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Файл:Miscellaneous items. Общеразговорный английский язык. Учебное пособие.pdf
41
LEXIS
average – обычный, типичный, средний
mortgage payments - платежи по ипотечной ссуде
furnishings - предметы домашнего обихода, меблировка
maintenance – техобслуживание, ремонт и содержание
dining out – посещение кафе и ресторанов
personal insurance - индивидуальное страхование
cash contribution - денежное пожертвование
personal care products - средства личной гигиены
financial adviser - финансовый консультант
keep track – отслеживать
disability - потеря трудоспособности, ограничение дееспособности
extras - побочные расходы
savings – сбережения, накопление, экономия
splurge – тратиться, выставить напоказ, хвастать
overlook - упускать из виду, не учесть
subtract - вычитать
fix a problem - устранять проблему, решать задачу
cut back – уменьшать, значительно сокращать
do away with - покончить с, избавляться от чего-либо
adjustments – регулирование, приспосабливание
envelope budgeting – ограничение расходов при помощи “конвер-
тов на разные нужды”
deplete – исчерпать
be done – выполнить, закончить
3.5. EXERCISE.
1. Try to find any statistics on monthly expenses of an average family in Russia and compare this data with the figures
given in the text above.
2. Appraise the techniques ‘how to optimize your family budget’ which
are described in the text above. Give the examples of other possi-
ble ways, which may help people make the best use of their mon-
etary resources.
3.6. SCANNING
Structure of Residential Buildings
The major elements of a residential building include the fol-
lowing:
(1) the foundation, which supports the building and provides stability;
(2) the structure, which supports all the imposed loads and transmits
them to the foundation;
42
(3) the exterior walls, which may or may not be part of the primary
supporting structure;
(4) the interior partitions, which also may or may not be part of the
primary structure;
(5) the environmental-control systems, including the heating, ventilat-
ing, air-conditioning, lighting, and acoustical systems;
(6) the vertical transportation systems, including elevators, escalators,
and stairways;
(7) communications, which may include such subsystems as inter-
communications, public address, and closed-circuit television, as
well as the more usual telephone-wiring systems; and
(8) the power, water supply, and waste disposal systems.
LEXIS
provide stability - обеспечивать устойчивость
structure – строение, сооружение, конструкция, устрой-
ство
imposed load - прилагаемая нагрузка
exterior wall – внешняя стена
supporting structure - поддерживающая конструкция, каркас
interior partition – внутренняя перегородка, межкомнатная стена,
внутренняя ненесущая стена
lighting – освещение, осветительные средства
stairways – лестница в многоэтажном доме
intercommunications - внутренняя связь
public address - громкоговорящая система оповещения
closed-circuit television - кабельное телевидение
3.7. EXERCISE. Reconstruct word-combinations using the
words from both columns and then make your sentences
with each of these phrases.
1) acoustical
2) exterior
3) interior
4) major
5) primary
6) public
7) residential
8) vertical
9) waste
10) water
address
building
disposal
element
partition
structure
supply
system
transportation
wall
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3.8. SCANNING
Housing in the UK
1. Housing types in the UK fall into several different catego-
ries: a detached house, a semi-detached house, a terraced
house and a flat in an apartment house. Each of these house types
has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. One housing type
may be much better suited to your budget, location, and lifestyle than
another.
2. Everyone in England wants privacy thus every person dreams
of living in a detached house, which means a separate building that
not only ensures privacy, but is also a status symbol. It is usually
built of brick and slate. Most of older houses have two living rooms. If
there is one living room in the house, then there is a hall into which
the front door opens. Private houses usually have the back door for
family or close friends.
3. In front of the house there’s always a beautiful garden with
smooth lawn. English people usually have flowerbeds with paths in
between to express their individuality. Sometimes there is also a back
garden, which is more useful, but less pretty than front one. Vegetables, potatoes, cabbage, cauliflowers, peas & lettuce may be grown
there.
In Britain many houses have a fireplace as a traditional symbol of
warmth. About 3/4 of houses now have central heating. Almost all of
them have other modern conveniences such as electricity, gas, cold &
hot running water, telephone, Internet, cable TV.
4. A semi-detached house: one building with two separate
households. These houses can be found, street after street, in the
suburbs of cities and the outskirts of towns all over Britain. At the
sides, there is access to the back, where there will also be two gardens. The most common building material is brick. The typical semidetached has two floors and three bedrooms.
