Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Альтернативная энергетика как фактор модернизации российской экономики. Тенденции и перспективы. Сборник научных трудов
.pdf
ɜ 2013 ɝ. ɂɡ 58 ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ
ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ 30 Ɇȼɬ ɧɚ 2014 ɝ. ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ 1 ɪɭɛ./Ʉȼɬ, ɧɚ
ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ – ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɚɭɤɰɢɨɧɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɟ – 26 ɩɨɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɭɸ (ɪɭɛɥɶ ɜ ɪɭɛɥɶ) ɰɟɧɭ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɚɧɢ-
ɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ [33].
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɬɛɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ 2013 ɝ., ɧɨ ɢ ɜ 2014 ɝɝ. ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ 2014-2018
ɝɝ. ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 Ƚȼɬ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ 80% ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɮɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ: ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɵ, ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 15 ɥɟɬ ɫ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ 14% ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ (ɬɟɤɭɳɚɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɤ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɣɦɚ) [34].
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɣ ɩɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɦ (ɎɋɌ). Ɉɰɟɧɢɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ
ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɨɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ȾɉɆ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ: ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 2013 ɝ., ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɭ
ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ȾɉɆ ɫ 14% ɞɨ 13% ɜ 2014 ɝ. ɢ ɞɨ 12% ɜ 2015 ɝ.; ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ȼɂɗ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɨ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ ɎɋɌ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ 2014 ɝ. ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ 140 ɦɥɪɞ. ɪɭɛ. [33].
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɧɟ ɭɜɟɧɱɚɥɢɫɶ: ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɭ 2015 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɜɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɬɪɨɟ (2,95 Ƚȼɬ) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɜɲɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
2013-2014 ɝ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɪɟɡɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 2014 ɝ. ɢ
ɫɧɢ-
ɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ 2015 ɝ. ɥɢɲɢɥɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ ɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɨ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɸ ɥɨɛɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ȾɉɆ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ȼɂɗ ɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ. ɂɦɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɥɨɤ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ 2013-2014 ɝɨɞɚɯ, ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ
ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 14% ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ɜɜɨɞɨɜ «ɡɚ 2020 ɝɨɞ» ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɲɬɪɚɮɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ
31
ȼɂɗ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɝɨɫɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ: ɞɚɠɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜɜɨɞɚ, ɧɟ ɧɚɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɲɬɪɚɮɨɦ (grace period), ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɪɭɛɥɹɯ, ɢ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɥɨɧɝɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ȼɂɗ.
ɗɬɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɇɉ «ɋɨɜɟɬ ɪɵɧɤɚ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ
ɤɨɧɰɟ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2015 ɝ. ɢɡ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ – ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ȼɂɗ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɬɦɟɧɚ; ɩɟɪɟɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ; ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɥɨ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɧɭ ɲɬɪɚɮɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ȼɂɗ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫ ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ
[35]. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȼɂɗ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ȾɉɆ ɜ
ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ; ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ ȾɉɆ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ «ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɜ ȼɂɗ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ».
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ
ɇɟɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ȼɂɗ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ «ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ» ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɨɦ ɋɋɋɊ
ɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɭɬɪɚɬɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ȼɂɗ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɢɝɪɨɤɨɜ. ɋɜɨɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɥɟɩɬɭ ɜɧɟɫɥɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ,
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ, ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ
ɩɨɪ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ȼɂɗ.
32
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ
ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ȼɂɗ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ, ɧɟɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ȼɂɗ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ
ɛɵ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɧɢɲɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɡɚɧɹɜɲɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȼɂɗ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɫɯɟɦ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇɂɈɄɊ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɨɬ ɦɟɪ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ȼɂɗ, ɨɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɟ
-
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɧɹɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɭɬɪɚɬɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɤ ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɢ ɫɯɟɦ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȼɂɗ, ɧɨ
ɢ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɢɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ) ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɣ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ, ɦɟɪ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȼɂɗ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ «ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɫɧɢɡɭ» ɫ «ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɨɣ
ɫɜɟɪɯɭ» ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɤɪɚɬɧɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȼɂɗ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜ ɢɯ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɟ
ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɭɥɶɬɢɩɥɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ȼɂɗ
(ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɧɚ
ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
1. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Energy_from
_renewable_sources#Further_Eurostat_information) (Data extracted in
March 2015).
