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ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫ-
…
ɪ
)
ɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ɉɨ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Golden Sachs [25], ɤ 2020 ɝ. ɜɟɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ, ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ.
Ⱦɨɥɥ./ɤȼɬɱ
1000
800
600
400
200
ɉ
ɨɝɧɨɡ Ɇɢɧɷɧɟɪɝɨ ɋɒȺ (DOE
0
2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2…2
ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Tesla
Ɋɢɫ. 11. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: [26]
Ⱦɨɥɥ./ɤȼɬ.ɱ
700
600
500
400
300
200
680
600
550
550
535 535
550
300
350
500
500
200
100
0
2014 2017 2020
ɉɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɨ-ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ Ʌɢɬɢɟɜɨ-ɢɨɧɧɵɟ Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɥɢɬɢɣ-ɫɟɪɧɵɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 12. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: [27]
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ
Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ȼɂɗ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɬɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧ
ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ȼɂɗ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
2008-2012 ɝɝ. ɬɚɦ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ
2,5 ɪɚɡɚ
, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɟ – ɜ 2,8 ɪɚɡɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɧɚ
48% ɜ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ feed-in ɬɚɪɢɮɚ ɧɚ 25% [18].
141
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
1. Energy Efficiency Market Report 2015, Market Trends and Medium-
Term Prospects, OECD/IEA, 2015.
2. Siemens (2011). Top 10 Energy Saving Options. Energy Saving Tech-
nology to Deliver Fastest Returns.
URL:https://w3.siemens.co.uk/home/uk/en/aboutus/Documents/Top10
_energy_saving%20options_0911UK.pdf
3. Ʌɟɫɦɚɧ ȿ. Ⱥ. ɗɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ // «ɋɬɪɨɣɉɊɈ-
Ɏɂɥɶ» ʋ 6-04 URL: http://stroyprofile.com/archive/1463
4. Ʌɚɦɩɵ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɥɚɦɩ.
URL: https://www.calc.ru/Lampy-Osveshcheniya-ObshchiyeTekhnicheskiye-Kharakteristiki.html
5. Ȼɚɲɦɚɤɨɜ ɂ.Ⱥ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ: ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ: ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɐɗɇɗɎ
, Ɇ., 2013.
6. Fleiter T., Hagemann M., Hirzel S., Eichhammer W., Wietschel M.
Costs and potentials of energy savings in European industry – a critical
assessment of the concept of conservation supply curves. ECEEE 2009
Summer Study ACT! INNOVATE! DELIVER! Reducing Energy Demand Sustainability
7. Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. UNEP.
8. Global trends in renewable energy investment 2016
9. BP statistical review of world energy 2016
10. Makoto Konagai. Present Status and Future Prospects of Photovoltaic
Power Generation URL:
http://aappsbulletin.org/myboard/read.php?Board=featurearticles&id=4
5
11. Maehlum M.A. Which Solar Panel Type is Best? Mono- vs. Polycrys-
talline vs. Thin Film URL: http://energyinformative.org/best-solarpanel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline-thin-film/
12. McGehee M. An Overview of Solar Cell Technology. URL
http://web.stanford.edu/group/mcgehee/presentations/McGehee2011.pd
f
13. Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions. Energy Darwinism II. Au-
gust 2015.
14. Lazard's Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis – Version 9.0, November
2015.
142
15. Bolinger M., Seel J. Utility-Scale Solar 2014. An Empirical Analysis
of Project Cost, Performance, and Pricing Trends in the United States,
LBNL, Sept. 2015.
16. RE100: China's Fast track to a renewable Future, April 2015. URL:
https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/archive/files/RE100
-China-analysis.pdf
17. Carbon Tracker. Lost in Transition: How the energy sector is missing
potential demand destruction, October 2015.
18. RAP (2015): Report on the German power system. Version 1.01.
Study commissioned by Agora Energiewende. URL:
https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/ downloads/publikationen/CountryProfiles/ Agora_CP_Germany_web.pdf
19. Agora Energiewende. Insights from Germany’s Energiewende / Semi-
nar of the Energy Commission of the Swedish Parliament. Stockholm,
June 3, 2015
20. IEA (2011). Technology Roadmap. Smart Grids.
21. ȼɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɂ.Ɉ., Ɉɤɨɪɨɤɨɜ ȼ.Ɋ., Ɉɤɨɪɨɤɨɜ Ɋ.ȼ., Ʉɨɛɟɰ Ȼ.Ȼ.. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩ-
ɰɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ // 115 ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɟ Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ "ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ". Ɂɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ
30.11.2010.
22. «ɍɦɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ»: XXI ɜɟɤ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ. URL:
http://www.fstrf.ru/tariffs/smi/13
23. Harvey H. Five Ways to a More Flexible Grid. URL:
http://www.theenergycollective.com/
americaspowerplan/2377748/five-ways-to-a-more-flexible-grid.
24. US DOE. Grid Energy Storage, December 2013.
25. Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research. Nov. 30 2015. URL:
http://www.goldmansachs.com/ our- thinking/pages/new-energylandscape-folder/report-the-low-carbon-economy/report.pdf
26. Deutsche Bank. Solar Grid Parity in a Low Oil Price Era, Feb 27 2015.
URL: https://www.db.com/cr/en/docs/solar_report_full_length.pdf.