5. A terraced house: each house in the row is joined to the next
one. They usually have two floors, with two bedrooms upstairs. Some
have gardens back and front, others, only at the back and others no
garden at all.
6. Correspondingly most people don’t like apartment houses, because they provide the least amount of privacy. With a few exceptions,
mostly in certain locations in central London, flats are the cheapest
kind of home. The people who live in them are those who cannot afford to live anywhere else.
7. The image of a home as a castle implies a clear demarcation be-
tween private property and public domain. This is very clear in the
case of a detached house. Flats, on the other hand, involve uncertain-
44
ties. You share the corridor outside your front door, but whom with?
The other residents on the same floor, or all the residents in the
building? What about the foyer downstairs? Is this only for the use of
the people who live in the block, or for the public in general?
8. These uncertainties perhaps explain why the ‘communal’ living
expected of flat-dwellers has been unsuccessful in most of Britain.
Flats don’t give people enough privacy. In 2010, less than 10% of the
British population lived in flats, just about one-third (31%) in detached houses and over 60% in semi-detached and terraced houses.
LEXIS
location – участок земли, географический пункт, местонахождение, расположение в определённом месте
privacy - неприкосновенность частной жизни
brick and slate - кирпич и кровельная плитка
smooth lawn – ровно подстриженный газон
flowerbed – цветочная клумба
suburb – пригород
outskirts – окрестности, предместье
upstairs - на верхнем этаже, верхний этаж
demarcation – разграничение
public domain - общественная собственность
uncertainties – неопределённости, сомнения
flat-dwellers – жильцы многоквартирного дома
3.9. QUESTIONS
1. What four main housing types are there in the UK?
2. What does the choice of any particular type of home depend on?
3. Why is it preferable for the majority of the British to live in de-
tached houses?
4. What is a typical British detached house?
5. What building services are called ‘modern conveniences’?
6. What is a difference between a semi-detached house and a terraced
house?
7. How can you prove the statement that blocks of flats provide the
least amount of privacy for their inmates?
3.10. SCANNING
Housing in America
1. Apartment or suite: A unit in a building or house that is
usually available for rent and has bedrooms, a kitchen, a
bathroom and a living room.
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2. Condominium (condo): A building or complex in which units
of property, such as apartments, are owned by individuals but common parts of the property, such as the grounds and building structure, are owned jointly by the unit owners.
3. Detached house: different kinds of such dwellings are bungalow, Cape Cod cottage, chalet, farmhouse, log home, ranch, etc.
4. Duplex/townhouse: a two-fold apartment or condominium
where there are separate entrances for the dwelling units. Usually a
duplex comes in the form of a two-story house where a common wall
separates the two areas.
5. Mobile homes (also called trailers or caravans) are prefabricated homes built in factories and then taken to the place where they
will be occupied. Owners must buy or rent the land to put a mobile
home on.
6. Room for rent: A room in a house or apartment where tenants
share the kitchen, living room and bathroom.
7. In the following table after each type of housing (single detached, 2-4 unit, etc.), you will find the number of units of that type
(not the number of buildings of each type) and the percentage according to the statistical data of 2000.
Type
Total volume (mln.)
Total volume (%)
1-unit, detached
70
60.3%
2 units
11,5
9.9%
3 or 4 units
5,5
4.7%
5 to 9 units
5,5
4.7%
10 to 19 units
4,7
4.0%
20 or more units
10
8.6%
Mobile home
8,8
7.6%
Boat, van, etc.
0,3
0.2%
8. Finding the Right Place. One of the first considerations when
renting an apartment or a house is safety. The least expensive (and
affordable) apartments and houses are often located in areas that may
not always be the safest. This is where you will need to talk to others,
and find out which areas of your town or city are considered low crime
areas.
9. You can research this by talking to neighbors near apartment
buildings you are interested in. Drive through the area. Are the houses and apartments neat and clean, or are there gang graffiti and bars
on every window? The local police and community groups may also
have information about different neighborhoods as well.
10. How close the apartment or house is to your work or educational institution is another factor to look at. You won't want to spend
two hours driving to work and another two driving home each day.
