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Файл:Miscellaneous items. Общеразговорный английский язык. Учебное пособие.pdf
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7.6. SCANNING
Cuisine
1. Cuisine is a characteristic manner or style of preparing
food, often associated with a place of origin. Thus, we can
speak about French, Italian, Japanese, Ukrainian, or Indian cuisine.
2. Russian cuisine consists of a wide variety of soups, fish, cereal, and drinks. Vegetables, meats, fruits, mushrooms, berries, and
herbs are used in Russian cooking. Fresh fruits and vegetables are
not so common. Russian products, such as caviar, buckwheat, and
rye flour are widely used in international cuisine.
3. The main meal is normally eaten at dinnertime and may include beef, chicken, fish, or cooked vegetables. Russians also enjoy a
variety of soups during different meals. They have some national
soups like shchi (cabbage soup), ooha (fish soup), rassolnik (pickle
soup), and okroshka (cold vegetable soup).
4. Russian beverages such as vodka or mors (a berry drink) are
popular even among non-Russians. The beer found in Russian areas
is relatively stronger than in most of the European countries. Russians also consume large amounts of coffee and tea.
5. Ukrainian cuisine is famous for its diversity and flavor. The
most popular Ukrainian dish is called borscht, a thick soup made
primarily with beets, but also prepared with meat, mushrooms, and
beans. Other soups made of mushroom, bean, and pea, and soups
with dumplings are also popular. Ukrainians consume generous
amounts of dairy products, such as riazhanka (fermented baked
milk), and nalysnyky (cheese-filled pancakes). Meat is typically boiled,
fried, or stewed.
6. British cuisine has been greatly influenced by its numerous
former colonies. From Eastern Asia the British acquired a love for tea,
and from India, curry and spices. Nowadays most towns in the United
Kingdom have Indian restaurants serving curries, but the dish threatening to become the British national dish is chicken tikka masala
(barbecued chicken in spicy gravy).
7. Fish and chips is a British institution in itself. This deep-fried
battered fish served with deep-fried potato fingers is one of the dishes
in Britain eaten anywhere and everywhere by everyone.
8. Another traditional dish of the United Kingdom is Yorkshire
pudding. It is a savory dish, which is made from batter and most often served with roast beef. It is also eaten with sausage or other dishes, or on its own accompanied by gravy. As far as desserts are concerned, the British love puddings, and the famous Christmas pudding
is made in every kitchen.
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9. Tea is not only a drink in the United Kingdom, it is also the
name of two meals: tea (served between 3:30 - 5 p.m.) and high tea
(served around 6 p.m.). But most British drink tea throughout the
day. On average, the British population drinks more than
200,000,000 cups of tea every day! Tea is generally served with
scones, sandwiches, biscuits, and assorted cakes. The British are also
fond of beer, gin, and whisky.
10. Food in the United States is influenced by two factors: its
historically diverse immigrant population, which has introduced a
wide variety of dishes; and the nation’s abundance of meat and fish,
dairy, and agricultural produce, which offers a wide range of possibilities for cooks.
11. Breakfasts embrace a wide range of fruits, juices, breads,
cheeses, or cereals. Eggs and bacon or sausage are also popular.
Sandwiches are a popular lunch item, often made with meat, cheese,
or peanut butter. Meat and potatoes with salad or vegetables remain a
typical dinner for many families, who can choose from beef, chicken,
ham, or turkey. Fish is also popular as a main course, especially in
fishing regions, as are pizza and pasta. Cookies, ice cream, pies, and
cakes are popular desserts. Soft drinks such as colas are the nation’s
most popular beverages. Coffee, milk, and beer are also widely popular.
12. The creativity of U.S. cooks should not be underestimated, because Americans have invented some of the most popular foods in the
world, especially those that are quick, portable, and cheap, such as
hot dogs, hamburgers, potato chips, ice cream cones, and iced tea.
