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Файл:Miscellaneous items. Общеразговорный английский язык. Учебное пособие.pdf
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hiking - пешеходный (пеший) туризм
hobby - любимое занятие; увлечение, которое требует особого
внимания, стараний и заинтересованности
jogging - бег трусцой
leisure - досуг, свободное время
leisure activity - вид досуга, проведение досуга
live performance – выступление «в живую», непосредственное
представление
mountain biking – езда на горном велосипеде
mountain climbing – альпинизм
network socializing – общение в сети Интернет
non-working hours = spare time = free time = off hours – свободное
время, нерабочее время, время между периодами работы
pastime - приятное времяпрепровождение, развлечение, забава,
увеселение; игра
relaxation - отдых от работ, снятие напряжения
sailing - парусный спорт
serious leisure – любимое занятие или деятельность в свободное вре-
мя, увлечение (какой-либо деятельностью)
sewing - шитье
shopping - посещение магазина с целью покупки
skiing - катание на лыжах
surfing - занятия сёрфингом
theatre-going - посещение театра
working day - рабочий день, будний день
to engage in - заниматься чем-л., быть занятым чем-л.
to relieve the stresses = to de-stress - снять напряжения
to solve cross-word puzzles - решать кроссворды
to surf the Internet – бродить в Интернете, исследовать Интернет
4.2. SCANNING
Work and Leisure Time
1. When one speaks about leisure time, it simply means a
period which you spend doing things other than your work
(professional occupation or education and training) or tasks required
for existing (sleeping, eating). Leisure time is residual time.
2. We may distinguish leisure as time from leisure as activity. In
the second meaning it indicates non-profit-making activity which is
meant to de-stress a person and carry the attention away from work.
The primary aim is to give you sense of self.
3. Leisure as activity is practice that we engage in for relaxation,
competition, or growth. Moreover, there is interdependence between
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leisure activities of an individual and his or her long-term relationships
with others.
There are two general types of leisure activities: casual and se-
rious ones.
4. Casual leisure types or pastimes include:
- passive entertainment, e.g.: watching TV, reading for pleasure
(comics, books or magazines), solving cross-word puzzles, playing interactive Net games or games of chance, listening to recorded music,
surfing the Internet;
- active entertainment, e.g.: playing board games and party
games; theatre-going; going to concerts, discos or night-clubs; visiting
museums, art galleries and exhibitions; film-going, shopping; visiting
aqua parks or amusement parks; travelling to national parks;
- personal contacts or network socializing; and
- sensory stimulation, e.g. eating, drinking, fumigation.
5. Serious leisure is constituted of three types: amateur activities,
hobbyist activities and volunteering.
The amateurs are non-professionals found in art, science and entertainment, e.g. photography, painting, fingering, singing, dancing,
sewing, cooking or gardening.
6. Hobbyists are classified according to four categories:
- collectors;
- makers;
- participants in non-competitive rule-based pursuits, e.g.: mountain climbing, mountain biking, skiing, bungee jumping, hiking,
camping, fishing, hunting, swimming, sailing and surfing, jogging;
- players of sports and games in competitive, rule-based activities,
e.g. field hockey, badminton.
7. Volunteering is freewill individual or group action oriented toward helping oneself (self-actualization, self-knowledge and self-
improvement, e.g. meditating, yoga) or helping other people (altruism:
e.g. technical assistance volunteering, event organizing, fundraising,
protecting local environment, providing justice and the emergency
services).
8. According to a recent study, an average American adult spent
about 33 hours a week working (40 hours with men and 26 hours
with women), about 80 hours on sleeping, eating, grooming and
chores; and more than 50 hours a week on ‘leisure’.
9. Thus the use of leisure has become one of the major problems of
the age of affluence. As the working week gets shorter, how are we to oc-
cupy the endless hours not spent at work? Are we equipped by educa-
tion and training to meet the personal challenge that leisure presents to
us?
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Data include all persons age 15 and over. Data include working days of the
week and are annual averages for 2011.
10. Busy managers and blue-collar workers, lecturers and students,
people in years and young adults, men and women, they all, as a rule,
have the same leisure problem: how to find the time and energy after a
tiring working day to come to life as human beings and live their own
lives. They have to decide how to fill their free time. And the outcome
may be far from the desired result: they may now be spending part of
their time doing things which bore them instead of things which merely
exhaust them. They may be following their different leisure activities not
because these are the activities that have always fascinated them but
simply because social conventions suggest that they are suitable ways to
spend their non-working hours.
