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Файл:Miscellaneous items. Общеразговорный английский язык. Учебное пособие.pdf
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8. What is tenure? Can it be denied?
9. Are all educators in America on a tenure track?
1.7. SCANNING
College Extracurricular Activities
1. Universities nowadays have a broad educational mission:
to develop the "whole student." For the majority of students,
involvement in extracurricular activities plays an integral role in the
collegiate experience. University students become involved in extra-
curricular activities not only for entertainment, but most important, to
gain and improve skills. Because of the diverse interests of students,
the range of extracurricular activity offerings varies extensively, depending upon the size and type of college or university.
2. One of the most widespread types of extracurricular experience
is student government. Students involved in governance organizations
are typically elected by their peers to function as the "official voice" of
students to university administration. Student government functions
include allocating funds to other organizations, planning programs related to student interests, providing forums for student issue discus-
sion.
3. Almost every college and university offers some type of intercol-
legiate and intramural athletics. Players at all skill levels are invited to
participate, and often these activities may be quite competitive. For
those students who particularly enjoy watching collegiate sports,
many colleges have student organizations that allow students to attend sporting events, sit in a special student cheering section, and
applaud the home team.
4. Academic major and professional organizations assist their
members in acquiring experience in their chosen occupational field
and in aiding in the job search. Students convene to discuss issues
related to their field of interest and to learn job-related skills. Such
professional organizations typically focus on one career area of interest.
5. Volunteer activities exist to help improve the local and worldwide community. Such organizations as Habitat for Humanity, Oxfam
and Circle K promote volunteerism during the college years. These
programs offer students an opportunity to contribute to their community and, most important, to critically reflect upon their service experiences.
6. Students interested in fine arts have a plethora of extracurricular opportunities in which they can actively participate. Activities including plays, musicals, and dance concerts offer a chance for students to demonstrate their dramatic abilities. Marching band, jazz
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band, orchestra, and singing groups allow students to pursue their
musical interests at the college level. Pottery, sculpture, and work-
shops are also offered for students to learn and enjoy.
7. In addition to the specific extracurricular activities previously
mentioned, other activities exist on many college campuses. Greek organizations (fraternities and sororities) offer many social opportunities
while also promoting service and leadership. Media organizations in
colleges consist of print, television, and radio venues, and these activities may include writing or taking pictures for the college newspaper,
serving on the yearbook staff, or working as a disc jockey for the college radio station.
LEXIS
involvement – участие
extracurricular activities - внеурочная деятельность,
факультативные занятия
collegiate – университетский
entertainment - развлечения, зрелищное или увеселительное меро-
приятие
offering - предложение (сделать что-то или дать что-то)
governance - управление, руководство
allocate funds - распределять фонды, ассигновать
forum for student issue discussion – место для обсуждения студен-
ческих проблем
intercollegiate – межуниверситетский
intramural - находящийся или происходящий в стенах или в пре-
делах одного вуза
athletics - занятия спортом
competitive – соревновательный; основанный на соревновании,
конкуренции
cheer - создавать хорошее настроение, подбадривать; приветство-
вать громкими возгласами; поощрять одобрительными вос-
клицаниями кого-л. , болеть (в спорте)
home team – местная команда
academic major organization – научное объединение по профили-
рующей дисциплине
occupational - профессиональный
convene - созывать (совет, заседание, собрание), собираться
volunteer activity – деятельность добровольцев; волонтёрская рабо-
та; действия людей, действующих по доброй воле и безвоз-
мездно
Habitat for Humanity - международная организация «Обитель для
человечества», массовая миссионерская организация по
строительству домов
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Oxfam - Оксфам (международное объединение из 17 организаций,
работающих в более чем 90 странах по всему миру)
Circle K – международная студенческая организация под
руководством Kiwanis Club (their motto is "Serving the Children
of the World")
contribute - содействовать, способствовать, делать вклад; жертво-
вать (деньги и т.п.)
plethora – изобилие
pursue - заниматься (чем-либо). проводить (в жизнь); преследовать
(цель)
workshop – студия, мастерская, лаборатория, практикум
fraternity - студенческое братство
sorority - университетский женский клуб
leadership – лидерство, умение повести за собой, командные каче-
ства
venue – округ, район, место действия
yearbook staff – редакция ежегодного издания
1.8. QUESTIONS
1. What do extracurricular student activities depend on?
2. What are customary student government functions?
3. What do universities offer students who enjoy collegiate
sports?
