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Файл:Miscellaneous items. Общеразговорный английский язык. Учебное пособие.pdf
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passenger - пассажир; путник, странник
passenger transportation - пассажирский транспорт, перевозка
пассажиров
place of destination - место назначения, пункт назначения, цель
(путешествия, похода)
private transport - транспорт личного пользования
public transport = mass transit - транспорт общего пользования,
общественный транспорт
rail transportation = railways - железнодорожный транспорт, сеть
железных дорог, железнодорожные перевозки
rapid transit - скоростной транспорт
road infrastructure – инфраструктура наземных дорог
road transportation - дорожные перевозки
rush hour - час пик, час наибольшей транспортной нагрузки
schedule – расписание, график, распорядок
scooter - мотороллер; скутер, самокат, мотоцикл с пониженным
сидением; одноместный глиссер
ship terminal – морской вокзал
shipping – судоходство, перевозки судами, морские перевозки
taxi stand - стоянка такси
taxicab - легковой таксомотор
to arrive - прибывать, приезжать, достигать, въехать, приходить к
чему-л. (at)
to board - садиться в поезд, трамвай (и любой другой вид транс-
порта); садиться на корабль, всходить на борт (любого судна)
to book a ticket = to make booking = to reserve a ticket - заказывать
билет
to check in – регистрировать, зарегистрироваться
to check out – освобождать номер в гостинице, расплатиться в
гостинице и уехать
to commute - совершать регулярные поездки на работу в город из
пригорода и обратно
to get into a car - садиться в машину
to ride - ехать верхом; ехать (на мотоцикле, велосипеде, в поезде)
to travel – ехать, ездить, путешествовать, передвигаться
train station - железнодорожный вокзал
transportation - транспортные средства, транспорт; перевозка
traveller – путешественник, путник, пассажир
underground = subway = tube railroad – метро, подземная железная
дорога
vehicle – автомобиль, автотранспортное средство, машина
water transportation - водный транспорт, перевозка по внутрен-
ним водным путям
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6.2. SCANNING
Passenger Transportation
1. Mobility is an essential feature of urban life, for it defines
the ability to participate in modern society. Transport modes
are the means by which people achieve mobility. These modes fall into
one of three basic types, depending on over what surface they travel –
land (road, rail and pipelines), water (shipping), and air.
2. On the whole people travel to meet their needs for subsistence
(to go to work, to acquire food and essential services), for personal development (to go to school and cultural facilities), and for entertainment (to participate in or watch sporting events, to visit friends). The
need for travel is a derived need, because people rarely travel for the
sake of travel itself; they travel to meet the primary needs of daily life.
3. Travellers make rational choices of the modes they use, each
choosing the one that serves him or her best, although best may be
viewed differently by each traveller. The first option is weather you
prefer private or public transport in your particular situation.
4. Private transport is the transportation using one’s own vehicle
like car, motorcycle, scooter or bicycle, private jet or yacht. The convenience of private means of transport free people from the need to
live near rail lines or stations; they can choose locations almost anywhere, as long as roads are available to connect them to other places.
5. Public transport (also “transit” in America and Canada) or
“mass/public transportation” is a shared passenger transportation
service, which is available for use by the general public, thus the passengers do not travel in their own vehicles as distinct from modes
such as taxicab, car pooling or hired buses, which are not shared by
strangers. Public transport modes include buses, trolleybuses, trams,
rapid transit (metro/subways/undergrounds), commuter rail, monorail and funiculars and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail.
6. There may be different names for nodes and stops: airport, he-
liport; bus stop (including bus station, bus depot), tram stop; metro
station; ship terminal or jetty; taxi stand; train station.
7. Traveller and household characteristics. Among the most influential factors determining travel-mode choice are the characteristics of the travellers themselves and their households.
8. The availability of automobiles has a powerful influence on the
use of transit, because the quality of automobile service is commonly
superior to that of transit. Auto availability is a household characteristic, reflecting the interaction between the number of cars in the
household, the number of drivers, and the travel needs of those drivers. The use of mass transportation is quite low in households having
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a car for every driver. It is much higher in lower-income households
with fewer cars than drivers. Thus, transit usage is often correlated
with family income.
9. Gender was also an important determinant of transit use, with
women traveling by public transport more than men. Men might get
priority use of the household car for work trips because they have
been treated as primary wage earners and because women have traditionally been more involved in child care and household manage-
ment. But these gender roles are changing rapidly.
10. The advantages of public transportation.
First of all, a public transportation system such as a train and a
bus are safer than the use of a my-car. In fact, a large number of
people are victimized with a car accident every year. In addition, so
many people are even dead or seriously damaged by the accident. On
the other hand, public transportation is well-operated by a specialized
company or a government and all drivers or operators are well-trained
to save customers life. If you wish to live longer or to have a less risky
life, you’d better choose public transportation.
