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Miscellaneous items. Общеразговорный английский язык. Учебное пособие.pdf
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o Question - actively ask yourself questions as you read such as:
what are the key topics in this section/chapter?
o Read - read for comprehension, locate concepts and facts,
record and reduce information in the margins;
o Review - practice and rehearse the main concepts, reflect on
key learnings, anticipate exam questions;
o Recite - transfer information to long-term memory.
4. How to Learn by Listening. You can learn a lot through listen- ing. At Institute it will be a prime source of information. Unfortunately, people do not instinctively listen well. Listening is a skill, which must be developed. If you apply the following suggestions, you will find yourself listening more effectively, both in class and out.
5. Determine why the information that the speaker is saying is impor-
tant to you. If you don't have an immediate reason for listening to a
speaker, you are an unmotivated listener.
6. Take responsibility for what is being said. Learning is up to the learner. If you simply want to sit passively and blame the speaker for your lack of success, then you're not a serious learner.
7. Look for the main ideas of lecture, presentation or discussion. Facts are important only as they support the speaker's points. Be ready to distinguish between the important and the trivial.
8. Take notes while you listen. Even if you recognize everything be­ing said, jot it down, because you won't remember it later if you don't have a synopsis.
9. Bad Listening Habits:
Calling the Subject Dull. Bad listeners often find a subject too bor-
ing and uninteresting to command their attention and they use this as an excuse to go about their own business during lectures or seminars. Good listeners may have heard a dozen talks on the same subject be­fore, but they quickly decide to see if the speaker has anything that can be of use to them.
10. Criticizing the Speaker. Most bad listeners try to find fault with the way a speaker looks, acts, and talks. Good listeners may make a few of the same criticisms but they quickly begin to pay attention to what is said, not how it is said. They know that the message is ten times as important as the form in which it is presented.
11. Listening Only For Facts. Poor listeners say they listen for facts, but they garble a shocking number and completely lose most of them. Good listeners listen for the main ideas in a speech or lecture and use them as connecting threads to give sense and system to the whole. In the end they have more facts appended to those connecting threads than those who listen only for facts. It isn't necessary to wor-
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ry too much about fact as such, for facts have meaning only when principles supply the context.
12. Not Tolerating Distraction. Poor listeners are easily distracted and may even create disturbances that interfere with their own listen­ing efficiency and that of others. They fidget, talk with their neigh­bors, or shuffle papers. They make little or no effort to conceal their boredom. Good listeners try to adjust to whatever distractions there are and soon find that they can ignore them. Certainly, they do not distract others.
LEXIS
surprised – удивленный, изумлённый versus - в противоположность, в сравнении с worksheets - лист с заданиями, список заданий (вопро-
сов) (на контрольной, самостоятельной работе) vast - многочисленный, в большом количестве memorization - запоминание demands - потребности, запросы tips - подсказки goal – цель, ориентир manage - организовывать, координировать piece by piece - постепенно, частями resources - возможности, источники, ресурсы rank - располагать в определенном порядке, устанавливать оче-
редность most challenging major - самый сложный из основных предметов
специализации get to know - знакомиться teaching staff - профессорско-преподавательский состав note-taking - ведение записей, составление конспекта review - просматривать peers - здесь: одногруппники deadline - предельный срок (окончания какой-либо работы, завер-
шения проекта и т. п.) get involved - принимать участие extracurricular - внеурочный, дополнительный, общественный managerial - организаторский investigative - исследовательский gain experience - приобретать опыт survey - тщательно изучать recite - повторять вслух по памяти, передавать во всех деталях comprehension - понимание, осознанное восприятие reduce in the margins - кратко записывать на полях rehearse - перечислять
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anticipate - предугадывать long-term memory - долговременная память through listening - в ходе слушания, слушая prime source - главный, основной источник instinctively - подсознательно, без волевых усилий apply - применять, использовать, употреблять in class and out - в урочное и внеурочной время immediate reason - непосредственный мотив unmotivated - незаинтересованный, безразличный take responsibility - брать, принимать на себя ответственность be up to - полностью на (ком-либо), отвечать learner - учащийся; ученик blame - осуждать, критиковать, обвинять lack of success - неудача points - здесь: положения, утверждения distinguish between - проводить различие между, распознавать trivial – незначительный, несущественный, банальный jot down - сделать краткую, беглую запись synopsis – конспект command one’s attention – завладеть чьим-либо вниманием go about business - заниматься своими обычными делами find fault with – придираться к garble – перепутать, исковеркать, исказить connecting thread – связующая нить, логическая цепочка give sense and system – придавать смысл и связанность append – пополнять, добавлять supply - обеспечивать восполнять tolerate distraction - быть терпимым к тому, что отвлекает внимание disturbances – помехи interfere – мешать, препятствовать fidget – ёрзать, вертеться, беспокойно двигаться shuffle – перемешивать, тасовать conceal one’s boredom – скрывать своё безразличие, маскировать
