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Файл:What is Law. Часть II. Учебное пособие для студентов-юристов
.pdf
II. Найдите в тексте “А” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
1. What organizations developed general principles of international environmental
law?
2. When was the Stockholm Declaration adopted?
3. What fundamental right did Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment
recognize?
4. Do states have the right to exploit their own resources?
5. Can the states activities cause damage to the environment of other states?
6. Must states cooperate in developing international law about liability and
compensation for victims of pollution?
7. Does the Stockholm Declaration contain provisions on the preservation of
wildlife?
8. Are the plants and animals of the earth a world heritage?
9. Does man have a special responsibility to protect nature?
10. Must states think about nature protection in economic planning?
11. When was the Antarctic Treaty adopted?
12. What did the Antarctic Treaty say about?
13. When was the International Tropical Timber Agreement adopted?
14. What does this agreement regulate?
15. Are there any other agreements and conventions on the earth, air, sea and other
pollution?
III. Переведите следующие словосочетания и фразы с русского языка на
английский:
Организация Объединенных Наций; разработать общие принципы;
международное экологическое право; право на свободу, равенство и
достойные условия жизни; достойная и процветающая жизнь; использовать
свои ресурсы; деятельность не должна причинять ущерб; сотрудничество в
разработке международного законодательства; за пределами национальной
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юрисдикции; сохранение дикой природы; мировое наследие; человек имеет
особую ответственность защищать природу; экономическое планирование;
формы жизни; нуждаться в защите и хороших условиях для выживания;
уникальные районы; быть принятым; научные исследования; приостановить
права государств; тропические леса; соглашение включает в себя
государства; международная торговля; в последующие годы; загрязнение
земли; загрязнение воздуха; загрязнение воды.
IV. Соедините левую и правую колонки:
1) International organizations a. a life of dignity and well-being.
2) In 1972 the Stockholm Declaration b. damage to the environment of other
states.
3) The states activities mustn’t cause c. fundamental right to freedom,
equality and adequate conditions of life
in an environment.
4) States must cooperate in developing
international law about
d. developed general principles of
international environmental law.
5) The Declaration contains provisions e. was adopted.
6) The declaration recognizes f. on the preservation of wildlife.
7) A quality that permits g. liability and compensation for victims
of pollution and other environmental
damage behind the limits of national
jurisdiction.
8) Declaration states that the plants and
h. to protect nature.
animals of the earth
9) man has a special responsibility i. Are a world heritage.
10) All life forms j. about the use of Antarctica.
11) It was the first international k. need protection and good conditions
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agreement for survival.
12) This agreement is the first
international agreement
13) During the next years many other
l. on the earth, air, sea and other
pollution were developed.
m. regulating tropical timber.
agreements and conventions
V. Найдите в тексте “A” и переведите на русский язык глаголы в Past
Simple Active.
VI. Найдите в тексте “A” и переведите на русский язык глаголы в Past
Simple Passive.
VII. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в форме активного (Active Voice) или
пассивного залога (Passive Voice):
1. The UN …. (to develop) general principles of international environmental law.
2. In 1972 the Stockholm Declaration …. (to adopt).
3. The Declaration … (recognize) fundamental rights.
4. The Fundamental rights … (to recognize).
5. Their activities (to cause) damage to the environment of other states.
6. The damage to the environment of other states … (to cause).
7. Man must … (to protect) nature.
8. Nature must … (to protect) by man.
9. All areas of the earth must … (to protect), especially unique areas.
10. In 1959 the Antarctic Treaty … (to adopt).
11. It … (to say) about scientific research in Antarctica and … (to suspend) the
rights of states to have "sectors" of the continent.
12. In 1984 the International Tropical Timber Agreement … (to adopt).
13. Many other agreements … (to develop) in the next few years.
VIII. Подготовьте пересказ текста “А” на английском языке.
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IX. Прочтите и переведите текст “В”.
Text B
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Modern world is characterized by many global environmental problems.
