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Файл:What is Law. Часть II. Учебное пособие для студентов-юристов
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2. В Великобритании нет единой конституции в письменной форме. 3.
Основная цель Великой Хартии Вольностей заключалась в том, чтобы
обеспечить защиту аристократии, а не простых граждан. 4. Великая Хартия
Вольностей ограничила власть монарха. 5. Великая Хартия Вольностей
обеспечила защиту граждан от несправедливого наказания, лишения жизни,
свободы и собственности, кроме как по закону. 6. В Великой Хартии
Вольностей утверждалось, что никто не мог быть наказан или заключен в
тюрьму без справедливого суда. 7. В соответствии со статьями Великой
Хартии Вольностей король не имел права взимать определенные налоги без
согласия народа. 8. Конституционные принципы современной
Великобритании восходят к временам Славной революции 1688 года. 9.
Принятие Билля о правах было результатом длительной борьбы между
Стюартами, парламентом и английским народом. 10. В Билле о правах
монарху было запрещено пользоваться ключевыми властными
полномочиями без согласия парламента. 11. В Билле о правах были пункты,
согласно которым королю было запрещено вмешиваться в дела парламента.
12. Согласно Биллю о правах король не имел права взимать налоги без
согласия парламента. 13. Согласно Биллю о правах монарх не мог обходить
английские законы. 14. Великая Хартия Вольностей и Билль о правах
гарантировали два основных принципа английской системы правления:
конституционную монархию и представительную форму правления.
XII. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова и выражения:
great importance; consent; ordinary citizens; limited monarchy; representative
government; override; unjust punishment; royal interference; a fair trial; levy; of
speech; a democratic body
1. The Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights are the papers of … which guaranteed
the basic principles of the English system of government: … and … .
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2. The purpose of the Magna Carta was to protect aristocracy and not the … .
3. The Magna Carta protected citizens against …, the loss of life, liberty and
property except after … .
4. The Bill of Rights prohibited the monarch from exercising key powers without
the … of Parliament, such as the power to … taxes, the power to … legislation.
5. In the 17th century the Parliament was not … in the modern sense. There were
mostly landowners and rich professional people in the House of Commons but it
guaranteed the principle that all power should be in the hands of a representative
body, a principle which does not apply in many countries even today.
6. The Bill of Rights eliminated … in parliamentary matters.
7. Under the Bill of Rights elections were free and members of the Parliament had
freedom … .
XIII. Найдите в тексте “В” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
1. Существует ли письменная конституция в Великобритании?
2. Какую роль сыграла Великая Хартия Вольностей в становлении
английского права?
3. Когда, кем и по каким причинам была подписана Великая Хартия
Вольностей?
4. В чьих интересах была подписана Великая Хартия Вольностей?
5. Каковы основные положения Великой Хартии Вольностей?
6. Какую роль сыграл Билль о правах в становлении английского права?
7. Когда и по каким причинам был подписан Билль о правах?
8. Каковы основные положения Билля о правах?
9. Какие основные принципы британской системы правления гарантированы
в этих двух документах?
XIV. Соедините левую и правую колонки:
1. unjust punishment a) судебная власть
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2. legislative government
3. judicial government
4. executive government
5. limited monarchy
6. representative government
7. to levy taxes - взимать налоги
8. to override legislation
9. without popular consent
b) несправедливое наказание
c) конституционная монархия
d) исполнительная власть
e) представительная форма правления
f) обходить законы
g) законодательная власть
h) без согласия народа
i) взимать налоги
XV. Поставьте глаголы в скобках
A) в Past Simple:
1. King John … (to sign) the Magna Carta on June 15, 1215.
2. The Magna Carta … (to protect) aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens.
3. The Magna Carta … (to limit) the power of the monarch and … (to establish)
the principle of limited monarchy. It … (to stipulate) that nobody could punish a
citizen or keep him in prison without a fair trial.
4. The Magna Carta … (to have) its development in the Bill of Rights and in the
Habeas Corpus Act.
5. The Bill of Rights … (to prohibit) the monarch from exercising key powers
without the consent of the Parliament.