LEXIS
place of origin - место зарождения, место происхождения
herbs - пряные, ароматические или кухонные травы
caviar - икра
buckwheat - гречневая крупа или мука
rye flour - ржаная мука
pickle - солёные или маринованные огурцы, соление, маринады
beet – свёкла
bean – фасоль, боб
dumpling – клёцка
curry – кари (острая приправа из куркумового корня, чеснока и
других пряностей)
spice - специя, пряность
gravy - подливка (из сока жаркого), соус
battered – расплющенный, отбитый
Yorkshire pudding - пирог из взбитого теста с куском жаренного
мяса
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savory - острый, пряный, приятный на вкус, аппетитный
scone – булочка, лепёшка
assorted cakes - разнообразное сладкое печенье и пирожное
abundance - изобилие
agricultural produce - сельскохозяйственные продукты
sausage – колбаса
peanut butter - паста из тёртого арахиса
ham – ветчина
pasta - макаронные изделия
underestimate – недооценивать, преуменьшать, занижать
7.7. QUESTIONS
1. When do Russians have the main meal and what it usually
consists of?
2. What drinks is Russia famous for?
3. What kinds of soup are mentioned in the text above?
4. What names of beverages are given in the text?
5. What dairy products do Ukrainians consume?
6. How have the British former colonies influenced upon metropolitan
country’s cuisine?
7. What dishes are regarded as traditional in the United Kingdom?
8. When and how is tea served in Britain?
9. What factors have impact on cuisine and cooking techniques in the
USA?
10. What food is associated with U.S.?
7.8. EXERCISE. Reconstruct word-combinations using the
words from both columns and then make your sentences with
each of these phrases.
1) agricultural
2) battered
3) characteristic
4) cooked
5) deep-fried
6) diverse
7) fishing
8) fresh
9) generous
10) high
11) international
12) main
13) popular
14) thick
amounts
cuisine
dishes
fish
fruits
immigrant population
meal
potato fingers
produce
regions
soup
style of preparing food
tea
vegetables
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7.9. KEY WORDS
agricultural produce
beverage
cooking
cuisine
cutlery or crockery
dairy products
dish
fats and oils
fruit and vegetables
full course meal
garnish
greens
meal
mealtime
meat
restaurant
seasoning
shellfish
to bake
to boil
to cook
to fry
to roast
to serve
to steam
to stew
7.10. MAKE A REPORT on the topic “Food: Tastes Differ”, paying attention to the following points in your speech:
- mealtimes;
- standard sequence of a full course meal;
- cooking techniques and ingredients;
- cuisine;
- restaurants and eating-houses;
- table manners.
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8.1. BEFORE READING learn the following words and phrases
which are essential on the topic:
ache - продолжительная боль, тупая боль
ambulance - скорая помощь, санитарный транспорт
balm – бальзам, болеутоляющее средство
bandage – бинт, перевязочный материал
blood pressure - кpовяное (артериальное) давление
blood test - анализ крови, исследование крови
bruise – повреждение, гематома, синяк
burn - ожог (огнем) | обжигать
check up – осмотр; | проверять состояние здоровья
chemists shop = pharmacy = drug-store – аптека
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cotton – вата, хлопок, хлопчатобумажная ткань
cough – кашель | кашлять
cure – лекарство, курс лечения | лечить
cut – порез | резать, поранить
dentist – дантист, стоматолог, зубной врач
diagnosis – диагноз, точное определение
diet – диета, пищевой рацион | соблюдать диету
disease – заболевание, расстройство, недомогание; поражение, па-
тологический процесс | подвергаться заболеванию, заболеть
dislocation – вывих, смещение
domestic medicine – самолечение
dressing – перевязка, перевязочный материал
drops – капли
emergency room - пункт неотложной помощи, комната оказания
экстренной помощи
family doctor - врач общей практики
first aid - неотложная помощь, первая помощь
folk medicine – народная медицина
for external use – для наружного употребления
for internal use – для внутреннего употребления
fracture – перелом | вызывать перелом, дробить
headache - головная боль
health - 1) здоровье; жизнеспособность 2) здравоохранение; сани-
тария и гигиена
health insurance - медицинская страховка, страхование на случай
болезни
fitness - выносливость, натренированность; хорошее физическое
состояние
heart rate - частота пульса, сердечный ритм
hygiene – гигиена
illness – нездоровье; болезнь, заболевание
immunity – иммунитет, защищённость
infection – инфекция
infectious disease - инфекционное заболевание
injection - укол, инъекция
injuries - телесные повреждения
intoxication – опьянение, отравление организма
medical history - история болезни
medicine – медицина; лекарство, лекарственный препарат
mixture – микстура, смесь, состав
nurse – сиделка, санитарка, медсестра | ухаживать за
ointment – мазь
pain – боль, страдание
patient – пациент, больной
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pernicious habits - вредные привычки
pharmacon = drugs = medication - лекарственные средства