33
2. IEA. World Energy Outlook 2014. Vienna: IEA, 2014.
3. Energy Union Package Communication from the Commission to the
European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social
Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank. A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a
Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy. Brussels, 2015.
4. Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Key Findings. REN 21, UNEP
Paris, 2015 ISBN 978-3-9815934-7-1.
5. New Investment in Clean Energy. Bloomberg New Energy Finance,
2015.
6. New Energy Outlook 2015: Long-Term Projections of the Global En-
ergy Sector: Executive Summary. Bloomberg New Energy Finance,
June 2015
7. IEA. World Energy Outlook 2015. Vienna: IEA.
th
8. Banishing the clouds. // Economist, June 13
2015, p. 59-60.
9. Douglas J. Arent, Alison Wise, Rachel Gelman. The status and pro-
spects of renewable energy for combating global warming // Energy
Economics, Volume 33, Issue 4, July 2011.
10. http://minenergo.gov.ru/activity/vie/
11. http://www.rosteplo.ru/soc/blog/raznoe/1720.html
12. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ «ɗɧɟɪɝɨɷɮ-
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ». URL:
http://minenergo.gov.ru/upload/iblock/afc/
13. Ɇɢɥɶɧɟɪ, Ȼ.Ɂ., ɂ.ɋ. Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤ, ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɋɨɝɢɧɤɨ. əɩɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ.
Ɇ., «Ɇɵɫɥɶ», 1985.
14. Ʉɢɧɴɸ ɫɟɤɷɧ ɤɨɞɡɚ. Ɍɨɤɢɨ, 1981.
15. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable
sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives
2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC.
16. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/energy_efficiency/en0002_
en.htm
17. Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ
. Financing Renewable Energy in the
European Energy Market, 2011. URL:
http//ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/studies/doc/renewables/2011_fin
ancing_renewable.pdf
18. http//ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en
19. http//ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020
34
20. Dmitriev G. Wind Energy in Russia, VetrEnergo Report for Gaia
Apatity and INFORSE-Europe, First Part, June 2001. URL:
http://www.inforse.dk/europe/ word_docs/ruswind2.doc
21. EBRD, Strategic Renewable Energy Assessment. Renewable Energy
Country Profile: Russian Federation, version 0.6b. URL:
http://projects.bv.com/ebrd/profiles/Russia.pdf
22. Ɏɨɪɬɨɜ ȼ.ȿ., ɉɨɩɟɥɶ ȼ.ɋ. ȼɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ
ɦɢɪɟ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. www.reenfor.org/
23. http://rusvesna.su/future/1416523587
24. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ. URL: http://gisvie.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=189:2012-0906-12-10-00&catid=53:2012-09-06-11-34-39&Itemid=114
25. «Ɉɛ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ». Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɨɬ 26 ɦɚɪɬɚ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ ʋ 35-ɎɁ: // ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. – 2003. – ʋ 13. – ɋɬ. 1177.
26. «Ɉ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ Ɋɨɫ-
ɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ȿɞɢɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ». Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 4 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ʋ 250-ɎɁ.
www.rg.ru/2007/11/08/ energosistema-izmenenia-dok.html
27. Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ȿ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ //
ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨ. - Ɇ.: ɘɪɢɫɬ, 2010. ʋ 1. ɋ. 39–44.
28. http://www.minenergo.gov.ru/activity/powerindustry/powerdirection/
energorynok/
29. «Ɉ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ». ɍɤɚɡ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 4 ɢɸɧɹ 2008 ɝɨɞɚ ʋ 889 // ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. – 2008. – ʋ 3. – ɋɬ. 2672.