11. Sociologists identify some primary forces that shape work and
leisure time:
• advances in science and technology, in particular:
- information technology, which has already reshaped organizations and work, now has become a key leisure and entertainment tool;
- new timesaving devices that help us save time;
- new materials, which increase safety and lead to new sports and
games;
• demographics: the aging of developed countries;
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• confusion of gender preferences;
• enhancement of health service;
• increasing discretionary income for most of families;
• values shifts:
- from materialism to self-actualization;
- from quantity to quality;
- from passivity to interactivity;
• government policy: by reducing work hours or increasing of holidays.
12. Experts claim that the leisure problem together with a work
problem are really parts of the same overall issue, which is how we are
to use our time. If people lose their jobs, they have a great increase in
leisure. Indeed, all the time they previously spent working is now leisure time. Yet they are then not said to have a leisure problem, but a
work problem. Hence the question now arises of whether there is a di-
rect contradiction between work and leisure time!
LEXIS
professional occupation - профессиональная деятельность
residual – остаточный, оставшийся незанятым
non-profit-making - не ориентированный на получение
прибыли
be meant - предназначаться
sense of self – ощущение собственного “я”
growth – развитие, культивирование
long-term relationships - длительные взаимоотношения
sensory stimulation - сенсорная стимуляция
fumigation - курение благовоний
hobbyist - человек, увлечённый своим хобби
volunteering – добровольное оказание помощи, волонтёрство
fingering - игра на музыкальном инструменте
maker - творец, изготовитель, созидатель
non-competitive rule-based pursuit - неконкурентное основанное на
системе правил занятие
field hockey - хоккей на траве
freewill - добровольный
self-actualization – самоутверждение, самосознание
self-knowledge - самопознание
self-improvement - самосовершенствование
fundraising - сбор средств (для какого-либо проекта)
emergency services – помощь при ликвидации последствий чрезвы-
чайных событий
study – зд. исследование, научная работа
grooming – уход за внешностью, утренний туалет
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age of affluence - эпоха изобилия
equip - оснащать, снабжать; давать (необходимые знания, образо-
вание и т. п.)
personal challenge – личная проблема (вызов)
blue-collar worker - работник физического труда
tiring – утомительный, изнурительный
human being – человек, человеческое существо
outcome – итог, последствие, результат
bore - надоедать, наскучить
exhaust - изнурить
fascinate - приводить в восхищение
social convention - общее согласие, обычай, социальная условность
shape – сформировать, образовывать, создавать
advances – достижения, прорыв, успех
timesaving device - экономящее время устройство
aging – увеличение среднего возраста населения, старение
confusion - смешение
gender preference – предпочтения в зависимости от пола (мужчин и
женщин)
enhancement – улучшение качества, усовершенствование
discretionary income - часть личного дохода, остающаяся после
удовлетворения основных потребностей
values shift – смена ценностей, смещение предпочтений
overall issue - всеохватывающая проблема
direct contradiction – очевидное противоречие
4.3. QUESTIONS
1. What makes a difference between leisure as time and leisure as activity?
2. What are the examples of pastimes?
3. What are three main types of serious leisure activities?
4. What activities does volunteering cover?
5. How is the leisure problem formulated in the text above?
6. What factors predetermine the ways in which a person spends his
or her work and leisure time?
7. Can you prove that there is an obvious and latent interdependence
between work and leisure time of an individual?
4.4. SCANNING
What is Theatre?
1. Theatre is live performance of dramatic actions in order to
present the experience of a real or imagined event before a
live audience in a specific place. The performers may communicate
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this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture,
speech, song, music or dance.
2. Playgoing is something special in itself. When we see a play, we
see it with a number of other people; we form part of an audience.
This is important, because we behave differently when we are part of
an audience. If the play is funny, we laugh a great deal more than we
should if we were by ourselves. If it is pathetic, we are more deeply
moved just because many other people are being moved too. Moreover, we cannot enjoy the play at all unless it is having the same effect
upon us as it is having upon all the other members of the audience
around us.
