Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:What is Law. Часть II. Учебное пособие для студентов-юристов
.pdf
Convention, 1919, the international community established each state’s exclusive
control over its airspace. It meant control only above the territory of the state itself
and above its territorial waters. But no control over high seas. Airspace above the
high seas remained free under the Paris Convention.
With the rise in international air traffic after World War II, it became
necessary to establish some general principles to govern international air travel. At
this time “five freedoms of the air” appeared:
a) overflight - the privilege to fly across a state’s territory without landing;
b) non-traffic landing - the privilege to land for non-traffic purposes;
c) putting down traffic - the privilege to put down passengers, mail and cargo taken
on in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft possesses.
d) picking up traffic - the privilege to take on passengers, mail and cargo destined
for the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft possesses.
e) international traffic - the privilege to take on or put down passengers, mail and
cargo, destined for or coming from any contracting state.
The most important agreement was the Chicago Convention (Convention on
International Civil Aviation), 1944.
The Chicago Convention created the International Civil Aviation
Organization and the International Air Service Transit Agreement.
The Chicago Convention extended all five freedoms of the air to nonscheduled international air service.
a) Aircraft must follow prescribed safe routes.
b) States have the right to refuse intra-state traffic.
c) The Chicago Convention governs only civil aircraft and doesn’t apply to state
aircraft including military aircraft.
d) Discrimination based on nationality was prohibited.
II. Найдите в тексте “А” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
41
1. Why and when did the need to have an international agreement about states’
control of airspace come?
2. What is exclusive control over a state’s airspace under the Paris Convention,
1919?
3. What are five freedoms of the air?
4. What did the Chicago Convention do?
5. What is non-scheduled international air service?
III. Переведите следующие словосочетания и фразы с русского языка на
английский:
в связи с ростом использования летательных средств; контроль над
воздушным пространством; международное сообщество; установить
контроль; остаться свободным; воздушное передвижение; установить общие
принципы; свободы передвижения в воздушном пространстве (свободы
воздуха); перелет; посадка; принятие на борт и высадка; следовать
маршрутом; гражданские летательные средства; запрещать дискриминацию.
IV. Составьте предложения или словосочетания, соединив левую и
правую колонки:
1. With the growing use of aircraft a) established control
2. control b) remained free
3. Airspace above the high seas c) to establish some general principles
4. It became necessary d) above the territory of the state
5. international community e) came the need to have an
international agreement
6. to fly across a state’s territory f) passengers, mail and cargo
7. to take on and put down g) without landing
8. The Chicago Convention h) extended all five freedoms of the air
V. Найдите в тексте и переведите глаголы в форме Past Simple.
42
VI. Поставьте данные глаголы в форме прошедшего времени Past Simple
и в форме страдательного залога (Passive Voice) настоящего и
прошедшего времени: to сome, to have, to establish, to mean, to remain, to
become, to take, to land, to pick, to create, to govern, to include, to prohibit, to
apply, to base, to put.
VII. Подготовьте пересказ текста “А” на английском языке.
VIII. Прочтите и переведите текст “В”.
Text B AIRSPACE
(continued)
Hijacking is the use of force or threat of the use of force to take control over
an aircraft. Sabotage is the action which jeopardizes the safety of the aircraft. The
international community established conventions to govern both of these offences.
The Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (the Hague
Convention) governs hijacking. The Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful
Acts Against Safety of Civil Aviation (the Montreal Convention) governs
sabotage.
Many of the articles of these two conventions are identical. Under both
conventions the states must extradite or prosecute the offender. The Hague and
Montreal Conventions (and International Conventions for the Taking Hostages)
recognize hijacking and sabotage as universal crimes.
IX. Найдите в тексте “B” эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний:
угон; использование силы; угроза использования силы; захватить; диверсия;
подвергать опасности (to jeopardize); контролировать (управлять) ; конвенция
о борьбе с незаконным захватом воздушных средств; конвенция о борьбе с
43
незаконными актами, направленными против безопасности гражданской
авиации; выдавать преступника; возбуждать дело против преступника; брать
заложников; признавать угон и диверсию общим преступлением.