physician – терапевт, доктор, лекарь
pill - пилюля, таблетка
powder - порошок
prescription – рецепт
referral to a clinic – направление в поликлинику
remedy - лечебное средство
running nose – насморк
scald - ожог (кипятком или паром) | обваривать
setting-up exercises - физическая зарядка
sneezing – чихание
surgeon - хирург
swelling - опухоль (наружная)
to be on sick leave - быть на больничном
to bleed - кровоточить, истекать кровью
to catch a cold – простудиться
to diagnose - ставить диагноз
to fall ill = to get sick - заболеть чем-либо
to feel the pulse - щупать пульс
to fill a prescription - приготовить лекарственное средство со-
гласно рецепту
to keep fit - быть в хорошем физическом состоянии, быть здоровым
to keep to a diet - сидеть на диете
to operate on smb - оперировать кого-либо
to recover – выздоравливать
to see a doctor = consult a doctor - посетить врача
to see a patient - осмотреть пациента
to take medicine - принимать лекарство
to treat – лечить, проводить лечение
treatment – лечение, уход, терапия
vaccine - вакцина
weakness – слабость, недостаток
wound – рана | причинить боль, поранить, наносить рану
8.2. SCANNING
Importance of Keeping Fit
1. Society's attitude towards health and fitness has changed
over the past few years and we recognize the importance of physical
fitness than ever before. We are encouraged to adopt a 'positive atti-
tude' to our health by taking better care of both our bodies and our
minds.
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2. Health and fitness is determined by what we eat, how we live
our lives, our choice of leisure pursuits and what we do to keep ourselves physically fit. Keeping fit is about how we as individuals choose
to live our lives and the levels of fitness we aspire to. We all need a
certain amount of the right type of exercise to keep us healthy, regardless of our lifestyle, age or physical ability.
3. Remaining physically fit is important for the following reasons:
maintaining a good level of physical fitness will give you a feel-
ing of better health through increased energy and vitality, making you
feel better about yourself and about your life;
being fit helps the activities in your life easier to manage; it
keeps your body in shape and keeps you looking good, which in turn
provides 'the feel good factor' making you work more efficiently and effectively;
keeping fit can help improve your quality of life and help main-
tain a good standard of health.
4. Our level of health and fitness is determined by the diet we eat
and the exercise we undertake. In addition, there are some other benefits of keeping physically fit through exercise:
exercise helps reduce stress & improves personal performance;
exercise helps you control your weight and body shape;
team sports such as football can improve your social life.
5. We all need to know how to keep ourselves fit and healthy, as
this has a direct impact on our life expectancy and quality of life.
These are some basic components of being healthy and keeping fit:
Get Enough Sleep. When you sleep, your body heals and repairs
what was broken during the day. Getting enough sleep is one of the
best ways to avoid getting sick.
Exercise. Take some time every day and do a few easy exercises,
such as crunches or push-ups. These take little effort and can reward
you in the long run. However, more exercise is a good idea. Consider
home gym equipment, a club membership, or exercise videos. Park
your car far away from your destination and walk.
Climb Stairs. Climbing stairs is a great way to get the heart
pumping. Up the speed or climb at a steady pace. You set your own
limits! Keep active even in the comfort of your own home. Don't become a couch potato once you get home. Keep your body active and
moving!
Drink Lots of Water. Your blood flow and digestion are affected by
how much water you drink. Make sure both are working smoothly by
giving your body enough water.
Eat Good Fat. Mono- and poly-unsaturated fats found in olive oil,
sunflower oil, nuts, and avocados are the good fats. These are neces-
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sary for improving your immune function, lowering total cholesterol,
and regulating hormonal production.
Eat More Vegetables. The nutrition available in fresh vegetables
cannot be found anywhere else. Luckily, vegetables come in all
shapes, sizes, colors, and flavors. Don't be afraid to try vegetables
you're unfamiliar with.
Eat Breakfast. Regulate your eating cycles and start each day with
a healthy breakfast. By doing so, you'll actually eat less during the
day. If you've never been ‘a breakfast person’, you'll find that breaking
this unhealthy pattern is actually quite easy. Start with something
small like a piece of toast and build up from there.
Eat Complete Meals. Each meal should ideally include all three
basic food groups: carbohydrates, healthy fats, and protein. Your
body uses all three to effectively absorb the nutrients it needs. If you
leave out a food group, you are short-changing your body.