11. Secondly, the use of public transportation makes you more
socialized and healthier psychologically. Mass transport gives you a
lot of opportunities to communicate and interact with other people.
12. Third, public transportation is extremely eco-friendly. One of
the major negative effects on global warming is obviously the increase
in the use of private cars.
13. Fourth, you may cut your costs on fuel: fuel price for private
transport is far higher than bus/train fares.
Fifth, you are able to reduce time and resources necessary for
maintenance of personal vehicles.
Sixth, there is no need to find parking spaces at your destination.
14. The Disadvantages of Public Transit
Lack of Space. It doesn't matter what type of public transit you
use, in many cities it can be guaranteed that you will have a lot of fellow passengers, especially during rush hours. For subways and buses, this might mean being forced to stand. Carrying items such as
groceries can also be nearly impossible on some types of transportation, limiting your options to private cars or taxis.
15. Fixed Routes. If you are running late and you intend to get to
your destination quickly, opting for public transit like a bus or a train
may not be the answer. Most routes are, of course, designed to follow
paths used by largest number of people. In some major cities, buses
and trains only have stations on main roads and highways.
16. Fixed Schedule. Public buses and trains often run on a schedule, so passengers have to be at the station by a certain time. If pas-
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sengers miss their bus or train, they may have to wait for up to an
hour before the next one comes. If you are running late and have
some extra cash, it's better to call a taxi to avoid waiting.
17. Uncleanness and Petty Crime. Don't be surprised to board a
bus or train that's dirty. Although the management running public
transportation services probably has a cleanup system in place, after
hundreds or even thousands of people use something on a given day,
litter and general surface dirt will quickly add up. Safety can also be a
concern on crowded public transit systems, which often offer a playground for pickpockets and other petty thieves.
LEXIS
urban life - городская жизнь
subsistence - средства к существованию
derived – производный, вторичный
rail lines - рельсовая нитка
car pooling - поочерёдное использование личных автомобилей
группой владельцев для общественных нужд
funicular - канатная (железная) дорога
node - узловая точка, место посадки и пересадки
heliport - вертолётная площадка
jetty - пристань
gender – пол (мужской или женский)
determinant - определяющий фактор
wage earner - глава семьи, кормилец семьи
household management - ведение домашнего хозяйства
victimize - приносить в жертву, делать своей жертвой
operator – машинист, оператор
customer – потребитель, клиент
eco-friendly - экологически безвредный
cut costs - сокращать издержки
maintenance - содержание и техническое обслуживание, уход; те-
кущий ремонт
path – путь, траектория, дорожка
petty crime - малозначительное преступление
cleanup system – система уборки, очистки
litter – мусор, неубранный сор
surface dirt – поверхностное загрязнение
concern – проблема, озабоченность, беспокойство
playground – зд. сфера действий
6.3. QUESTIONS
1. What are basic types of transport modes?
2. Why do people travel?
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3. What is private transport? Give examples.
4. What is public transport? Give examples.
5. What factors determine travellers’ choice of transport modes they
use?
6. What does auto availability imply?
7. How does the availability of automobiles influence on the use of
mass transportation?
8. Is there any correlation between gender and the choice of transport
modes?
9. What advantages do public transportation modes have?
10. What are the main disadvantages of public transportation?
6.4. SCANNING
Tips for Traveling Abroad
It is very important to enjoy yourself when on a trip whether
for business or pleasure:
1. Do the research so you'll know the particular risks you face.
2. Before you travel, tell someone exactly where and when you are
going.
3. Check your overseas medical insurance coverage: Ask your
medical insurance company if your policy applies overseas, and if it
covers emergency expenses such as medical evacuation. If it does not,
consider supplemental insurance.
4. Know the local laws and abide by them.
5. Know the laws about currency exchange and use official ex-
change facilities.
6. Make sure you know where your country’s embassy is. Register your whereabouts with the RF embassy if you are staying longer
than two weeks or are in a particularly dangerous area.
7. Take care when choosing your hotel and transportation providers.
8. Use taxis, tours and other transportation services with official
markings. Don’t use taxis without metres.
9. Don’t use public transport late at night.
10. Be careful about sharing your traveling plans with strangers.
11. Avoid traveling alone. Stick to the main roads and avoid taking shortcuts down narrow alleys or poorly lit streets.
12. Don’t leave your luggage unattended.
13. Carrying maps around looking perplexed, and stopping to
look at monuments or buildings, obviously shows that you are from
out of town, and may attract the wrong type of attention.