тоску и скуку adjust to – приспособляться, адаптироваться
2.3. QUESTIONS
1. What are the differences in studying at secondary school and university?
2. What tips can you give first-year students if their study
skills fall short of the higher school demands?
3. What are your most challenging subjects? How much time do you
spend on them?
4. What does it mean: “to learn actively”?
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5. What are stages of information processing for effective readers and
for attentive listeners?
6. Why is it important to take notes while you listen to a lecture or
presentation?
7. What are the main differences between good and poor listeners?
2.4. SCANNING
Information Acquisition
1. We live in an information age. The quantity of information
available is so huge that we cannot know everything about a subject.
For example, anyone attempting to research what's known about Orenburg Institute of MSLA would have to read hundreds of articles and studies on the subject. And there's the problem of trying to decide which of them have produced reliable results.
2. Similarly, for information on other topics, there's not only a huge quantity but a very uneven level of quality. Nowadays it's hard to know how much to accept of what's in all the books, magazines, pamphlets, newspapers, journals, brochures, Web sites, and various media reports that are available. People want to convince you to agree with their opinions, rely on their data, or accept them as experts. In short, you have to sift and make decisions all the time, and you want to make responsible choices that you won't regret.
3. Evaluating sources is an important skill we need all the time. You will need to make decisions about what to search for, where to look, and once you've found material on your topic, whether to use it in your reports.
4. Do you want facts? Opinions? News reports? Research studies? Analyses? Personal reflections? History? Which sources are likely to be most useful to you? Libraries? The Internet? Academic periodicals? Newspapers? Government records?
5. If, for example, you are looking for information on some current event abroad, a reliable newspaper like the Financial Times will be a useful source. Are you searching for statistics on some aspect of the RF population? Then, start with documents such as the RF census reports. Do you want some scholarly interpretations of literature? If so, academic periodicals and books are likely to have what you're looking for. Are you searching for local history? Then a municipal li­brary, government office, or local newspaper archive is likely to be the most useful.
LEXIS
information age - век информации available - доступный; полезный
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it's estimated - считается, предполагают research - изучать, исследовать studies on the subject - исследования по этому вопросу problem of trying to decide - трудность с определением, выяснением huge quantity - изобилие uneven - различный, разнородный, переменного качества уровень convince - убеждать, уверять (в чем-л.), внушать rely on - доверять sift - тщательно рассматривать, анализировать (данные и т. п.) evaluating - оценивание, определение качества whether - следует ли opinion - мнение, заключение специалиста personal reflections - субъективное мнение academic periodicals - научные журналы look for - искать current event - текущее событие census - перепись населения scholarly - ученый; эрудированный
2.5. EXERCISE.
1. Look thorough several online sources such as:
http://www.university-directory.eu http://www.myuniversityeducation.com
http://english.vladggu.ru, etc. and then compare the content, extent, quality and up-to-dateness of information provided by each of these resources about Moscow Uni­versity named after O.E.Kutafin (former Moscow State Law Academy).
2. Give a short description of the purpose of such Web sites as: http://lib.law.washington.edu/research/research.html http://www.aallnet.org http://www.acjnet.org http://www.britannica.com/ http://www.findlaw.com/ http://www.law.emory.edu/
2.6. SCANNING

Information Resources

1. Information is processed data. Information is power and an essential ingredient in decision-making. To obtain timely, relevant and quality information for your study or research work, you need to know the various sources of information available. An information source is where you got your information from.