30. http://minenergo.gov.ru/activity/vie/
31. Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 26.03.2003 ʋ 35-ɎɁ
«Ɉɛ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ» (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ
ɨɬ 29.06.2012). URL:
http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=75
553; fld=134;dst=100025;rnd=0.35901535023003817
32. ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɨɬ 28 ɦɚɹ 2013 ɝ. N 449 «Ɉ ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɬɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨ-
35
ɫɬɢ/http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=1
46916
33. http://energotrade.ru/forum.aspx?g=posts&t=8133
34. http://www.np-sr.ru
35. http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2731042
36
ɘ.ȼ. ɇɚɭɦɨɜɚ, ɇ.ȿ. Ɍɟɪɟɧɬɶɟɜ
ȽɅȺȼȺ 2.
ɊɈɅɖ ȺɅɖɌȿɊɇȺɌɂȼɇɈɃ ɗɇȿɊȽȿɌɂɄɂ ȼ
ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɆɈȾȿɊɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ
ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɄɂ ɂ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɕɏ ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
1
ɧɚ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ (ȼɂɗ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɧɵɯ (
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ-ɢɦɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ȼɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. (ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [1;
2]).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ (ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɤɥɚɞɚ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ»
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ɉɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɥɢ-
1
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɚ ɊȽɇɎ (ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ʋ15-02-00411ɚ «Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ»)
37
ɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɫ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ, ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɪɨɫɬɚ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɢɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ; ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ
ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ
ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ ɜ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɟ; ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɝɪɨɡɹɳɢɦ
ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ: ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ
ɩɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ʌ. Ȼɪɚɭɧ, «ɧɵɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ» [3, ɫ. 50].
Ɉɬɜɟɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ» ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ»
ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ
2007-2009 ɝɝ., ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɞɟɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɭ, ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɚɧɬɢɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢ-
2
ɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
.
ȼ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ» ɪɨɫɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɧɚɛɨɪ ɦɟɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
2
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨ ɪɨɥɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ» ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɯ ɫɦ. [4].
38
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ; ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɤ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ; ɜ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɚɦ
ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ [5, p. 2].
ɋɯɨɠɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɰɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɪɨɫɬɚ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɩɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
(ɈɗɋɊ): ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɥɚ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ; ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ [6, p. 18].
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ»
ɪɨɫɬɚ ɈɗɋɊ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ: ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ- ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ; ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ; ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ [6, p. 9].
Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɪɨɫɬɚ,
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɢ ɲɢɪɟ – ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 37% ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ 26% ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ CO
[7, p. 47]. Ɉɫɨ-
2
ɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɲɟɫɬɨɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɤɥɚɞɭ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ,
ɲɟɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɩɨ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ
, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɭɠɟ ɜ 2020-ɯ ɝɝ. ɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɯ 20-30 ɥɟɬ (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ 2035-2045 ɝɝ.) ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ,
39
ɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ – ɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ (ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ) ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɲɟɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɤ-
3
ɥɚɞɚ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ [8, 9]
, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɸɬ
ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɜ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XXI ɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɒȺ,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ Ɇɚɫɫɚɱɭɫɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ (ɆɌɂ) ɜ 2014 ɝ., ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɶ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ [10, p. 237]:
1) ɧɚɧɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɦɢ (ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪ.) ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ;
2) ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ 3D ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
;
3) ɧɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ;
4) ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ;
5) «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɟ» (ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɧɨɣ ɦɚɥɨɨɬɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ
- ɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼɂɗ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ (PV)
ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (CSP) ɢ ɬ.ɞ.;
6) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɨɞɟɠɞɭ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ; ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.);
7) ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɵɯ
3
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ [9, ɫ. 51], «ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɹɬɵɦ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɵɦ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɢ». ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ,
ɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɲɟɫɬɨɝɨ – ɧɚ ɧɚɧɨɭɪɨɜɧɟ (ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɪɚ), ɱɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɨɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɠɢɜɵɯ
ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ; ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟ-
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
40
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]