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11. Often finding the right apartment means looking at different
things, e.g.: which day-care centres and schools are nearby, are there
places for shopping, is there public transportation, what healthcare
institutions are in the immediate neighbourhood? If you have relatives
or friends who are renting, they may be able to give you advice as well
based on their experience.
11. Furnishing your apartment or house. Apartments and
houses come as either furnished or unfurnished. If they are furnished,
your furniture is provided, but the monthly rate is also usually higher. Unfurnished apartments and houses normally come with the ap-
pliances such as a refrigerator and stove, but you will need to buy or
lease your own furniture.
12. There are several places you can go to buy furniture once you
have rented a place. You can go to department stores, check out ads
in your local paper, and ask people in your community where the best
bargains in furniture are. Sometimes you can buy furniture at a good
price at discount warehouses, at auctions, or through classified ads
in the local newspaper.
13. Reading a Rental Ad. It can help to understand some of the
more common terms and abbreviations used in advertisements for
rental apartments. For instance, you may see an ad that says:
“2 BR for rent, A/C, furn., utilities, $1250, sec. deposit $600, no pets”.
14. These abbreviations mean that a 2 Bedroom (BR) apartment
is for rent. Air Conditioning (A/C) is included, the apartment is furnished (if unfurnished, it would read "unfurn.") and utilities are included in the rental price, which is $1250 a month. They are asking
for a security deposit of $600. In this ad, they specify that pets are not
allowed. Some apartments will allow small pets, but they will also ask
that you pay a special increased security deposit and agree to pay for
any damage.
LEXIS
apartment - квартира из нескольких комнат
suite - номер-люкс; комплекс [блок] помещений; кварти-
ра, состоящая из нескольких комнат
for rent – внаём
condominium - квартира в доме-совладении, в котором каждый
совладелец имеет право распоряжения своей частью имущества
unit owners – зд. владельцы квартир, владельцы жилых блоков
dwelling – жилище, жилое помещение
mobile home - передвижной дом-фургон
low crime area – район с низким уровнем преступности
neighborhood - городской квартал, ближайшая окрестность
47
furnish - оснащать, обставлять мебелью, меблировать
unfurnished – немеблированный, необорудованный, необставлен-
ный
appliances - электрические бытовые приборы
ad = advertisement – объявление
bargain - выгодное приобретение, сделка
classified ads - рубричные (классифицированные) рекламные объ-
явления (краткие объявления, помещаемые в специальных руб-
риках, таких как "требуются", "куплю", "сдам в аренду" и т. д.)
abbreviation – сокращение, аббревиатура
utilities - коммунальные услуги
security deposit – залог, залоговый депозит
3.11. QUESTIONS
1. What is a condominium?
2. Is a condominium different from a rental apartment?
3. What type of dwelling is preferable according to statistical
data?
4. What are prevalent varieties of detached houses in America?
5. What considerations are crucial when people choose an apartment
or a house?
6. What is a difference between furnished or unfurnished dwellings?
7. What abbreviations may be used in advertisements for rental
apartments?
3.12. SCANNING
Orenburg
1. People live in many different places all over the world.
Some people live in towns or cities, others live in country
areas. Places are made up of features of:
- natural environment: climate, weather, air, soil, water resources
(e.g.: river, lake, pond, sea, ocean), landscape (e.g.: mountain, hill,
lowland, forest, steppe);
- infrastructure: buildings, streets, parks, bridges; and
- cultural capital: libraries, museums, educational institutions,
theatres, studios, concert halls, etc.
2. These features can be used in different ways by different
people, depending on their purpose. At the same time, the places,
where people live in, affect the things they do.
3. The teaching staff and students of our institute live (permanently or temporarily) in Orenburg. Let’s describe this city as a place
of living.
48
4. The city of Orenburg, located on the banks of the Ural and
Sakmara rivers, is the regional capital and one of the largest cities in
Southern Russia. Its population is about 600 000 people. Orenburg
was founded as a fortress in 1743, and from 1938 to 1957, was
known as Chkalov. It was originally a military centre of the Ural Cossacks, and its commercial importance grew with advancement of
East-West Trade and development of railways. Today, Orenburg is one
of Russia's most beautiful cities, as confirmed by the preserved historical and architectural sights.
