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Файл:What is Law. Часть II. Учебное пособие для студентов-юристов
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Суда являются английский и французский. 13. Комиссия международного
права готовит проекты конвенций по вопросам, которые еще недостаточно
урегулированы в международном праве. 14. Комиссия международного права
также уделяет большое внимание более точным формулировкам и
систематизации правил и принципов международного права.
V. Поставьте глаголы в скобках:
A) в Present Simple:
1. Public international law … (to focus) on the interrelations of states and
international organizations.
2. Private international law … (to concentrate) on the individuals and private
entities.
3. Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties … (to express) one of
the fundamental principles of public international law, pacta sunt servanda.
4. The Charter of the United Nations … (to establish) the International Court of
Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
5. The International Court of Justice … (to function) in accordance with the
provisions of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
6. The International Court of Justice may sit not only at the Hague but elsewhere if
the Court … (to consider) it desirable.
7. The International Law Commission … (to prepare) draft conventions on subjects
which international law … (not to regulate) sufficiently yet.
8. The International Law Commission … (to focus) on more precise formulation
and systematization of rules and principles of international law.
9. There are two main approaches (два основных подхода) to international law:
the natural law theory (теория естественного права) of the 16th and 17th centuries
nd positivism (позитивизм) of the 19th and 20th centuries. The theory of natural
a
law … (to teach) that each state, just as each individual, … (to have) certain natural
rights. According to the positivist approach international law is the body of rules
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and principles which are binding upon civilized states in their relations with one
another and to which they consent.
10. There are two main sources of international law: treaty law and customary
international law. Customary international law … (to follow) the basic principle of
international law that acts are permitted unless expressly forbidden (действия
разрешены, если они прямо не запрещены).
VI. Соедините левую и правую колонки:
1. Public international law focuses on
2. Private international law focuses on
3. Pacta sunt servanda is Latin for
4. The principal judicial organ of the
United Nations is
5. The seat of the International Court of
Justice is
6. Only states may be parties in cases
7. The official languages of the
International Court of Justice are
8. The International Law Commission
a) the individuals and private entities.
b) “every treaty in force is binding upon
the parties to it”.
c) the interrelations of states and
international organizations.
d) before the International Court of
Justice.
e) the International Court of Justice.
f) French and English.
g) at the Hague or elsewhere if the
Court considers it desirable.
h) prepares draft conventions in the field
of international law.
VII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What is international law?
2. What is the difference between public international law and private international
law?
3. What does the principle of public international law, pacta sunt servanda, mean?
4. What is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations?
5. Where is the seat of the International Court of Justice?
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6. Can the International Court of Justice exercise its functions elsewhere if the
Court considers it desirable?
7. Can individuals be parties in cases before the International Court of Justice?
8. What are the official languages of the International Court of Justice?
9. What are the functions of the International Law Commission?
VIII. Подготовьте пересказ текста “А” на английском языке.
IX. Прочтите и переведите текст “В”.
Text В
INTERNATIONAL LAW
(continued)
The parties to a treaty may amend it. Amendments usually alter a treaty in
respect to all parties. The grounds for invalidating an international treaty are error,
fraudulent conduct, corruption, coercion, conflict with peremptory norms (jus
cogens), and conflict with domestic law. The parties may terminate or suspend a
treaty if the treaty so provides, or if the goal of the treaty is realized.
To terminate obligations under long-term treaties the parties may use the
doctrine of fundamental change of circumstances (rebus sic stantibus). But
international courts rarely find the doctrine applicable. Under the Vienna
convention, rebus sic stantibus applies only if four requirements are met: 1) the
change in circumstances is of a fundamental character, 2) the change in
circumstances was unforeseen by the parties; 3) the circumstances at the time of
entering the agreement were an essential basis of the treaty; 4) the change in
circumstances must radically alter the performance of obligations yet to be
performed under the treaty.