3. A theatrical performance consists of a number of players acting
imaginary characters. Here are two quite different elements - the real
actors, the imaginary characters. We have to accept them both. If we
say we go to the play only to follow the fortunes of the imaginary characters, - then we have to assume, what certainly is not true, that we
do not know we are in a playhouse, looking at and listening to actors.
If we go to the other extreme, and say we go to the play for the acting,
then what becomes of the play itself, the imaginary life of its characters? Why should these unreal people and what happens to them
have any interest for us, when we know it is all make-believe, just so
many actors performing?
4. Thus, the theatrical performance depends upon some conven-
tion - a generally accepted pretense that something is something else.
What one must remember is that acting, like everything belonging to
the theatre, has a double nature: the actor must be the character he
is playing and also him or herself.
5. During the last thirty years, the theatre has had to meet chal-
lenge from electronic media such as radio, cinema, television and Internet. All four produce drama of a sort; all possess important advantages. For instance, it does not cost as much to see a film as it does to
see a play; and films can be seen in a great many places that have
never known a theatre. Internet and television can be enjoyed at
home, with a minimum of effort, turning the living-room into a playhouse. Moreover, all four, because they are produced for a mass audience, can offer casts of players that only the best theatres could afford.
6. However, although these mass media make their works imme-
diately available to the audience, they lose some unique features of a
live theatrical performance. In a very good restaurant we have a dinner that is specially cooked for us; in a fast-food restaurant we are
merely served with standard portions of standard dishes. That is similar to the difference between a living theatre and mass entertainment
of electronic media. In the theatre the play is ‘specially cooked’ for us.
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7. With films, radio, television and Internet, an anonymous audience can receive only what it is being offered. But in the playhouse
the audience might be said to be creatively receptive; their very presence heightens the drama. The actors are not playing to microphones
and cameras but to warmly responsive fellow-creatures. And they are
never giving exactly the same performance. If the audience tends to be
heavy, unresponsive - on a wet Monday, perhaps - the company
slightly sharpens and heightens its performance to bring the audience
to life; and vice versa if the audience is too enthusiastic.
LEXIS
dramatic actions – театральное выступление, действия
актеров, драматургическое действие
live audience - живая аудитория, непосредственно при-
сутствующая аудитория
playgoing - посещение театра
play – пьеса, спектакль
a great deal - намного
pathetic – трогательный, печальный, душераздирающий
move deeply - разволновать до глубины души
imaginary character - воображаемый герой
fortune - судьба
playhouse – театр, дом для развлечений и отдыха
acting - актёрская игра
make-believe – притворство; выдуманный
convention – условность, общее согласие
generally accepted pretense - общепринятое притворство
meet challenge - принимать вызов
drama of a sort – своего рода драматическое искусство
immediately available to - легко доступен для
creatively receptive – воспринимающий и созидающий одновре-
менно
heighten – усиливать, оттенять, делать более ярким
warmly responsive fellow-creature – чуткий и живо реагирующий
человек
heavy – мрачный, «трудный на подъем»
unresponsive - не реагирующий, нечувствительный
company – труппа актеров
bring to life - приводить в чувство, вернуть к жизни
vice versa – наоборот, напротив
4.5. QUESTIONS
1. How do you understand the statement that “we behave
differently when we are part of an audience”?
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2. How is it substantiated in the text above that “everything, belong-
ing to the theatre, has a double nature”?
3. What convention does the theatrical performance based on?
4. What challenges has the theater met recently?
5. What advantages do electronic media have in comparison with the
theatre?
6. What unique features does a live theatrical performance have?
7. Can you prove that acting of the company depends upon the au-
dience present in the playhouse?
4.6. SCANNING
Life Is Like a Movie
1. A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a sequence
of photographs projected onto a screen with sufficient rapidi-
ty as to create the illusion of motion and continuity. Another word<
which is often used with the same meaning is ‘cinema’, but it also
means ‘a movie theater’, ‘filmmaking’ and ‘the film industry’. As a
form of art, films provide us with a giant mirror - a reflection of the
ideals and dreams of society. Films are larger than life. They illustrate
the values and anxieties we hold most dearly. There is happiness and
romance, fear and disappointment. These are universal emotions, but
few of us have experienced such total ruin, complete love, realistic
fear, and utter violence.
