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Файл:Miscellaneous items. Общеразговорный английский язык. Учебное пособие.pdf
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energetic – активный, энергичный
alert - бдительный
overwhelming – непреодолимый, подавляющий
inevitable – неизбежный, постоянный
competitive and fast-moving society - конкурентное и быстро изме-
няющееся общество
signs and symptoms - признаки и симптомы
stress overload – нервная перегрузка
harmful effect - вредное последствие
cope with - справляться с
figure out – выяснять, понять
bottle up – сдерживать, скрывать
enhance – совершенствовать, обогащать
trusted – надёжный, близкий, заслуживающий доверия
breathing - дыхание
progressive muscle relaxation – постепенное (прогрессивное) мы-
шечное расслабление
scan - внимательное и подробное изучение, детальный осмотр
visualization - формирование зрительного образа
tai chi – Тайцзи (одна из форм Ци-гуна)
recharge – подпитывание, подзарядка
savor - наслаждаться, смаковать
massage – массаж
pore over - сосредоточенно изучать, углубиться
solution - решение
8.5. EXERCISE.
1. Put five questions to the text above.
2. Find any additional information on two or three practices
used for stress management and tell your group mates
about them.
8.6. SCANNING
Going to the Doctor
1. Medicine (Latin ‘medicus’ means ‘doctor’, ‘physician’) is
the applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care
practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention
and treatment of illness in human beings.
2. The medical profession consists of men and women popularly
called doctors or physicians. The act of serving a patient, or sick person, is called practicing medicine. The doctor is a key member of the
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health team composed also of nurses, medical therapists, and other
professionals actively engaged in the promotion of health.
3. The first time you visit a doctor, you should talk about your
medical history – the illnesses or any operations you have had, and so
on. Your doctor might want to give you a check-up. A check-up will
include visual medical examination and taking your temperature. A
doctor may use a stethoscope to listen to your breathing – particularly
if you have a heart or chest infection. He or she will probably also feel
your pulse to check that your heart rate is normal and then monitor
blood pressure, as high blood pressure is serious and can lead to life-
threatening conditions.
4. Of course, you can also visit the doctor for a huge range of other reasons. Children need to have their injections and if you are going
abroad on holiday, you might also need to have injections against infectious diseases. In winter, you can also get a flu vaccine so that you
won't get the flu.
5. If you need medication, a doctor will write you a prescription.
You can get your prescription filled at a chemist.
6. For more serious medical conditions, you can get a referral to a
clinic or a hospital. You might need blood tests done, or you might
need an X-ray, or you might need to see a specialist. Medical specialists are experts in certain fields of medicine. Either they treat specific
parts of the body, such as the back or the brain, or they specialize in
certain diseases.
7. Family doctors keep a list of local specialists and can help patients choose the right specialist for each medical issue. In many cases specialists require a referral from a family doctor before they will
see a patient.
8. Nowadays people, when they travel abroad, should take out a
health insurance. Health insurance is the policy designed to meet the
costs of sickness and disability. Any insurance plan must specify
which medical services it will cover. Any patient should be prepared to
stays. The daily costs of room and board during a hospital stay can be
met with hospital expense coverage. Routine nursing care, minor
medical supplies, anesthesia, laboratory fees, dressings, X-rays, and
the use of an operating room are covered as well.
9. In America, for instance, these additional benefits are sometimes
described as being so many times more than the room-and-board
benefit. For example, if payment for room and board is $ 100 a day,
the allowance for additional expense might be ten times that amount,
or $ 1,000. Usually there is a limit on the number of days covered per
accident or illness.
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LEXIS
restore – восстанавливать, излечивать
health team - бригада медицинской помощи
therapist – физиотерапевт, невропатолог
promotion of health - укрепление здоровья
chest infection - инфекционная болезнь грудной клетки
life-threatening - угрожающий жизни
flu – грипп, инфлюэнца
take out a health insurance - заключать договор медицинского
страхования, застраховать на случай болезни
office call – звонок в регистратуру или в скорую помощь
hospital stay - пребывание в больнице, пребывание в стационаре
room and board - полный пансион
coverage - степень компенсации; общая сумма риска, покрытая до-
говором страхования
8.7. QUESTIONS
1. What reasons do people visit doctors for?
2. What may the first visit to a doctor include?
3. What is the function of family doctors?
4. When do patients get a referral to medical specialists?
5. What is health insurance?
6. What may insurance policy cover?
7. What is the purpose of limits on the number of days covered per
accident or illness in the USA?