Eat Slowly. It takes about 10 minutes for your stomach to tell
your brain that it has had enough. Eat slowly, chewing your food well
and drinking plenty of water, so you don't eat more than you need to.
Avoid Stress when Possible. We can't control everything that hap-
pens to us, but we must take responsibility for the decisions we can
make about how we live our lives. If something creates a lot of stress
in your life, consider changing it or, at the very least, consider ways to
help you deal with the stress, like taking up yoga or kickboxing, meditating, music therapy, herbal mood supplements, aromatherapy and
relaxation techniques.
Choose Healthy Habits. Smoking and abusing alcohol contributes
to a variety of health conditions. Smoking can cause lung cancer,
heart disease and a multitude of respiratory problems. Meanwhile, excessive drinking damages the liver. Quit smoking and drink alcohol in
moderation.
LEXIS
positive attitude - положительное отношение
leisure pursuits - занятия на досуге
aspire - стремиться
increased energy and vitality - возросший запас энергии и жизне-
спобности
'the feel good factor' – фактор хорошего самочувствия
undertake – выполнять, брать на себя
life expectancy - ожидаемая продолжительность жизни
heal – заживляться
crunches or push-ups – сгибания с усилием и отжимания
reward in the long run - воздать должное в долгосрочном плане
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home gym – тренажер
climb stairs – подниматься по ступенькам лестницы
steady pace - равномерная скорость
couch potato – лежебока, лодырь, лентяй
blood flow and digestion - кровообращение и пищеварение
unsaturated - ненасыщенный
nutrition - обеспечение питательными веществами
carbohydrates - углеводы
absorb the nutrients - усваивать питательные вещества
leave out - не учесть, исключить
short-change - недодавать
stomach – желудок, живот
chew - пережёвывать
herbal mood supplements - травяной пищевые добавки для под-
держания настроения
relaxation techniques – методики для снятия физического или пси-
хического напряжения
abusing - злоупотребление
respiratory – дыхательный
liver – печень
quit – бросить, прекратить
in moderation – умеренно
8.3. QUESTIONS
1. What biological and social factors affect our health?
2. Why is it important for an individual to remain physically
fit?
3. Why is it vital to get enough sleep?
4. What is the role of setting-up exercises?
5. What should each meal ideally include?
6. Why is it advisable to eat slowly?
7. What techniques may help you avoid or control stress?
8. What habits refer to pernicious ones?
9. What do you do to stay healthy in winter, spring, summer and au-
tumn?
8.4. SCANNING
Stress Management
1. Stress is not an event; it is your reaction to an event.
Stress is your body's "fight or flight" instinctive protective system for
responding to any perceived threat or challenge. In small doses, stress
helps you to stay focused, energetic, and alert. But when stress be-
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comes overwhelming, it can damage your health, your mood, your
productivity, your relationships, and your quality of life.
2. Though it is an inevitable reaction to our environment, the
good news is that it is within our ability to control how we react to the
pressures of our highly competitive and fast-moving society by learning how to recognize the signs and symptoms of stress overload and
how to take steps in order to reduce its harmful effects.
3. There are many healthy ways to manage and cope with stress,
but they all require change. You can either change the situation or
change your reaction.
4. When deciding which option to choose, it’s helpful to be aware
of these general practices used for stress management:
figure out where the stress is coming from; consider what you can control in your environment - and work
on that;
focus on the positive;
express your feelings instead of bottling them up;
do something you enjoy every day;
change the way you communicate and operate in your daily life;
make time for fun and relaxation;
spend time with positive people who enhance your life;
talk to a trusted friend;
master some of these relaxation techniques: breathing medita-
tion, progressive muscle relaxation, body scan meditation, visualization meditation, yoga and tai chi;
don’t forget about these healthy ways to relax and recharge:
- spend time in nature;
- take a long bath;
- savor a warm cup of coffee or tea;
- play with a pet;
- work in your garden;
- get a massage;
- pore over good books;
- listen to music;
- watch a comedy.
5. It is important to note that since everyone has a unique response to stress, there is no “one size fits all” solution to managing it.
No single method works for everyone or in every situation, so experiment with different techniques and strategies.
LEXIS
fight or flight - борьба или бегство
perceived threat - осознанная угроза
challenge - сложная задача, проблема, вызов