14. Dress conservatively and try to blend in.
15. When possible, avoid crowds of people surrounding you.
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16. Do not carry your passport around, leave it in the safe in your
hotel. A photocopy will suffice if local law states that you need to.
17. Don’t leave personal documents in your hotel room. If you
haven't left your valuables at home, leave them in your hotel's safe.
18. Don't draw attention to yourself, avoid wearing flashy jewelry
and don't display large amounts of cash. Carry only enough cash to
make it through the day and leave the rest in the hotel's safe.
19. Be very careful if you are asked to sell or part with your per-
sonal items. Many countries have restrictions on items foreigners can
sell or give away and you can get into serious trouble for violating
those laws.
20. Never accept gifts or packages from unknown parties.
21. Don't accept items from locals to carry out of the country and
deliver or mail to someone they know.
LEXIS
do research – исследовать, тщательно изучить
medical insurance coverage – зоны действия и сумма
медицинской страховки
emergency - неотложная помощь
supplemental – дополнительный, вспомогательный
abide by – соблюдать
exchange facilities – возможности обмена валюты
embassy - посольство
whereabouts - приблизительное местонахождение
official markings - официальные опознавательные знаки
stick to - придерживаться
shortcut - кратчайший путь, сокращение пути
poorly lit – плохо освещенный
unattended - без надзора
perplexed – растерянный
blend in – сочетаться, гармонировать, сливаться с
suffice - быть достаточным
draw attention - привлекать внимание
flashy jewelry – броские, кричащие ювелирные украшения
part with – отдать, отказываться от
personal item - личная вещь
package – свёрток, коробка
6.5. EXERCISE. Reconstruct word-combinations using the
words from both columns and then make your sentences
with each of these phrases.
1) business
2) cash
amount
coverage
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3) country’s
4) currency
5) emergency
6) hotel
7) hotel's
8) insurance
9) public
10) transportation
embassy
exchange
expenses
providers
room
safe
transport
trip
6.6. EXERCISE.
1. As far as the previous text doesn’t pretend to be a complete list of instructions for traveling abroad, propose some
additional suggestions for travellers.
2. Make a list of common rules, which any person should have in
mind while travelling in Russia.
6.7. SCANNING
Airport Check-in Procedure in the USA
1. First of all you are to purchase a flight ticket. Try to do it
as early as possible: it will save you money and will also decrease the likelihood of a personal search. Last-minute flight changes
or ticket purchases often flag a person for a thorough search.
2. Airport Arrival: Before you leave home make sure you have
proper identification. Once you arrive at the airport, prepare to
present your Passport along with your ticket at the airport entry point.
3. With tight security and strict regulations, it is important to know the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) rules before leaving for the airport. Some of these rules are as follows:
- carry-on luggage: you are allowed to bring one carry-on and one
personal item, such as a purse, onto the plane with you; the TSA prohibits guns, ammunition, sharp objects, tools, explosives, flammable
items, chemicals or candles (these will be, at the very least, confiscated);
- liquids in carry-on luggage: one quart-sized, clear, plastic, hermetically sealed zip-top bag is allowed per passenger containing 3
three ounce bottles of liquid; medications, baby formula and baby food
are allowed to exceed this rule but must be declared at checkpoints;
- checked baggage: generally two checked bags are allowed per
passenger, however this is dependent on individual airline rules; explosive items, gun powder, chemicals and flammable items are not
permitted in your checked baggage; but you may check most other
items that are prohibited in your carry-on luggage, including firearms
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and sharp objects, as long as they are wrapped in protective coverings.
4. At some airports, the baggage is pre-screened before you get to
the ticket counter. If so, having your bags scanned, collect them at
the other end of the scanning machine. Then look for the ticket counter, which shows your Airline and Flight number.
5. At the ticket counter – present your Passport and ticket. The
ticket agent will then weigh your bags, print your boarding pass and
provide you with bag tags for your carry-on baggage. Write your name
and address on the bag tags and tie them to your bags. The agent
should also provide you with an immigration form.
6. Fill out the immigration form and proceed to the immigration
section. Usually there is a line at the immigration counter. When your
turn arrives, hand over your passport, boarding pass and immigration
form to the immigration officer. The officer will then stamp your
boarding pass and passport and hand it over to you.
7. Checking-in Online: Most airlines will allow you to check-in online and print your boarding pass at home. This comes in extremely
handy for the busy traveller who may not have an extra hour to spare
between that final meeting and the time he or she needs to get to the
airport.
8. The last and final step is the security check-in. Getting
through the Security Checkpoint can be the most stressful part of your
trip. Make sure to keep your boarding pass in your hands at all times,
use the bins for items like your purse, wallet, contents of your pocket,
belt, cell phone and shoes. If you brought a laptop, make sure to take
it out and put the computer in its own individual bin for scanning.