X. Найдите в тексте “В” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
1. What is hijacking?
2. What is sabotage?
3. What conventions did the international community establish to govern these
offences?
4. What articles of these conventions are identical?
XI. Прочтите и перескажите на английском языке басню, шутки и
любопытные исторические факты:
The butcher burst into a lawyer’s office and asked the man behind the desk:
“If a dog steals a piece of meat from my shop, is the owner liable for the theft?”
“Of course, he is,” replied the lawyer.
“That’s what I wanted to know,” said the butcher. “Your dog took a dollar
steak ten minutes ago.”
“I’m sorry,” was the calm response. ”I think if you just give me another
dollar it will cover the fee for my advice.”
________________
а butcher – мясник
to burst into an office – зд. ворваться в офис
...is the owner liable for the theft? – зд. ...несет ли владелец (собаки)
ответственность за кражу?
а calm response – спокойный ответ
it will cover the fee for my advice – зд. это покроет плату за мой совет
44
* * *
The two frogs
Two frogs lived in a pool. When the pool dried up in summer, they left it
and set out together for another home.
On their way they saw a deep well. The well was full of water. One of the
Frogs said to the other: “Let’s jump into this well and make our home in it.” The
other one answered: “But if the well is dry, how can we get out of such depth?”
Do nothing without regard to the consequences.
__________________
a pool – лужа
to dry up – высохнуть
a deep well – глубокий колодец
depth – глубина
without regard to the consequences – не учитывая последствий
* * *
Believe it or not, but…
…During the Inquisition in fifteenth-century Spain, prisoners condemned to
be burnt were forced to walk to their doom wearing a special frock called a
sanbenito. There were painted pictures of hell on it. After the accused died, his
name was written on the sanbenito and it was hung in his parish church, where it
remained until it fell apart. Occasionally an old sanbenito was replaced with a
fresh one so that the heretic could be remembered through ages.
___________________
to condemn smb to smth – осудить,
приговорить кого-либо к чему-либо
to force – заставить силой
doom – зд. гибель, смерть
a frock – одеяние, ряса, платье
hell – ад
parish – церковный приход, прихожане
to fall apart – развалиться на части
45
* * *
Believe it or not, but…
…the top of the tower on the Empire State Building was originally intended
(though never used) as a mooring place for dirigibles.
…The name of the first airplane which was flown at Kitty Hawk by the
Wright Brothers was Bird of Prey. The maiden flight of the Bird of Prey, however,
was less than a flight – the plane stayed in the air only long enough to sail 59 feet.
…Charles Lindbergh was not the first man to fly the Atlantic. He was the
sixty-seventh. The first sixty-six made the crossing in dirigibles and twin-engine
mail planes. Lindbergh was the first to make the dangerous flight alone.
…An airplane uses more fuel flying at 25,000 feet than at 30,000 feet. The
higher it flies, the thinner the atmosphere and the less atmospheric resistance it
must buck.
___________________
to moor – причалить, пришвартоваться, стать на якорь
prey – добыча, жертва
the maiden flight – первый полет
to make the crossing – зд. совершить перелет
a twin-engine mail plane – двухмоторный почтовый самолет
fuel – топливо
…the less atmospheric resistance it must buck – зд. …тем меньшее
сопротивление атмосферы он должен преодолеть
* * *
Judge: Do you have anything to offer the court before the sentence is passed on
you?
Prisoner: No, Your Honor, my lawyer took my last dollar.