4. What is the role of professional organizations in extracurricular ac-
tivities of students?
5. What are the functions of Greek organizations?
6. Give examples of volunteer activities available to students.
7. What is the purpose of volunteerism?
8. What extracurricular activities are common for students who are
interested in fine arts?
9. What media organizations usually operate in college campuses?
What do they do?
1.9. EXERCISE. Compose your statements using the following
word-combinations:
1) almost every college and university nowadays – offer;
2) involvement in extracurricular activities – play a role;
3) many student organizations – allow;
4) media organizations in colleges - consist of;
5) members of student organizations – discuss;
6) professional organizations typically focus on;
7) students - become involved in.
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1.10. SCANNING
Education Law
1. Education law is a set of rules and regulations that guide
the workings of a national education system. Education law
encompasses a wide variety of topics:
• the sources of funding that educational institutions use to acquire
resources,
• discipline issues relating to supervision of students’ physical and
educational needs by public authorities, school administrators,
educators, help staff, and other students;
• the requirements teachers and other faculty and staff must meet to
be certified, trained, hired and fired;
• educational equity, relating to funding adequate and equal educa-
tion for all students, regardless of the economic condition of the
neighborhood and school;
• educational policy and reform, which concerns the way the govern-
ment values, funds, and tests students’ education achievement;
• intellectual and academic freedom, copyright issues relating to print
or online materials, distance learning issues, privacy issues, espe-
cially in the digital environment;
• special education issues relating to appropriate treatment, discipline
and individualized education program for students with various
learning disabilities;
• discrimination in the field of education, whether in the hiring
process or in the process of educating students.
2. Autonomy of Institutions of Higher Education. Universities
are usually autonomous institutions of education and science with
the right to self-governance. The autonomy of institutions of higher
education is based on the division of power and responsibility between the government agencies and the management of the university, as well as between the management and the academic staff.
3. The autonomy of a university is expressed in the right to select
the ways and forms for the implementation of the tasks set forth by
the founders of the institution of higher education, as well as in com-
pliance with the principle of democracy and with the laws regulating
the operation of colleges and other regulatory enactments.
4. An institution of higher education has the right:
- to develop and approve its constitution;
- to form the academic staff; and
- to independently determine:
a) the content and forms of study programmes,
b) additional provisions for the admission of students,
c) basic trends of scientific research work,
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d) its own organizational and managerial structure, and
e) rates of work remuneration.
5. Academic Freedom. The freedom of research work is expressed as the rights of academic staff to choose the topic and direction of scientific activities. Academic staff is also entitled to choose
study methods.
6. The freedom of studies, research work and artistic creation is
expressed in the rights of students:
- to choose an institution of higher education, a faculty (department);
- to change their study programme during their studies, choosing
the same study programme in another institution of higher education,
faculty (department, institute);
- to attend lectures in other institutions of higher education, faculties (departments, institutes);
- to draw up and acquire the free elective part of individual studies; and
- to be engaged in scientific research work and artistic creation.
7. The administration of an institution of higher education has a
duty to guarantee and respect these rights of students and academic
staff.