27. IRENA (2015). Battery Storage for Renewables: Market Status and
Technology Outlook 2015. URL:
http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/irena_battery_
storage_report_2015.pdf
143
144
ɑȺɋɌɖ 3.
ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ ɇɈɊɆȺɌɂȼɇɈ-ɉɊȺȼɈȼɕɏ
ɂ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɈȼ
ɉɈȾȾȿɊɀɄɂ ȺɅɖɌȿɊɇȺɌɂȼɇɈɃ
ɗɇȿɊȽȿɌɂɄɂ
145
Ȼ.ɇ. ɉɨɪɮɢɪɶɟɜ, Ⱥ.ɇ. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜ,
ɂ.Ʌ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɚ, ȼ.ȼ. Ƚɭɪɶɟɜ,
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɐɵɝɚɧɤɨɜɚ
ȽɅȺȼȺ 8.
ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ ɇɈɊɆȺɌɂȼɇɈ-ɉɊȺȼɈȼɈɃ ȻȺɁɕ
ɉɈȼɕɒȿɇɂə ɗɇȿɊȽɈɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ ɉɊɂ
ɗɄɋɉɅɍȺɌȺɐɂɂ ɁȾȺɇɂɃ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ1
ɐɟɥɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ»
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ: ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɈɈɇ ɜ 2015 ɝ. ɰɟɥɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ «ɢɧɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ»
2
, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɭɫ-
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ 67% ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɟɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ 38% ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ɉɨ
ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɂ.Ⱥ. Ȼɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɚ [1], ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ
ɡɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ 2012 ɝ. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 246 ɦɥɧ. ɬ ɭ.ɬ., ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ
ɧɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
102 ɦɥɧ. ɬ ɭ.ɬ., ɢɥɢ 22% ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ
ɋɇɢɉ 23-02-2003 «Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ» [2].
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜ
1
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɚ ɊȽɇɎ (ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ʋ15-02-00411ɚ «Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ»). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ «ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ». 2016. ʋ8.
2
Ɍɢɩ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɟɡ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ
ɫɥɨɟɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟ-
146
ɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ȼȼɉ. ȼ 20002014 ɝɝ. ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ȼȼɉ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 35%, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 1/3 –
ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ
[1]. ɗɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ
ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɜɟɥɨɩɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ «Ɍɪɢɭɦɮ ɉɚɪɤ» ɜ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 3,5% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɚ
ɧɚɰɟɧɤɚ (ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ) ɡɚ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫ «ɷɤɨ» – ɨɤɨɥɨ 10%. ɉɪɢɪɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɇȼɂɗ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 8% ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɨɤɭɩɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 8 ɥɟɬ [1]. Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɦ ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɩɥɸɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɨɛɳɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ) ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɩɥɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ – ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ: ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ,
ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
, ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 400 ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ɋ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ» ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ. ȼ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢ
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ 2014-2050 ɝɝ. ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 400-500 ɦɥɪɞ.
ɞɨɥɥ., ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ- ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
135 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. [1]. ɉɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ Ƚ.ɉ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɚ, «ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɣ»
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɳɟɪɛɚ
ɨɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ
147
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɨ 0,4 ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ
[3].
ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ
ɞɨɥɸ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɺɦɟ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ
[4]. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹɫɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ
(ɞɜɚ-ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ), ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ» ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɦ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ
ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɟɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɨɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ» ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ,
10-12 ɥɟɬ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɛɚɡɵ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ» ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ. ȼ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɭ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ.
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ» ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪ-
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ɬɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ (ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, Ɇɢɧɫɬɪɨɹ ɊɎ) ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɫ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ,
ɚɬɬɟɫɬɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
ɍɱɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɭɠɟ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɟɠɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ
ɩɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɱɢɫɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɬɪɚɮɧɵɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɣ,
ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ [5], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɹɬɢ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ [6].
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜɵɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ, ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ (ɋɉ) ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ (ɋɇɢɉɵ) ɢ ȽɈɋɌɵ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ ɎȺɍ «
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ»
ɡɚ 2013-2014 ɝɝ. ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ȽɈɋɌɨɜ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɋɇɢɉɨɜ. ɂɡ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ» ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ: ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
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ɫ 01.01.2016 ɝ. ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ȽɈɋɌ 30166-2014 «Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ» [7].
Ɉɫɨɛɚɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɸ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ» ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ [4; 8-10] ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ BREEAM ɢ LEED
ɧɚɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ: 30 ɢ
33 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ȼ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɟ [8] ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɟɦɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɬɚɛɥ.1).
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 1, ɨɤɨɥɨ 63% ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ; ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 40
ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ. ȼ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ
ɤ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ «ɗɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ», ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɜɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ (20%) ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ
ɨɬ 23.11.2009 ɝ. ʋ 261-ɎɁ «Ɉɛ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ»: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɸ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
20-30%.
ȼɵɛɨɪ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ. ȿɳɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɚ 30-60% ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɤȼɬ ɱ/ɦ
2
·ɋ ɫɭɬ) ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢ-
ɥɹɰɢɢ, ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɨ-ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ (ɝɪɚɞɨɫɭɬɨɤ) ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ Ⱥ ɤ ȽɈɋɌɭ.
150
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