8. Have you ever had health problems while travelling in another city
or country? Explain what happened.
9. If you get sick, what are your favourite home remedies?
8.8. EXERCISE. Read the text and answer the questions follow-
ing it:
Varying versions of the Hippocratic Oath have been taken for
2000 years by physicians entering the practice of medicine. One variant, approved by the American Medical Association, is as follows:
You do solemnly swear, each by whatever he or she holds most sacred.
That you will be loyal to the Profession of Medicine and just and gener-
ous to its members.
That you will lead your lives and practice your art in uprightness and
honor.
That into whatsoever house you shall enter, it shall be for the good of
the sick to the utmost of your power, your holding yourselves far aloof from
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wrong, from corruption, from the tempting of others to vice.
That you will exercise your art solely for the cure of your patients, and
will give no drug, perform no operation, for a criminal purpose, even if solicited, far less suggest it.
That whatsoever you shall see or hear of the lives of men or women,
which is not fitting to be spoken, you will keep inviolably secret.
These things do you swear. Let each bow the head in sign of acquiescence.
And now, if you are true to this, your oath, may prosperity and good repute be ever yours; the opposite, if you prove yourselves forsworn.
1. Why do people take oaths?
2. Who takes the Hippocratic Oath?
3. Why is the value of the Hippocratic Oath?
4. Why should doctors take the Hippocratic Oath when pa-
tients don't have to lead a healthy life style?
5. What are the violations against the Hippocratic Oath?
6. From what does the Hippocratic Oath protect the patient?
7. Do you think the Hippocratic Oath is useful in our modern society?
8.9. KEY WORDS
ambulance
check up
chemists shop
cure
diagnosis
disease
doctor
exercises
fall ill
first aid
fitness
harmful effects
health insurance
hospital stay
illness
injection
keep fit
life expectancy
massage
medical history
medical specialist
medication
medicine
pain
patient
physician
prescription
recover
relaxation techniques
remedy
room and board
see a doctor
stress management
surgeon
take medicine
treatment
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8.10. MAKE A REPORT on the topic “Keeping fit”, paying attention to the following points in your speech:
- society's attitude towards health and fitness;
- interdependence of our life style, physical activity, diet and
habits with our health;
- general practices of stress management;
- medicine, doctors and medication.
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9.1. BEFORE READING learn the following words and phrases
which are essential on the topic:
assurance - обеспечение; гарантирование; страхование
bargain – 1) соглашение, сделка, (торговая) сделка; 2) товар, полу-
чаемый в результате заключенной сделки; | торговаться, за-
ключить сделку; договориться
buyer = shopper = customer = vendee - покупатель
cash – наличные деньги, наличный расчет, | получать деньги по
чеку; платить деньги по чеку
cash register = register = check-till = till = cash desk – расчётная
касса, кассовый аппарат, касса (выбивающая чеки)
cashier – кассир, работник кассы (в магазине, ресторане, банке и
т. п.)