LEXIS
education law – законодательство в сфере образования
discipline issues – вопросы организации образовательных
услуг
help staff - обслуживающий персонал
educational equity – равные возможности в сфере образования
distance learning - дистанционное обучение, заочное образование
privacy issue - проблема сохранения секретности
special education issues – вопросы по организации особых образо-
вательных услуг
learning disability - затруднения при обучении, неспособность при
обучении
self-governance – автономия, самоуправление
founders - учредители
in compliance with - в соответствии с
regulatory enactment - нормативный акт
scientific research - научные исследования
work remuneration – оплата труда, вознаграждение за работу
study methods – методы организации обучения
artistic creation – художественное творчество
draw up – составлять, вырабатывать, проектировать
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1.11. QUESTIONS
1. What discipline issues are covered by education law?
2. What does educational equity mean?
3. What forms of discrimination are prohibited by education
law?
4. What fundamentals is the autonomy of institutions of higher edu-
cation based on?
5. What rights is academic staff entitled to?
6. What rights are given to universities?
7. What rights does education law provide for students?
1.12. EXERCISE.
a) AGREE OR DISAGREE with the statements given below.
b) Prepare DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUESTIONS using some of
these statements.
1. A college diploma itself is not an equivalent to higher education.
2. A student, who is not ready to spend twenty-four hours a day on
getting deep knowledge and professional skills, cannot think of
becoming a lawyer, a teacher or a doctor.
3. Day by day college tuition in our country is becoming more expen-
sive and not all families can afford it.
4. Generally a college in America is a part of a university but not all
colleges offer graduate studies.
5. Higher education establishments promote cultural development in
all spheres of social life.
6. Higher education should be financially accessible to citizens.
7. If all young people get higher education it will be an insuperable
difficulty for each of them to find a job.
8. If higher education is free all over the globe, our world will become
much more peaceful and stable.
9. Instructors in American colleges usually have doctorate degrees
and after two-three years of teaching they may seek tenure.
10. It is better not to waste your lifetime on education because there
are so many other more important and interesting things.
11. It is difficult for persons from low-income families to go to the
university if they do not have additional sources of cash.
12. It is not a diploma that makes a person educated, but his own ef-
forts to gain personal development.
13. It is unfair that only representatives of one social group can get
proper education.
14. Many students enroll in a higher education establishment con-
trary to their personal choice but because they have to.
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15. Not all of us have abilities and aptitude for learning.
16. Nowadays higher education is free in most countries of our pla-
net.
17. Only clever and talented people have a chance to continue their
education if they successfully finish secondary schools.
18. People with higher education are appreciated in all spheres of our
life.
19. Sometimes the abilities of students and the university demands
do not match; in this case, all their efforts are useless.
20. Students need patience, persistence and diligence in order to suc-
ceed in mastering college courses.
21. Those who have entered the university only because they pay
money won’t achieve any meaningful results.
22. Today almost 85 per cent of our fellow citizens have got higher
education.
23. We should understand that higher education might not always be
the best choice for everyone.
1.13. KEY WORDS
academic rank
academic staff
Bachelor’s Degree
college
collegiate
curriculum
distance learning
doctorate
education law
extracurricular activities
full-time education
general education
graduate
higher education
instructor
law school
lecture
lecturer
major
Master’s Degree
moot
optional
part-time education
postgraduate
practical training
professional education
professor
scientific research
subject
tenure
term paper
to award a degree
to enter a college
to pass an exam
tuition
undergraduate
1.14. MAKE A REPORT on the topic “Higher education”, paying attention to the following points in your speech:
- education law;
- educational institutions in Russia, Britain and America;
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- teaching staff and academic titles;
- classroom experience and degrees;
- extracurricular activities of students.