6. The Bill of Rights … (to eliminate) royal interference in parliamentary matters.
7. Oliver Cromwell … (to create) a written constitution “the Instrument of
Government” but it was effective (имела силу/действовала) only for a few years.
By 1660 it … (to become) clear that this paper could not help to avoid the chaos
(избежать хаоса) in the country and the old traditional unwritten constitution was
restored.
Б) в форме страдательного залога (Passive Voice):
1. The Magna Carta, or Great Charter … (to sign) by King John in 1215.
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2. Under the Magna Carta the power of the monarch … (to limit), citizens … (to
protect) against unjust punishment, the loss of life, liberty and property except after
a fair trial.
3. The Bill of Rights … (to sign) after a long struggle between the Stuart kings, the
Parliament and the English people.
4. Under the Bill of Rights royal interference in parliamentary matters … (to
eliminate).
5. The two basic principles of the English system of government … (to guarantee)
in the Magna Carta and in the Bill of Rights.
6. Before World War II the blacks … (to allow) to enlist (записываться, вступать
в ряды) in the United States Navy.
7. The Hessian soldiers (гессенские наемники) hired by the British to fight the
colonists during the Revolutionary War … (to pay) about 25 cents a day.
XVI. Подготовьте пересказ текста “B” на английском языке.
XVII. Прочтите и перескажите своим друзьям на английском языке
приводимые ниже басни Эзопа, шутки и любопытные исторические
факты:
THE MAN AND THE LION
One day while walking in the forest a man and a lion began to boast of their
strength. Each of them said that he was stronger than the other. While disputing
they passed a statue carved in stone. The statue represented a Lion strangled by a
Man.
The Man pointed to it and said: “Have a look! How strong we are, and how
we prevail over even the king of beasts”. The Lion answered: “This statue was
made by a Man. If Lions make a statue we will place the Man under the paw of the
Lion”.
One story is good, till another is told.
_______________
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while – в то время как
to boast of one’s strength хвастаться о своей силе
to pass a statue carved in stone – пройти мимо высеченной из камня статуи
to represent – представлять, изображать
strangled – задушенный
to point to smth – указать на что-либо
to prevail over – превосходить, брать верх над
а beast – зверь
a paw - лапа
* * *
THE LION AND THE MOUSE
A Lion was awaked from sleep by a Mouse running over his face. Rising up
angrily, he caught her and was about to kill her, when the Mouse said in a piteous
voice:
“If you spare my life I will be sure to repay your kindness.”
The Lion laughed and let her go.
Soon after that the Lion was caught by some hunters who bound him with
strong ropes. The Mouse recognized his roar and came to the Lion. She gnawed the
rope with her teeth, and set him free.
Then the Mouse exclaimed:
“You laughed when I promised to repay your kindness. Now you know that
it is possible for a little Mouse to save a big Lion.”
_______________
to awake (awoke – awoke, awaked) – будить
rising (to rise - rose - risen) up angrily – гневно вскочив
he caught (to catch – caught - caught) her and was about to kill her – поймал ее и
собирался уже убить ее
in a piteous voice – жалобным голосом
If you spare my life I will be sure to repay your kindness. – Если ты пощадишь
мою жизнь, я обязательно отплачу тебе за доброту.
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let her go – отпустил ее
to bind (bound – bound) smb with strong ropes – связывать кого-либо крепкими
веревками
She gnawed the rope with her teeth, and set (set - set) him free. – Она перегрызла
веревку зубами и освободила его.
* * *
Believe it or not but…
…the Tower of London is not one particular tower, but a group of buildings
covering 13 acres along the north bank of the Thames River. The central “White
Tower,” built in 1078 and used as a fortress, a royal residence, and finally as a
prison, is the “tower” of which the English so often spoke in horror.
…during the Renaissance, fashionable aristocratic Italian women shaved
their hair several inches back from their natural hairlines.
…to preserve their elaborate coiffures, geishas in ancient Japan slept with
their heads on bags filled with buckwheat chaff.
…In eighteenth-century England, women’s wigs were sometimes 4 feet
high. These remarkable headdresses were dusted with flour and decorated with
stuffed birds, plates of fruit, or even model ships. Sometimes the wigs were so
elaborate they were worn continuously for several months. People also had to
preserve their wigs from mice, insects and rats. The wig craze died out quite
suddenly in England in 1795, when a hair-powder tax made their upkeep too
expensive.