clothes = clothing - одежда
conformance - соответствие техническим требованиям
consumer – потребитель, покупатель, клиент
consumption - потребление, расход, износ; сфера потребления
counter – прилавок (в магазине)
courtesy - учтивость, обходительность, вежливость, любезность;
правила вежливости, этикет
credibility – авторитетность, доверие, убедительность, престиж,
репутация
dependability - функциональная надежность, гарантоспособность
dimension - измерение; объем; параметр; (рассматриваемый) ас-
пект или фактор
durability - срок службы, долговечность, износостойкость, вынос-
ливость
empathy - сопереживание, сочувствие
excellence - отличное качество, совершенство, превосходство
features – возможности, свойства, конструктивные особенности
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food-stuff = wholefood - продукты питания, продовольствие
footwear - обувь
goods - товар; товары, вещи, имущество
life expectancy - средняя вероятная продолжительность жизни
living costs - стоимость жизни
measure – мера; единица измерения; | измерять, мерить; отме-
рять, оценивать, отсчитывать
nonfood product = nonedible product - непищевой продукт
online shopping - Интернет-магазины
performance - производительность; коэффициент полезного дей-
ствия, характеристика (работы машины и т. п.), исполнение,
выполнение; свершение
place of residence - постоянное место жительства
product quality - качество изделия, качество продукции
production capacity – производительность, производственные воз-
можности
purchase – покупка; закупка, купля (приобретение чего-л. за день-
ги), | покупать, закупать (приобретать что-л. за деньги)
quality - качество, добротность, свойство; особенность; характерная
черта
quality of life - качество жизни
quality of living - объективно необходимые условия жизни
quantity – количество, величина; размер; параметр
reliability – бесперебойность, безотказность, надежность, вероят-
ность безотказной работы
responsiveness - быстрота реагирования, способность реагиро-
вать, ответная реакция
retail – розничная продажа, розничная торговля; | продавать в
розницу
retailer - предприятие розничной торговли, розничный магазин,
розничный торговец
salesman = seller = shop assistant = vendor – продавец
satisfaction - удовлетворение; удовлетворенность (чем-л.); удоволь-
ствие
service provider - поставщик услуг
serviceability – ремонтопригодность, обслуживаемость; удобство
эксплуатации; удобство обслуживания
services – услуги, сервисное обслуживание
shopping - посещение магазина с целью покупки (чего-л.)
shopping list – 1) список предполагаемых покупок; 2) список то-
варов, предлагаемых к продаже
shopping trip - поход за покупками, поездка в магазины
standard – норма, образец, стандарт, мерило, критерий, признак
store = shop - магазин; универмаг
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to do one's shopping = to shop - делать покупки, ходить по мага-
зинам
to pay cash - расплатиться наличными
well-being - благосостояние, достаток; благополучие, процветание,
благоденствие
window-shopping - разглядывание витрин, осмотр уличных вит-
рин с целью выбора товаров, совершение покупок под влия-
нием витрины
9.2. SCANNING
Quantity versus Quality.
1. Work and leisure are deeply intertwined in our modern
world. In industrial society, goods consumption has to absorb produc-
tion capacity. People have to spend extra leisure time on purchasing the
products and services they’ve made at work. At the same time the as-
sumption that more is better is widely disavowed. Quality is winning out
over quantity - society is moving to higher-quality standards.
2. What is quality and quantity in this respect? “Quantity” is de-
fined as an amount, measure or number of measurable, countable, or
comparable property or aspect of a thing. “Quality” is a characteristic al-
lowing for excellence.
3. In human sciences they use the word “quality” in two important
terms: “quality of life” and “quality of living”. “Quality of life” is defined
as the physical, emotional, intellectual, or cultural satisfaction in a person's everyday life. Thus, it indicates the general well-being of people
and societies. Factors that are considered are both objective and subjective.
4. On theoobbjjeeccttiivveessiiddee
countable and external possessions of an
individual are measured (what do you have in your life?):
- money,
- health,
- partner,
- family and friends,
- job status, and
- social status.
5. Thessuubbjjeeccttiivveeffaaccttoorrss
embrace:
- well being, or satisfaction with life in general;
- satisfaction at work, at home, and in leisure time;
- satisfaction with social cohesion, such as personal relationships,
public services;
- confidence in the future, or trust in other individuals, institutions;
108
- fulfillment of needs; and
- happiness.
6. Although “quality of life” is a broadly used term, it should not
be confused with “quality of living”. Alongside the different personal
and subjective assessments each of us may make, there are some aspects everyone will agree on as being vital ones. Among them there
are, first and foremost, such factors as:
- political and social environment: internal political stability, relationship with other countries, ease of entry and exit, civil rights and
freedoms, personal safety, law enforcement, security from crime;
- economic environment: income, living costs, banking services;
- socio-cultural environment: limitations on personal freedom, media & censorship;
- medical and health environment: hospital services, medical sup-
plies and services, road safety, water potability, life expectancy, sewage, waste disposal, air and land pollution, radiation and toxic sub-
stances, infectious diseases;
- schools and education: standard of educational institutions;
their number, enrollment, teachers, accreditation; career training;
- public services and transportation: electricity, mail & telephone,
water availability, transport infrastructure;
- recreation opportunities: dining places, theatres & cinemas, sport
& leisure activities, entertainment market;
- consumer goods: availability of food, daily consumption items,
meat & fish, fresh fruits & vegetable, alcoholic beverages;
- housing: adequate place of residence, household appliances &
furniture, household maintenance services & repair;
- natural environment: climate, weather conditions, record of nat-
ural disasters.