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2.1. BEFORE READING learn the following words and phrases which are essential on the topic:
abstract - аннотация, краткий справочник, автореферат
accuracy - правильность, соответствие, точность, тща-
тельность
almanac - альманах, сборник, ежегодник
appropriate - соответствующий, подходящий, присущий
archives - архивы
article - статья (в печатном издании)
audience - адресат, аудитория (общее число лиц, которые могут
воспринять сообщение)
audio and video recording - аудио и видеозапись
book of reference - справочное издание
broadcasting - передача радио- или телевизионных программ
communication - процесс передачи информации, общение; зна-
комства, контакты, связи
copyright - авторское право, издательское право, охраняемый ав-
торским правом
credibility - достоверность; правдивость
current information - оперативная информация, текущая инфор-
мация
data - фактические сведения, исходные данные
data file - массив данных, информационный файл
data storage - хранение информации
dictionary - словарь, справочник, построенный по алфавитному
принципу
electronic media - электронные средства массовой информации,
радио и телевидение
encyclopaedia - энциклопедия
evaluation - оценивание, определение (количества, качества)
“fair use” - правомерное использование, добросовестное использо-
вание, законное использование
fiction - беллетристика; художественная литература
guidebook - учебное руководство, учебник
in print - в напечатанном виде, опубликованный
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index - алфавитный указатель
information acquisition - сбор (и накопление) информации
interpretation - интерпретация, истолкование, объяснение, толко-
вание, трактовка, перевод (устный)
journal - бюллетень, учётный регистр, журнал (научно-
популярный, общественно-политический и т. п.)
listening skills – практические навыки восприятия информации
на слух, навыки обработки устной информации
library – библиотека, книгохранилище
magazine - (периодический) журнал
manual - карманный справочник, учебное пособие
media - средства массовой информации, средства аудиовизуаль-
ной информации
newspaper = paper - газета
news program = newscast - программа новостей, передача послед-
них известий
nonfiction - документальные и научные материалы
online - интерактивно, интерактивный, (работающий) в опера-
тивном режиме (в темпе поступления информации, в реаль-
ном времени)
original - исходный, истинный; настоящий, подлинный; ориги-
нальный
personal experience - личный опыт
print media - печатные СМИ
process - обрабатывать, подвергать обработке, перерабатывать
processed data - обработанные данные
reading skills – техника чтения, практические навыки понимать
прочитанное
reference - ссылка (на кого-л., что-л.); упоминание (о чём-л., ком-
л.); сноска
relevant - важный, уместный, имеющий отношение к данному во-
просу
reliable - достоверный, заслуживающий доверия
science fiction - научная фантастика
source of information - источник информации
tape - магнитофонная лента
television = the tube - телевидение
television program - телевизионная передача, телевизионная про-
грамма
textbook = educational book - учебник, пособие, руководство
to cite - ссылаться (на что-л.) ; цитировать, приводить цитату
to publish - придавать огласке, публиковать; выпускать, издавать,
оглашать
to share - делиться, использовать совместно
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to transfer - передавать, обмениваться
to verify - проверять, контролировать; сверять, подтверждать
transfer of data - передача информации
writing skills – техника письма, навыки изложения информации в
письменной форме
2.2. SCANNING
How to Study
1. Many students are surprised at the differences in studying
at university versus how they studied at secondary school.
Regular worksheets are replaced by vast tests and exams, which require knowledge about concepts rather than simple memorization of
facts. Students frequently discover they need to adapt their study
skills to the higher school demands.
2. Here are some tips for getting started:
o Set individual academic and personal goals.
o Manage your time well.
o Study piece by piece: 20-50 minute time periods followed by a brief
break (5-10 minutes) is the most effective way to study.
o Know and use resources.
o Rank your two or three subjects and be sure to spend time on your
most challenging major everyday and early in the day.
o Use daylight hours: an hour of studying during the day is worth two
at night! Do the work that requires the most concentration (typically reading) earliest in the day.
o Meet and get to know teaching staff.
o Know and actively use reading skills.
o Develop and improve your writing and speaking skills.
o Develop strong listening and note-taking skills.
o Learn actively: ask yourself questions, review your notes regularly,
discuss key concepts with peers and course professor.
o Don’t forget about important academic deadlines.
o Get involved in extracurricular activities; learn managerial, investiga-
tive, oratorical and communication skills and gain experience in
all these spheres.
3. How to Read Your Texts. If you want to become a more efficient and effective reader this text may help you because one commonly used approach to reading, which works well for texts, is the
Survey, Question, Read, Review and Recite Method. The main steps
are as follows:
o Survey - before you read, scan the titles, headings, pictures and
chapter summaries;