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2. Information can come from virtually anywhere - media, blogs, personal experiences, books, journal and magazine articles, expert opinions, encyclopedias, and web pages.
3. Information sources can be in print, non-print and electronic media or format. At the same time, all these sources may be divided into three general groups: primary, secondary and tertiary sources.
4. Primary Sources: original materials that present original think- ing, report a discovery, or share new information, e.g.: audio and vid­eo recordings (radio programs, television programs, tapes, CDs), orig­inal documents (birth certificate, will, marriage certificate, trial tran- script, minutes of meeting), government documents, court records, photographs, journalistic reports, works of art, literature, and music (e.g., paintings, sculptures, novels, poems), etc.
5. Secondary Sources: interpretations and evaluations of primary sources; secondary sources are not evidence, but rather commentary on and discussion of evidence, e.g.: journal, magazine and newspaper articles online and in print; monographs, dissertations, conference proceedings, textbooks, Web sites, etc.
6. Tertiary Sources: detailed collection of primary and secondary sources, e.g. almanacs, dictionaries and encyclopedias; books of ref­erence; guidebooks; indexes, abstracts, bibliographies; manuals, etc.
7. Places where students may find all information that is neces­sary for their studies are:
- Human sources: communication with college professors, profes­sionals, peers and friends.
- Archives and museums: places where records and artifacts of all types and formats are kept and made accessible for research and oth­er purposes.
- Libraries: these institutions have mass produced items such as books, government reports, CDs, DVDs, magazines and journals.
- Internet: a global system of networked computers that allow us­er-to-user communication and transfer of data files from one comput­er to another on the network.
LEXIS
decision-making - выбор решения, процесс принятия ре­шения
non-print – некнижный, непечатный thinking – мнение, представление will - завещание marriage certificate - свидетельство о браке trial transcript – стенограмма судебного заседания minutes - протокол (заседания и т.п.) court record - протокол судебного заседания, материалы суда
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evidence - доказательство, подтверждение; свидетельство commentary - комментарий, примечание; пояснение monograph - монография, научный труд по определенной проблеме conference proceedings - ученые записки, тезисы научной конфе-
ренции bibliography - библиографический справочник peer - современник; член группы людей одного и того же возраста;
ровня; человек одного круга artifact - артефакт, орудия и прочие материальные свидетельства
деятельности человека accessible – доступный, удобный в употреблении mass produced item – предмет массового производства networked computer - компьютер, подключённый к сети
2.7. QUESTIONS
1. What main sources of information do students use in their study and research work?
2. What formats of information sources are there?
3. What resources are associated with primary source of information?
4. What is a difference between secondary and tertiary source of in-
formation?
5. How essential are human sources of information in your student
life?
6. What items are provided in libraries?
7. How can you define Internet? What functions does it serve nowa-
days?
2.8. SCANNING
How to Find Credible Sources
When writing a paper, article or other scholarly piece, finding
reliable information is important to the credibility of your work. These guidelines can help you become familiar with various re­sources and the reliability of the information.
1. Use physical media such as encyclopedias and scholarly books,
which may even be posted online. These materials are known to be the most reliable source of information. Check your regional, local or Institute library, which may own these materials.
2. Avoid information that is out of date. Find out when the source
was published or revised. In some subject areas, such as natural sciences, having current sources is essential; but in other fields, like the humanities, including older material is admissible.
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3. Look for author credentials such as degrees, published work in
scholarly journals or relevant employment showing specialization in their field.
5. Respect copyright. Internet resources should be cited to identify
sources used, both to give credit to the author and to provide the reader with avenues for further research. Your correct citation of au­thorities shows that someone wrote, or is responsible for, the creation of a document, graphic, sound or image that you use in your own work. Otherwise, we may speak about copyright violation (with tor- tious and even criminal liability) and plagiarism.
6. Tips for Evaluating Internet Resources. Anyone can publish on the Internet. The text below provides several criteria, which may be helpful in evaluating Internet resources.