____________
to foresee (foresaw - foreseen) - предвидеть
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X. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на
английский:
1. вносить поправки в договор; поправки; в отношении всех участников;
лишить договор законной силы; основания для лишения договора законной
силы; ошибка; обманные действия; подкуп / коррупция; принуждение;
противоречие императивным нормам; противоречие внутреннему
законодательству; прекратить действие договора; приостановить действие
договора; если цель договора достигнута; доктрина коренного изменения
обстоятельств; прекратить обязательства по долгосрочным договорам;
согласно Венской конвенции; если изменение обстоятельств носит коренной
характер; если изменение обстоятельств было непредвиденным (не могло
быть предусмотрено) сторонами; если обстоятельства на момент заключения
договора обеспечивали достаточное обоснование необходимости выполнения
участниками условий договора; радикально / коренным образом повлиять на
исполнение обязательств, все еще подлежащих выполнению по договору.
2. Участники договора могут вносить в него поправки. 2. Поправки к
договору обычно изменяют его в отношении всех участников. 3. Стороны
могут прекратить или приостановить действие договора, если договор это
предусматривает или цель договора достигнута. 4. Международные суды
редко находят доктрину коренного изменения обстоятельств применимой. 5.
Для прекращения обязательств по долгосрочным договорам стороны могут
применить доктрину коренного изменения обстоятельств. 6. Согласно
Венской конвенции, доктрина коренного изменения обстоятельств
применяется только в случае совпадения четырех условий: a) если изменение
обстоятельств носит коренной характер; б) если изменение обстоятельств не
могло быть предусмотрено сторонами; в) если обстоятельства на момент
заключения договора обеспечивали достаточное обоснование необходимости
выполнения участниками условий договора; г) если изменение обстоятельств
должно коренным образом повлиять на исполнение обязательств, все еще
подлежащих выполнению по договору.
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XI. Найдите в тексте “В” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
1. Могут ли стороны по договору вносить в него поправки?
2. Вносят ли поправки к договору изменения в отношении всех его
участников?
3. Каковы основания для лишения договора законной силы?
4. В каких случаях стороны могут прекратить или приостановить действие
договора?
5. В чем заключается доктрина коренного изменения обстоятельств rebus sic
stantibus?
6. Часто ли международные суды применяют доктрину коренного изменения
обстоятельств?
7. При совпадении каких четырех условий может быть применена доктрина
коренного изменения обстоятельств в соответствии с положениями Венской
конвенции?
XII. Поставьте глаголы в скобках:
A) в Present Simple:
1. Amendments usually … (to alter) a treaty in respect to all parties.
2. Parties often … (to terminate) or … (to suspend) treaties if the goal of the treaty
is realized.
3. According to Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights everyone
… (to have) the right to life, liberty and security of person.
4. According to Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights everyone
… (to have) the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
5. A contract … (to give rise) to certain rights and obligations.
Б) в Past Simple:
1. The Vienna Convention on the law of treaties … (to enter) into force in 1980.
2. The Vienna Convention on the law of treaties … (to set – set, set) forth a basic
definition for a treaty.
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3. The Federal Constitutional Court … (to give) judgment on 12 June 1979 and the
civil proceedings … (to resume – возобновиться) in November 1979.
4. On 14 April 1981 the Court of Appeal … (to give) judgment against the
applicant.
C) в форме страдательного залога (Passive Voice):
1. Treaties … often (to amend) by the parties.
2. Customary international law follows the basic principle of international law that
acts … (to permit) unless expressly forbidden.
3. Treaties … (to terminate) or … (to suspend) by agreement of the parties, if the
treaty so provides, or if the goal of the treaty … (to realize).
4. Under the Vienna convention, rebus sic stantibus applies only if four
requirements … (to meet).
5. The change in circumstances … (not to foresee) by the parties ten years ago.
6. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights … (to adopt) and … (to proclaim)
by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948.
XIII. Подготовьте пересказ текста “B” на английском языке.
XIV. Прочтите и перескажите на английском языке следующие шутки и
любопытные исторические факты:
Advice to a Young Lawyer
The following advice was given by an old North Carolina lawyer to a young
one. The old lawyer said, “If the evidence is against you, talk about the law. If the
law is against you, talk about the evidence”.
The young lawyer asked, “But what do you do when both the law and the
evidence are against you?”