_______________
in horror – в ужасе
to shave – брить(ся)
to preserve – сохранять, оберегать
elaborate coiffure – зд. изысканная прическа
buckwheat – гречиха, гречневый
chaff - мелко нарезанная солома, сечка
a wig – парик
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mice, insects and rats – мыши, насекомые и крысы
powder – пудра
* * *
“Who is the best lawyer in the town?”
“Henry Brown when he is sober.”
“And who is the second best lawyer in the town?”
“Henry Brown when he is drunk.”
___________________
sober - трезвый
drunk – пьяный
* * *
“Do you have anything to say before I pass the sentence?” the judge said to
the pickpocket. “What good have you ever done for the mankind?”
“Well, Your Honour,” said the prisoner,” I’ve kept four or five detectives
working regularly and I’ve helped several reporters, prison guards, and you keep
their jobs.”
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UNIT 7
SEPARATION OF POWERS
Active vocabulary
to rule – править, управлять
a representative – представитель
to elect – избирать
to establish – устанавливать, учреждать
basis – база, основа
to amend – вносить поправки
to change – менять, изменять
to mean (meant, meant) - значить, означать
state – штат, государство
to give (gave, given) - давать
power - власть; powers - полномочия
to divide – делить, разделять
branch - ветвь; филиал
to consist of – состоять из
main – главный, основной
to administer – отправлять правосудие, применять нормы права
in addition to – наряду с
a department - отдел
staff – штат сотрудников
I. Прочтите и переведите текст “А”.
Text A US DEMOCRACY
The United States is an indirect democracy. The people rule through
representatives they elect. The United States Constitution was written in 1787. It
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established the country’s political system. It is the basis for its laws. The
Constitution works as well today as when it was written. The Constitution can be
amended or changed.
The United States has a federalist system. This means that there are
individual states. Each state has its own government. There is a federal or national
government. The constitution gives certain powers to the federal government, other
powers to the state government and other powers to both of them.
Within the national government, the power is divided among three branches:
the legislative, executive and judicial branches. The legislative branch consists of
the Congress. The Congress has two houses – the House of Representatives and the
Senate. The Congress’s main function is to make laws.
The President is the head of the executive branch and of the country. The
executive branch administers the laws. In addition to the President, the Vice
President and their staff, the executive branch consists of departments and
agencies.
The Congress makes all laws, and each House of the Congress has the power
to introduce legislation. The Congress decides upon taxes and how to spend
money. It also regulates commerce among the states and with foreign countries.
But the President may veto any act of the Congress. The President appoints
important officials of his administration, but the Senate must approve them. The
President also has the power to name all federal judges.
II. Переведите следующие словосочетания и фразы с английского языка
на русский:
an indirect democracy, to rule through representatives, to establish the political
system, the basis for the laws, to amend the Constitution, a federalist system,
individual states, national government, certain powers, state government, among
three branches, to divide power, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial
branch, two houses, main function, to make laws, the head of the country, to
administer laws, their staff, to consist of departments and agencies.
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III. Поставьте данные глаголы в форме прошедшего времени (Past
Simple) и в форме страдательного залога (Passive Voice) настоящего и
прошедшего времени:
to be, to rule, to elect, to write, to establish, to work, to write, can, to amend, to
change, to have, to mean, to give, to divide, to consist, to make, to administer.
IV. Поставьте следующие формы глаголов в отрицательной форме:
1. They elected
representatives.
2. The king established the country’s political system.
3. That country was an indirect democracy.
4. This state had its own government.
5. They amended the constitution.
6. The constitution gave certain powers to the state government.
7. They divided power among three branches.
8. The Senate made laws.
9. The executive branch consisted of departments and agencies.
V. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную форму (yes\ no
questions).
1. The president was the head of the country.
2. The Congress had two Houses.
3. The legislative branch consisted of the Congress.
4. They wrote the Constitution in 1787.
5. They divided the national government into three branches.
6. It was the basis for its laws.
7. The people ruled through representatives.
8. It was an indirect democracy.
9. The federal government had certain powers.
10. Its main function was to make laws.
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