LEXIS
intertwined – переплетающиеся
absorb – осваивать, поглощать
assumption – предположение, допущение
disavow – отрицать, отказаться
measurable - поддающийся измерению
countable – исчисляемый
comparable – соизмеримый, сравнимый
allowing for - при учёте, принимая в расчет
external – внешний, объективный
possession - объект владения, предметы или опредмеченные сущно-
сти, составляющие собственность какого-л. лица
cohesion - единство, спаянность, сплоченность
public services - коммунальное обслуживание
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fulfillment – осуществление, исполнение, удовлетворение
alongside - параллельно (чему-л.), наряду с
assessment – оценивание, оценка
vital - жизненно необходимый
internal – внутренний (действующий в стране)
ease - легкость, простота
censorship – цензура, цензурирование
medical supplies - медицинское снабжение
road safety - безопасность дорожного движения
potability - пригодность для питья
sewage - канализационные сети, канализация
waste disposal - вывоз отходов, размещение отходов
infectious diseases - инфекционные болезни
enrollment – зачисление, внесение в списки, контингент учащихся
career training - профессиональная подготовка с целью занятия бо-
лее высокого поста или совершенствования мастерства
dining place - предприятие общепита
entertainment market - рынок развлечений
availability – доступность, наличие, пригодность
daily consumption items - перечень продуктов суточного потребления
household appliances - бытовые электроприборы
household maintenance services - бытовое техобслуживание
natural disaster - стихийное бедствие
9.3. QUESTIONS
1. What characteristics are quantitative?
2. What is quality?
3. What is ‘quality of life’?
4. What circumstances are defined as objective factors of ‘quality of
life’?
5. What is subjective side of ‘quality of life’?
6. What is ‘quality of living’?
7. What natural, economic and social integrants make what is known
as ‘quality of living’?
9.4. EXERCISE. Read the text and be ready to discuss the
questions following it:
Each individual should ask himself or herself, would he or
she rather live a longer live that may require the utilization of various
forms of science, such as medications and machines, which may be
able to slow or lessen the effects of various chronic conditions and illnesses. Or would he or she rather live quality years, that are free from
all of these various products and inventions of science that may pro-
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long the years that are actually lived, but with the sacrifice of feeling
ultimately healthy? This can be a difficult decision for an individual to
make, and it may take a person some time to weigh the pros and cons
of their unique situation to determine the ultimate choice that is right
for them.
utilization – употребление, использование
medications - медикаментозное лечение, медикаменты
weigh the pros and cons - взвесить все обстоятельства
ultimate choice - окончательный выбор
1. When does quantity take precedence of quality of life?
2. Is human age just a number?
3. How can we be certain that the years we live are worthwhile?
9.5. SCANNING
What is Product Quality?
Business analysts have identified eight dimensions of nonfood product quality.
(a) Performance: e.g. the quietness of a car’s ride; the clarity of the
picture, sound and color for a TV set; low energy consumption of appliances; the sound from a stereo system.
(b) Features: the colors, patterns and fabrics that are available in
furniture, towels, etc.; the different cycles and options available on
washers, microwaves, refrigerators, etc.; the adjustments available on
a camera to allow for different types of shots.
(c) Reliability or dependability of a product or service to perform
properly over time. How often does the photocopy machine need repairs and what does it cost?
(d) Conformance: how the product meets desired standards and to-
lerances such as size, consistency of color, etc. Do the spare parts or
expendable materials meet certain standards, quality and tolerances?
(e) Durability: how long a product will last under various condi-
tions. Light bulbs and batteries are sold and advertised on their lon-
gevity. How many hours will the light burn?
(f) Serviceability: the ease of repair or maintenance of a product.
“Downtime” for a copier or computer must be minimized. Can the
company guarantee service in 6 hours? Can the manufacturer guarantee delivery of any part in 24 or 48 hours?
(g) Aesthetics: how a product looks, feels, sounds, tastes and
smells. The design of the product is important.