People are more worried about the environment (the air, water and land around us)
as a result of the harmful and dangerous effects of human activity. Some of these
activities cause pollution (dirty air, land and water) and some destroy the
environment damaging it so badly that soon parts will not exist.
Here are some of the problems:
- ozone depletion and global warming;
- hazardous waste, radioactive pollution and environmental emergencies;
- wildlife preservation;
- military activities and the environment;
- marine environment pollution;
- desertification;
- deforestation;
- protection of the Antarctica environment;
- international trade and environment;
- transboundary pollution.
There are different conventions and agreements adopted to solve many of
these global environmental problems.
Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 1979. Its purpose
was to limit and prevent air pollution including long-range transboundary air
pollution.
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985. Its aim is to
stop activities changing and damaging the ozone layer, protecting the earth from
harmful radiation. Another serious environmental problem is the climate change as
a result of the greenhouse effect.
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Vienna Convention on Civil liability for Nuclear Damage 1963. This
Convention gives jurisdiction to the courts of the state in whose territory the
damage occurred. The operator of a nuclear installation is absolutely liable for
nuclear damage. A victim of nuclear damage must present a claim within ten years
from the date of the accident or the claim is barred by the Convention. Few states
are parties to the Convention, and none of the parties are major nuclear powers.
X. Найдите в тексте “B” эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний:
современный мир; характеризуется; глобальные проблемы окружающей
среды; вредные и опасные последствия деятельности людей; вызывать
загрязнение; разрушающие окружающую среду; глобальное потепление;
истощение озонового слоя; радиоактивное загрязнение; опасные отходы;
чрезвычайно опасное состояние; сохранение дикой природы; военная
деятельность; морская окружающая среда; опустынивание; исчезновение
лесов; трансграничный; ограничить и предотвратить загрязнение воздуха;
прекратить деятельность, изменяющую и вредящую озоновому слою;
губительная радиация; изменение климата; парниковый эффект; гражданская
ответственность; ядерная установка; абсолютно ответственен; представить
жалобу; в течение десяти лет с момента происшествия; жалоба отклоняется
Конвенцией; стороны Конвенции; основные ядерные державы.
XI. Найдите в тексте “В” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
1. Is the modern world characterized by many global environmental problems?
2. Why are people worried about the environment?
3. What is the environment?
4. What is pollution?
5. What causes pollution?
6. How do harmful human activities destroy the environment?
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7. Give examples of the environmental problems.
8. What did people do about many of these global environmental problems?
9. What was the purpose of Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution 1979?
10. What was the aim of Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
1985?
11. Why does the climate change?
12. What did Vienna Convention on Civil liability for Nuclear Damage 1963 give?
XII. Прочтите и переведите текст “C”.
Text C
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
(continued)
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposals. The aim of this Convention is to limit and regulate
international traffic in hazardous waste products. The general obligations are:
- prohibiting export of hazardous waste without prior approval of the importing
country;
- the importing country must have adequate facilities to dispose of the waste;
- labeling and packaging shipments of waste in accordance with generally accepted
international rules and standards;
- cooperation in training specialists, exchange of information and technologies.
The Law of the Sea Convention. According to this Convention states have
the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment. States have the
sovereign right to exploit their natural resources in accordance with their duty to
protect and preserve the marine environment. States must take measures to prevent,
reduce and control pollution of the marine environment.
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People of the Earth hope that all these measures will help save our planet
and all the living beings on it.
XIII. Найдите в тексте “С” эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний:
oбщие обязательства; запрещение экспорта опасных отходов; без
предварительного одобрения; страны-импортеры; соответствующие условия
для утилизации отходов; минимизация производства опасных отходов;
маркировка и упаковка отходов в соответствии с международными
правилами и стандартами; сотрудничество; подготовка специалистов; обмен
информацией; суверенное право; принимать меры; предотвратить, сократить
и контролировать загрязнение морей; живые существа.
XIV. Найдите в тексте “С” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
1. What is the aim of the Basel Convention?
2. What are the general obligations under the Basel Convention?
3. What are obligations and rights of the states under the law of the Sea
Convention?