2. Moreover, how the public dotes upon catastrophes! Cathedrals
totter, cities finish, forests are burnt up, homes are razed to the
ground, bombs go off, and hundreds of people are cast away. It's ad-
venture, lots of it... It heightens viewers’ intimate feelings, creates
harmless virtual reality and it's the public pleasure.
3. Splendour is another beloved theme. It is part of the desire for
heaven-sent wealth. Is there anyone who doesn't sometimes dream of
unexpected inheritance, hidden treasure, and the rest? The films flat-
ter these dreams and make the poorest inhabit marble halls for a few
hours.
4. And what stay-at-home does not also dream of travel! Even
those, who get no further than a neighbouring town, love to fancy
themselves up-country, in the arid desert or mountain peaks, far out
at sea, or beneath the palms of a tropical island. The films also supply
this want.
5. This is the great strength of the cinema, that it caters for day-
dreams - surface sentiment, riches, travels, splendour and wild excitement - more thoroughly, more generously, more convincingly than
any other known form of entertainment, and offers it in the most ef-
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fortless way, under the best circumstances, to music, in a twilight, solitude, with no mental effort demanded of those whom it caters.
6. The film represents universal emotions but "blows them up"
until they are larger than life. When we come upon an experience in
real life that is profound, we think of movies and even admit: "This is
just like a movie". Our ideals - our very way of perceiving intense experience - are often shaped by what we have seen on film. Movies play
a large part in formulating our attitudes, beliefs, and ideals, because
we all incorporate perceived mediated reality back into our real lives.
7. For example, most of us have never experienced major crime
first-hand, so we formulate our ideas about these types of experiences
from what we see in films or on television. If we actually do witness a
crime in real life, we can't help comparing it with what we have seen
on mass media. We might even react to a given situation by imitating
behaviours of those we have seen in a film or on TV. The problem with
this is that "realife" can't always measure up to the expectations we
have developed by consuming mass media.
LEXIS
sequence - последовательный ряд, последовательность,
поочередное следование
sufficient rapidity - довольно высокая скорость
motion - движение
continuity – непрерывность, продолженность, целостность, связ-
ность, сплошной ряд
anxiety – опасение
romance – романтика, любовная история
utter violence – крайняя жестокость
dotes upon - любить до безумия
totter – гибнуть, разрушаться
burn up - сжигать
raze to the ground - сравнивать с землёй, стереть с лица земли
go off – взрываться, выстрелить
be cast away - потерпеть крушение
intimate feelings - сокровенные чувства
splendor - роскошь
heaven-sent wealth - ниспосланное богом богатство
inheritance - наследство, наследственное имущество
hidden treasure - спрятанное сокровище
flatter – польстить, преувеличивать (свойства)
inhabit – проживать, жить в
stay-at-home – домосед, домоседка
up-country - далеко от больших городов
far out - далеко от реальности
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cater for – обслуживать, удовлетворять спрос
day-dreams – грезы, воздушные замки, сновидения наяву
twilight - полумрак
come upon – натолкнуться, встретиться неожиданно с
profound – значимый, принципиальный, проникновенный
perceived mediated reality – воспринимаемая виртуальная реаль-
ность
first-hand – непосредственно, лично
measure up to - быть равным, соответствовать
4.7. QUESTIONS
1. What is a film? Do the words ‘film’, ‘movie’ and ‘cinema’
have the same meaning?
2. What universal emotions does the film industry emphas-
ize?
3. How do you understand the statement that “films are larger than
life”?
4. What arguments demonstrate that movies cater for our day-dreams
more thoroughly, more generously, more convincingly than any
other known form of entertainment.
5. What is an impact of film viewing upon the audience?
4.8. SAY WHAT YOU KNOW about:
1) cinemas and theatres in our city;
2) any famous film actor or actress;
3) any person who professionally is connected with theatrical
production or film industry.
4.9. KEY WORDS
active entertainment
amateur
amateur activity
casual leisure
competitive activity
entertainment
film-going
hobby
hobbyist
imaginary character
leisure activity
leisure time
live audience
non-competitive activity
passive entertainment
pastime
play
self-actualization
serious leisure
theatre-going
to engage in
to meet challenge
universal emotions
values shift
volunteering
working day