ɗ. Ɇɢɧɞɟɥɢ
]. – Ɇ.: ɂɧ-
ɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɢ
ɊȺɇ, 2010. – 422 ɫ.
10. De Weck O. L., Reed D. Trends in Advanced Manufacturing Technol-
ogy Innovaton In: MIT (2014), Production in the Innovation Economy /
edited by R.M. Locke and R.L. Wellhausen, pp. 234-261.
11. Ɋɢɮɤɢɧ Ⱦɠ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ: Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɭ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɢ ɦɢɪ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. / Ⱦɠɟɪɟɦɢ Ɋɢɮɤɢɧ; ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. – Ɇ.: Ⱥɥɶɩɢɧɚ ɧɨɧ-ɮɢɤɲɧ,
2014. – 410 ɫ.
12. Ɏɸɤɫ Ɋ. Ɂɟɥɟɧɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ: ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɛɟɡ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɞɥɹ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ / Ɋɚɥɶɮ Ɏɸɤɫ
; ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɧɟɦ. – Ɇ.: Ⱥɥɶɩɢɧɚ ɧɨɧ-ɮɢɤɲɧ,
2016. – 330 ɫ.
13. Schwab K. The Forth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum,
2016. – 198 p.
14. Schwab K. The Forth Industrial Revolution: What it Means and How
to Respond. 14 January 2016. URL:
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15. Ȼɨɞɪɭɧɨɜ ɋ.Ⱦ. ɇɨɜɨɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ: ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɫɨ-
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ // ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. 2015. ʋ 4.
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ɪɟɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ // ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢ-
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ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɊȺɇ. / ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɪɨɜɤɢɧɚ. – Ɇ.: ɆȺɄɋɉɪɟɫɫ, 2015. ɋ. 418-434.
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«ɭɦɧɵɯ»
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ɜɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ// Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ (ɋɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ). – 2011. –
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ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ: ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ.
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«ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ: ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ», ɂɆɗɆɈ ɊȺɇ, 6 ɢɸɧɹ
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38. Ɇɢɪɧɵɣ Ⱥ.ɇ., ɋɤɜɨɪɰɨɜ Ʌ.ɋ. Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɷɧɟɪ-
ɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ/ ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɇɢɪɧɨɝɨ/ ɊȺȿɇ. – Ɇ.: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɦ. Ʉ.Ⱦ.
39. Ʉɭɥɚɤɨɜ
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ɉɚɦɮɢɥɨɜɚ, 2015. – 303 ɫ.
ɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ PR? URL: http://aenergy.ru/3183.
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42. Ȼɨɥɟɟ 2250 ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɪɹɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ
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55
ȼ.ɇ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜ, ɇ.ȼ. ɋɭɜɨɪɨɜ, ɂ.Ⱥ. Ȼɭɞɚɧɨɜ
ȽɅȺȼȺ 3
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɂ ɉɍɌɂ ɉɈȼɕɒȿɇɂə
ɗɇȿɊȽɈɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ
ɂ ɊȿɋɍɊɋɈɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɕɏ
ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ
ɗɧɟɪɝɨ- ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ
Ɍɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ: ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ; ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹ-
1
ɡɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɫɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ- ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ȼ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ 2,3% (ɬɚɛɥ. 1), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɬɟɫɧɢɥɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɋɒȺ ɢ ȿɋ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2000-ɯ ɝɝ. ɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɊɎ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ
ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ȿɋ, ɋɒȺ, Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɢ ɂɧɞɢɢ (ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ
1
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɚ ɊȽɇɎ (ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ʋ15-02-00411ɚ «Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ»)
56
ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ – ɨɛɳɟɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ – ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ). ɗɬɚ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, %
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ 2,6 2,8 2,7 2,8
Ʉɢɬɚɣ 6,6 12,4 30,6 37,0
ɂɧɞɢɹ 1,5 1,8 2,4 2,9
əɩɨɧɢɹ 21,0 20,4 12,6 11,3
Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,2
ɋɒȺ 29,0 26,4 19,5 17,2
ȿɋ 27 37,0 34,0 29,9 26,6
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: [1, ɫ. 278].
ȼɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ 100 100 100 100
2000 2005 2010 2015
Ƚɨɞɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɰɟɩɨɱɟɤ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɫɩɪɨɫɨɦ «ɫɬɚɧɤɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ – ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ – ɈɉɄ» ɢ «ɫɬɚɧɤɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ
– ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ – ɌɗɄ».
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɪɵɧɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɝɪɨɤɨɜ, ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ- ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ.
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ
ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ - ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ»
57
ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [2, ɫ. 22; 3] ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
«ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ- ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
Ɋɨɥɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ- ɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɉɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ «ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ» ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ.
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ, ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɰɟɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɪɨɫɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-
2
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
.
ɉɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
2
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ «ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ» ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɟɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɦ.
[4]
58
ɟɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɧɨ-ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɮɨɪɦɟ 5-ɡ ɢ 1ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ Ɋɨɫɫɬɚɬɨɦ. ɗɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ
ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ȼɜɢɞɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɚɯ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɩɨ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ. ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ
ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɧɨ-ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ (ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ
-
ɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ), ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ [5, 6].
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨ-ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ «ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ» (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɚɹ), «ɧɨɜɚɹ» ɢ «ɛɚɡɨɜɚɹ»
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
59
Ȼɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2), ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ (ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ) ɝɨɞ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ (ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɧɨɦɭ) ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɜ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɜ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ.
ɇɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɹɦ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
(ɜɢɞɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ)
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (X) í
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ (K) Ɏɨɧɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ k=(K/X)
Ɂɚɧɹɬɵɟ (L) Ɍɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ l=(L/X)
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɜɫɟɝɨ
(M)
ɜ ɬ.ɱ.:
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ (ME) ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ mE =(ME/X)
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɜɫɟɝɨ m=(M/X)
Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ(MT) Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ mT =(MT/X)
ɋɵɪɶɟ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɜɫɟɝɨ (MS)
ɜ ɬ.ɱ.
1) M
2) M
S1
S2
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɜɫɟɝɨ mS
/X)
=(M
S
ɜ ɬ.ɱ.
1) m
2) m
=(MS1/X)
S1
=(MS2/X)
S2
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢ
ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɬ.ɟ. ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɭɬɶ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ).
Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ
- ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɹɜɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ,
ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɜɨɞɨɦ ɜ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɢ
60
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