XV. Прочтите и перескажите на английском языке следующие шутки и
любопытные исторические факты:
This is the story which Charlie Chaplin liked to tell about himself. It
happened when the great actor was already world famous. A theatre announced a
competition to see who could act like Charlie Chaplin. Those taking part had to
dress like Chaplin, walk like Chaplin and act out one of the roles in a Chaplin
picture.
When Charlie Chaplin heard about the competition he decided, as a joke, to
take part in the competition himself. Naturally, he kept his plan a secret from
everybody.
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Finally the results of the competition were announced: Chaplin failed, he
didn’t win the first prize. At first he was greatly disappointed but then he decided
that it was best to laugh.
_____________________________
to announce – объявлять
competition – конкурс
to fail – провалиться
to be disappointed – быть разочарованным
* * *
Believe it or not but…
… Karate, usually considered a Japanese martial art, did not come to Japan until
1916. Prior to this time it was practiced only by the Okinawa islanders, who had
developed it centuries earlier as a means of weaponless defense against the
Japanese.
… The 1905 peace treaty, ending the Russo-Japanese War was signed in
Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Though the United States had nothing to do with the
war, the treaty was arranged and negotiated by the United States President
Theodore Roosevelt.
…In medieval Japan, it was believed that there was a single hair somewhere on the
tail of a cat that could restore life to a dead person. For this reason cats were
brought into the room of a dying person and placed next to his or her bed. As a last
resort, relatives sometimes had the dying person pluck a single hair from the cat’s
tail in the hope that this one would prove to be the magic strand.
_______________
Though the United States had nothing to do with… – Хотя Соединенные Штаты
не имели никакого отношения к…
in medieval Japan – в средневековой Японии
to restore life to a dead person – вернуть жизнь мертвому
аs a last resort – как последнее средство
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to pluck a single hair from the cat’s tail in the hope that this one would prove to be
the magic strand – выдернуть волосок из кошачьего хвоста в надежде, что
именно этот волос окажется той самой волшебной прядью.
* * *
A nervous man who lived in one of the suburbs was on his way home from
the railway station. It was dark and there was no one around. He heard footsteps
behind him and he had an uncomfortable feeling that somebody was following
him. He increased his speed. The footsteps also quickened. The frightened man
started running down the street. The footsteps quickened, too. At last the man
could not run any more. He stopped and asked the man who was following him:
“What do you want? Why are you following me?”
“I’m going to Mr. Brown’s. And the man at the station told me to follow you
as you live next door. Excuse me, but how long do we still have to walk?”
_________________
suburb – пригород
footsteps – шаги
He increased his speed. – Он увеличил скорость / пошел быстрее.
to quicken – ускориться
to follow smb – преследовать кого-либо, идти за кем-либо
to live next door – жить по-соседству
XVI. Переведите на английский язык анекдот.
В перерыве судебного заседания адвокат удрученно говорит своему
подзащитному:
- Я исчерпал уже все доводы в вашу пользу. Не знаю, что я еще могу
для вас сделать...
- А что, если вы возьмете вину на себя?
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UNIT III
THE LAW OF THE SEA
Active vocabulary
the Law of the Sea – морское право
customary international law – обычное международное право
territorial sea – территориальные воды; территориальное море
to reach an agreement – прийти к соглашению
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (the LOS Convention) - Конвенция ООН
по морскому праву
nautical mile – морская миля
baseline – исходная линия (отправная точка измерения прибрежных зон
прибрежного государства; линия наибольшего отлива вдоль берега)
sovereignty - суверенитет
coastal state – прибрежное государство
to extend – распространяться
land territory – сухопутная территория
internal waters – внутренние воды
adjacent belt of sea – примыкающий морской пояс
air space – воздушное пространство
sea-bed – морское дно
subsoil – недра
is exercised – осуществляется
subject to smth – с наблюдением чего-то
exclusive economic zone – исключительная экономическая зона
to establish – установить
to explore – исследовать
to exploit – использовать, разработать
to conserve –сохранять
to manage – управлять
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