5. The official center of our city is Sovetskaya (Nikolayevskaya)
street. It connects the Central Park with the Boulevard. Almost every
building and every place in this street has a historic value. The busiest streets are Gagarin, Chkalov, Komsomolskaya, Tereshkova, Turkestanskaya, Pobeda and so on.
6. There are many green corners, lanes and parks in Orenburg.
One of them is in front of the building of the Regional Administration.
In summer, there are a lot of flowers around a very beautiful fountain.
In winter, the Central New Year Fir-tree is always decorated there.
7. Orenburg is a cultural center of the whole region. Citizens and
guests of our town may spend their leisure time visiting different theatres, exhibitions, concert halls, cinemas, clubs, stadiums, casinos,
restaurants, cafes and pizza houses. The most important museums
are the Regional Museum, the Fine Arts Museum, the Historical
Pushkin Museum with rich collections of ancient jewelry, rare books,
unique pictures, ancient tools, old-world clothes and furniture, et ce-
tera.
8. If you are a film lover you are given an opportunity to choose
among “Cosmos”, “Kino-Fresh” and “Kino-City”. High quality of sound
and picture will give you unforgettable impressions. Cinema is a great
illusion and a viewer having bought a ticket may find himself either in
a fantastic world or at a great show or in the center of a battle.
9. Surely, Orenburg is a living being. It has its own heart and you
can hear its pulse through children’s laugh, sounds of wind, songs of
birds, splashes of fountains, rustle of leaves, music in summer cafes…
You can feel its warmth from smiles of citizens, looks of lovers, sun-
beams, drops of a light rain. This heart beats as we live, so each of us
maintains its vitality.
LEXIS
be made up of – состоять из
landscape - ландшафт
located on the banks - расположенный на берегах
fortress - крепость
with advancement - с усилением
49
preserved - сохраненный
sights - достопримечательности; то, что стоит посмотреть
leisure time - свободное время
exhibition - выставка
regional museum - краеведческий музей
ancient jewelry - древние ювелирные изделия
tools - орудия труда, инструменты
et cetera - и тому подобное
high quality - хорошее качество
unforgettable impressions - незабываемые впечатления
viewer - кинозритель
living being - живое существо
splash of fountain - плеск; брызги фонтана
rustle of leaves - шелест листвы
warmth - сердечность, душевность
sunbeam - солнечный луч
light rain - небольшой дождь, слепой дождик
beat - биться, стучать
maintain vitality - поддерживать жизнеспобность, подпитывать
энергией
3.13. QUESTIONS
1. What is the meaning of the word-combination ‘natural environment’ in the text above?
2. What is a difference between natural environment and infrastruc-
ture of a territory?
3. What does ‘cultural capital’ of a region presuppose?
4. What are major characteristics of Orenburg as an urban settle-
ment?
5. What is Orenburg famous for as a historic place?
6. How can you describe the features of natural environment in our
region?
7. What is ‘cultural capital’ of our city?
8. What can you say about infrastructure in Orenburg?
3.14. KEY WORDS
apartment
apartment house
couple
cultural capital
detached house
electricity
natural environment
neighborhood
nuclear family
one-parent family
one-person household
relative
50
extended family
family budget
heating
household
housing
infrastructure
in-laws
lighting
marital status
modern conveniences
running water
savings
semi-detached house
spouse
terraced house
to bring up
to get married
to housekeep
utilities
waste disposal system
3.15. MAKE A REPORT on the topic “Family Relations and
Household”, paying attention to the following points in your
speech:
- definition of a family;
- parents and children within a family:
- an average family in Russia, Britain and America;
- housing in different countries;
- family budget.
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4.1. BEFORE READING learn the following words and phrases
which are essential on the topic:
adventure – 1) приключение; 2) рисковать
amateur – любитель, непрофессионал; непрофессиональный
amusement park – парк с аттракционами, парк отдыха
board games and party games - настольные коллективные игры
bungee jumping - прыжки с моста (вертолёта) со специальным
эластичным канатом
camping - многодневный туристический поход
casual leisure – повседневная форма времяпровождения; ситуа-
тивная форма отдыха
collector – коллекционер
cooking - приготовление пищи
entertainment – развлечения, увеселительное мероприятие
film-going - хождение в кино, посещение кино
fishing - рыбная ловля
game of chance = gambling = game of luck - азартная игра
gardening - садоводство и огородничество