46
UNIT 5 CASE LAW
Active vocabulary
main sources – основные источники
to vary in importance – различаться по важности
case law – прецедентное право
to lay down rules to be followed in future cases –
устанавливать/сформулировать правила, которым необходимо следовать при
рассмотрении других дел
to lay down new precedents - создавать новые прецеденты
to contribute to smth – вносить вклад во что-либо
to produce notable contributions to… – внести значительный вклад в…
statutory provisions – положения/условия статутов
delegated legislation – право министров издавать приказы, имеющие силу
законов
to implement a decision – выполнять/проводить постановление в жизнь
to take precedence over – превосходить (в знаниях), иметь более высокое
положение (по должности)
to influence the decisions of the courts in interpreting statutes – повлиять на
решения судов при трактовке статутов
сustoms, equity and obligations relating to international treaties – обычаи, право
справедливости и обязательства по международным договорам
(Сourt of Equity – суд совести)
relating to - имеющие отношение к… / связанные с…
to apply the law – применять закон
to establish a strong central government – установить эффективное
централизованное управление / сильную централизованную власть
to check local administration – проверять местную администрацию/местное
управление
47
justice – 1) справедливость; 2) правосудие, юстиция (to administer justice -
отправлять правосудие; to bring smb to justice - отдать кого-либо под суд);
3) судья (Justice of the Peace – мировой судья);
4) член Верховного суда (в Англии)
itinerant justice – судья, объезжающий свой округ
to reject unreasonable customs – отклонять/отвергать
неблагоразумые/необоснованные обычаи
to make a decision – принять решение
to decide a case – принять решение по делу
to adjudicate (on, upon) in local disputes according to local law – выносить
решение/судить местные тяжбы в соответствии с местными законами
to form a consistent body of rules – сформировать
четкий/последовательный/жесткий блок правил
to sift – тщательно рассматривать, анализировать (факты) (sifting –
тщательный анализ)
predictable – предсказуемый
common law - общее право (Англии)
as well as - также как
is known as – известно как
to pass / to give / to render judgement (on smb) – выносить судебное решение /
приговор (кому-либо)
a binding precedent – обязывающий прецедент
a persuasive precedent – убедительный прецедент
I. Прочтите и переведите текст “А”.
48
Text A SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW
There are seven main sources of English law though they vary in
importance. The basis of English law today is case law (a mass of judge-made
decisions) which lays down rules to be followed in future cases. Another form of
law is a statute, or an Act of Parliament. Statutes contribute to case law as courts
have to interpret statutory provisions and such decisions lay down new precedents.
A related source is delegated legislation which lays down detailed rules to
implement the provisions of statutes.
The legislation of the European Community is the only type of law that can
take precedence over statutes in the UK and influence the decisions of the courts in
interpreting statutes. Customs, equity and obligations relating to international
treaties are minor sources of law though Britain’s obligations under the European
Convention on Human Rights produced notable contributions to law reform a few
decades ago.
Before the Norman conquest in different areas of England there were
different systems of law based on the local customs: the Dane law in the north, the
Mercian law around the midlands, and the Wessex law in the south and in the west.
The king had little control over the country as a whole, and there was no effective
central government.
When William the Conqueror gained the English throne in 1066, he
established a strong central government and began to standardize the law. He sent
his representatives to the countryside to check local administration and to
adjudicate in local disputes according to the local law. When these “itinerant
justices” returned to Westminster they discussed various customs of different parts
of the country, rejected unreasonable ones, accepted those that seemed rational and
formed a consistent body of rules.
During this process of sifting which went on for two centuries the principle
of stare decisis (“let the decision stand”) grew up. Each new court decision formed
a rule to be followed in all similar cases making the law more predictable. In the
49
middle of the 13th century the “common law” ruled the whole country. British
lawyers still use the principles behind this “common law” in creating case law
today.
From the basic idea of stare decisis, a hierarchy of precedent grew up as
well as the hierarchy of the modern court system. A judge must follow decisions of
courts which are higher up the hierarchy than his own. There is even a regular
system of publication of reports of cases in the higher courts. The body of
decisions of the higher courts, which the lower ones must respect, is known as
“case law” (or “common law”). Case law comes from the decisions of judges. The
decisions of juries don’t make case law.
________________
the Norman conquest – завоевание (Англии) норманнами (1066г.)
Dane law – датские законы (установленные в сев.-восточной Британии в Х в.);
область, где действовали эти законы
Mercian – мерсийский
in the north, in the south, in the west, in the east – на севере, на юге, на западе,
на востоке
the midlands – центральные графства (Англии)
William the Conqueror – Вильгельм Завоеватель
II. Найдите в тексте “А” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
1. Назовите семь основных источников английского права. Каковы их
особенности?
2. Что такое статут?
3. Что такое ‘delegated legislation’?
4. Какова роль законопроектов европейского сообщества в британском
праве?
5. Какова роль обычаев, права справедливости и обязательств по
международным договорам как источников английского права?
50
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]