“In that case,” replied the old lawyer, “give somebody hell. That’ll distract
the judge and the jury from the weakness of your case.”
_______________
to give the hell – ругать на чем свет стоит
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to distract - отвлекать
weakness – слабость
* * *
Believe it or not, but…
…Socrates, one of the most famous Greek philosophers, never wrote down a single
word of his teachings. The only knowledge we have of his thinking today comes
from notes which were taken by his great student, Plato.
…there are more telephones than people in Washington, D.C.
… Forensic scientists can determine a person’s sex, age, and race by examining a
single strand of hair.
… In ancient China the punishment for such crimes as shoplifting or breaking a
curfew was to brand the offender’s forehead with a hot iron. Petty thieves and
people who molested travelers had their noses sliced off. For the crime of
damaging city bridges or gates, the ears, hands, feet and kneecaps were cut off.
Abduction, armed robbery, treason, and adultery were punished by castration.
Death by strangulation was the price one paid for murder and for an even more
unspeakable crime – drunkenness.
_______________
shoplifting – кража в магазине
to break a curfew – нарушить комендантский час
to brand the offender’s forehead with a hot iron – выжигать клеймо на лбу
правонарушителя каленым железом
a petty thief (thieves) - мелкий воришка (воры)
to molest – приставать, досаждать
abduction – похищение (женщины, ребенка)
armed robbery – вооруженное ограбление
treason - измена
adultery – прелюбодеяние
* * *
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The street was dark and deserted, and a man was suddenly stopped by two
strangers, the bigger of which said politely:
“Excuse me, sir, I wonder if you could oblige me with a loan of a penny?”
“I think so,” replied the man. “But may I ask you what purpose you require
it for?”
“Oh, certainly, sir,” the other replied. My pal and I wish to toss the coin to
decide our little argument as to which of us shall have your watch, and which your
wallet!”
_________________
If you could oblige me with a loan… – не могли бы вы сделать одолжение и
дать мне взаймы...
XV. Переведите на английский язык анекдот.
Два адвоката заходят в кафе, заказывают напитки и достают
бутерброды.
- Извините, - говорит бармен, - но у нас нельзя есть свою еду.
Адвокаты переглядываются, пожимают плечами и меняются
своими бутербродами.
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UNIT II
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Active vocabulary
International environmental law – международное экологическое право
United Nations organization – организация объединенных наций
to develope – разработать
Stockholm Declaration on the Human Enviroument – Стокгольмская декларация
по окружающей среде
to adopt – принимать
to recognize – признавать
permits a life of dignity and well-being – позволяет вести достойную и
процветающую жизнь
activities – деятельность
to cause – вызывать, быть причиной
liability – ответственность
pollution – загрязнение
damage – ущерб
behind the limits of national jurisdiction – за пределами национальной
юрисдикции
to protect nature – защищать природу
to survive – выживать
unique – уникальный
to suspend – приостановить, отложить
tropical timber – тропический лес
I. Прочтите и переведите текст “А”.
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Text A
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
United Nations organization and some other international organizations
developed general principles of international environmental law. In 1972 the
Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment was adopted.
Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment recognizes a
“fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life in an
environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being.”
States have the right to exploit their own resources but their activities must
not cause damage to the environment of other states.
States must cooperate in developing international law about liability and
compensation for victims of pollution and other environmental damage behind the
limits of national jurisdiction.
The Stockholm Declaration contains provisions on the preservation of
wildlife. The Declaration states that plants and animals of the earth are a world
heritage, and that man has a special responsibility to protect nature. Nature
protection must be important in economic planning of the states.
All life forms need protection and good conditions for survival. All areas of
the earth must be protected, especially unique areas.
In 1959 the Antarctic Treaty was adopted. It was the first international
agreement about the use of Antarctica. It said about scientific research in
Antarctica and suspended the right of states to have “sectors” of the continent.
In 1984 the International Tropical Timber Agreement was adopted. This
agreement is the only international agreement regulating tropical timber. It
includes the states which take part in international trade in tropical timber.
During the next years many other agreements and conventions on the earth,
air, sea and other pollution were developed.
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