7. Authority. Is the author identifiable and reliable? What is this
person's reputation? Who published this material? Who manages the site? What are their specifications? The site can give you clues about the credibility of the source. Here are some general types of Web sites:
- Personal Home Pages are maintained by individuals; these sites are often informal;
8. - Special Interest Sites are maintained by non-profit organiza­tions or activists dealing with special issues, such as environmental concerns, student life, etc; they are, by their nature, biased;
- Professional Sites are maintained by organizations, sometimes by individuals; they can include research, reference sources, and fact sheets;
- News and Journalistic Sites include national, international news, online newspapers, magazines, etc;
- Commercial sites are naturally biased in favor of their own products or services.
9. Avoid personal web pages and sites such as Wikipedia. Howev­er, these sites may be used to find other sources of information in the works cited section. Some of these websites may list scholarly infor­mation in their references and can help you find the right informa­tion.
10. Audience. What is the purpose of the site? Does the website
have images that add to the purpose of the site? For whom is the in­formation geared? Is the information intended for a specific audience (students, scholars, etc.)? Is the information appropriate?
11. Accuracy and Credibility. Are sources identified? Can you veri­fy the information? Is information cited properly? Is the information written well? (i.e. spelling, punctuation, grammar, etc.) What is the purpose of the information? Is the URL extension .edu, .com, .gov or
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.org? Government and education websites are more likely to have reli­able information. Digital encyclopedias, such as Encyclopedia Britan- nica (http://www.britannica.com) and InfoPlease.com are also excel­lent sources from which to gather material.
12. Currency. When was this material published/put on the in­ternet? Is this current information? Are data reported timely? Is the site maintained regularly?
LEXIS
physical media - материальные носители информации out of date – вышедший из употребления, устаревший
humanities - гуманитарные науки credentials – документы, формальные признаки квалификации image - образ; изображение; представление (о чем-л.), идея, образ,
концепция (чего-л.)
tortious liability – ответственность за гражданское правонаруше-
ние, деликтная ответственность plagiarism - плагиат authority – зд. источник составления identifiable - поддающийся идентификации, идентифицируемый specifications - техническая характеристика, технические пара-
метры maintain - поддерживать, оказывать поддержку, содержать в ис-
правности, поддерживать в работоспособном состоянии biased - предубеждённый, односторонний, пристрастный fact sheet - фактические данные, подборка данных, таблица дан-
ных works cited section – раздел с указанием цитируемых работ; пере-
чень цитируемых источников информации gear – передавать, приводить в движение URL - Uniform Resource Locator - унифицированный указатель ре-
сурсов currency - распространенность, широкая применимость, употре-
бительность, актуальность
2.9. QUESTIONS
1. What media are called “physical”?
2. Are the requirements for information sources the same for the students reading law or natural sciences or the humani-
ties?
3. What features and particulars can be considered as author creden-
tials?
4. What should students do to avoid plagiarism in their essays and
term papers?
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5. What are general types of Web sites? Which of them are more relia-
ble?
6. How can the URL extension help you appraise credibility and real
significance of available data?
7. Who can publish on the internet?
2.10. SCANNING
Broadcasting
1. Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video
signals (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a large group. The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule.
2. Unlike the print media, which can physically coexist in the same community at the same time, broadcasting requires the gov­ernment to make a choice between two or more potential broadcasters that wish to use the same broadcast space. In broadcasting, two or more radio or television stations cannot physically operate on the same frequency, because neither would be heard. Thus, television and radio programs are distributed over frequency bands that are highly regulated. Such regulation includes determination of the bands, licencing, types of receivers and transmitters used, and ac­ceptable content. Cable programs are often broadcast simultaneously with radio and television programs, but have a more limited audience.
4. The internet (also known simply as "the Net" or "the Web") can be briefly understood as "a network of networks". It consists of mil­lions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and governmental networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and file sharing, on­line gaming, and the documents of the World Wide Web.
5. The internet is quickly becoming the center of mass media. Everything is becoming accessible via the internet. Instead of picking up a newspaper, or watching the 10 o'clock news, people will log onto the internet to get the news they want, when they want it.
6. By virtue of Internet blogging has become a huge form of me­dia. A blog is a website, usually maintained by an individual. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketchblog, videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog), audio (podcasting).
7. Mobile phones being introduced in Japan in 1997 became a mass media in 1998 when the first downloadable ringing tones were