Once all your items are in the bins, make sure you watch them enter
the X-Ray machine before stepping through the metal detector. Show
the employee your boarding pass then go to the end of the X-Ray to
gather your belongings quickly. Your passport and boarding pass will
be stamped by the officer.
9. As soon as you have completed all formalities, you can proceed
to the gate number printed on your boarding pass and begin boarding
the flight.
LEXIS
as early as possible - как можно раньше
personal search - личный досмотр, личный обыск
last-minute - сделанный в последнюю минуту
flag – привлекать внимание, навлекать, выделять, ставить метку
identification - удостоверение личности
entry point - пункт службы безопасности на входе, пункт пересе-
чения границы
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ammunition – боеприпасы
explosives - взрывчатые вещества
flammable item - легковоспламеняющийся предмет
quart-sized – ёмкость объемом в одну кварту (1,14 литра)
sealed - герметически закрытый, герметичный
zip-top - с открываемым верхом
three ounce bottle – бутылочка объёмом в 3 унции (около 100 грамм)
baby formula – детская смесь
be wrapped - обёртываться
bag tag – бирка для сумки, этикетка с регистрационным номером
line – очередь
immigration counter – стойка иммиграционного контроля
stamp – проштемпелевать, ставить штемпель
handy – удобный, практичный
security checkpoint - контрольный пункт безопасности
bin – ящик, контейнер, ячейка, резервуар
contents - содержимое
X-Ray machine - рентгеновская установка, рентгеновский аппарат
belongings – принадлежности, имущество, вещи
board - осуществлять посадку на, подниматься на борт
6.8. QUESTIONS
1. Why is it preferable to purchase flight tickets well in advance?
2. What should passengers present at the airport entry point?
3. What does the acronym TSA mean? What are the functions of this
agency?
4. What refers to carry-on luggage?
5. Are liquids allowed in carry-on luggage? If yes, under what condi-
tions?
6. What items are not permitted in checked baggage?
7. Who should provide a passenger with an immigration form?
8. What does ‘checking-in online’ procedure include?
9. What are passengers usually asked to do at the Security Check-
point?
6.9. SCANNING
How to Make a Hotel Reservation
Reservation or booking in a hotel indicates that rooms are
withheld for you in advance. To make booking you must call
ahead and tell the hotel manager or receptionist what type of room
you would like. They will reserve this for you so it will be available
upon arrival.
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Comfortable and convenient lodgings whether in a large hotel or a
small ‘bed-and-breakfast' will make your trip more pleasant. Here's
how to arrange for them without using a travel agent:
1. Buy a travel guide to your destination, especially if you're not
familiar with the area. Choose the neighborhood you want to stay in.
This generally depends on where you will be doing business or on the
recreational or cultural sights you want to see.
2. If you wish to check hotel ratings, be aware that many websites
offer hotel ratings to customers who are looking to book a hotel room
for their trip. Websites like Travelpost.com, Tripkick.com and Cranley.com offer reviews and ratings from past customers to help you decide what hotel to stay at on your vacation or business trip. Hotel reviews and ratings often show you the condition and value of customer
service at various hotels. Higher rated hotels are often more expensive, but may offer several other features that other hotels do not.
3. Find two or three hotels of desirable service quality and in your
price range. Call each hotel. Tell the guest-services operator the dates
you will be lodging there and your room requirements, and ask for the
room rate. Check the hotel's cancellation policy. These differ from hotel
to hotel, but if you cancel without letting the hotel know within the
specified time, you may have to pay for a night's lodging.
4. Find out what other services are included in the room rate. Is a
hot breakfast included? Afternoon tea? Ask about other extras that
may be important to you: refrigerator, hair dryer, iron, workout room,
on-site restaurant, swimming pool, Internet, pet-friendly accommodations.
5. Compare room rates and services and book one of the hotels.
Be sure to specify a smoking or nonsmoking room. Reserve the room
with your credit card. This will generally hold the room for you no
matter what time you arrive.
Check-in procedure in the hotel is a standard formality that requires you to give proper identification, a form of payment and some
personal information to the hotel staff checking you in:
(i) Greet the front desk person and communicate that you'd like a
room. If you've already made a reservation, make sure you tell them
the name the reservation was under.
(ii) Specify how many rooms you need, how many people are in
your party, what size beds you need and if you prefer smoking or nonsmoking rooms. If you'd like a suite or other amenities, be sure to
communicate this up front.
(iii) Tell the hotel staff how long you intend to stay.
(iv) Request any special services like help with your luggage,
wake-up calls, room service. Find out where the pool and workout
room are located.