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Файл:Miscellaneous items. Общеразговорный английский язык. Учебное пособие.pdf
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introduced in Finland. Soon most forms of media content (ringing
tones, MP3 files, karaoke, music videos, mobile gaming; news, entertainment and advertising services) were introduced on mobile phones.
Mobile is often called the seventh Mass Medium and the third screen
(counting only TV and PC).
LEXIS
sequencing of content - последовательное прохождение
программ
schedule - программа, по расписанию
broadcaster - радио- (или теле-) вещательная компания
frequency band - диапазон частот
receiver – приёмник, приёмное устройство
transmitter - передающее устройство
chat - обмен информацией в режиме реального времени
pick up - приобретать
log onto - зарегистрироваться, заходить на сайт
by virtue of - благодаря
personal online diary - личный интерактивный дневник
downloadable - загружаемый по линии связи
2.11. EXERCISE. Reconstruct word-combinations using the
words from both columns and then make your sentences with
each of these phrases.
1) business
2) cable
3) file
4) frequency
5) mass
6) mobile
7) online
8) print
9) web
10) world wide
band
diary
media
media
network
page
phone
program
transfer
web
2.12. SCANNING
Mass Media Law
1. Mass media law is a legal field that encompasses a variety
of communications industries, such as print media, film,
broadcasting, and other means of electronic communication. The governments have taken an active role in regulating these means of
communication.
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2. With modern communications technologies, the mass media
has the ability to affect many people in a variety of ways. The laws
that govern these communications can be complicated and have far-
reaching results. Many of the suits brought by media lawyers involve
copyright infringement, defamation, censorship, and privacy.
3. Copyright law is one of the main ways that mass media law is
involved in communications industries. Copyrights apply to print,
visual, audio, and digital media. Individuals and corporations own
copyrights on creative communications or works, and media law often
attempts to protect those rights.
4. Copyright holders may require legal aid if their rights are con-
tested, or if the creative work is copied without authorization, or pirated. In addition, copyright law allows reproduction rights to be pur-
chased. For example, a filmmaker may wish to purchase rights in order to make a movie based on a previously published book.
5. Another legal field within mass media law is defamation law.
There are two main types of defamation - slander and libel. Both categories require the offending statements or visual representations to
have a negative impact on the reputation on the person being de-
famed.
6. Libel usually involves statements that are printed or broadcast.
Libel is therefore typically recorded and somehow published for public
consumption. Slander, on the other hand, usually involves a defamation made verbally or by gesture, and may or may not be recorded in
some way.
7. Mass media law encompasses free speech law as well. In many
countries, freedom of speech is a governmentally acknowledged right
of people. On the other hand, many governments have laws that allow
for censoring of objectionable, sensitive, or harmful communications.
Mass media lawyers may deal with the legal balance between free
speech and censorship.
8. Mass media law has had to adapt to accommodate Internet
communications. Blogs, social networking sites, and easy access to
visual and print material can all affect legal issues such as copyright
law, defamation, and free speech. The legal framework for international communications may be changing as a result of the internet as
well.
LEXIS
ability to affect - возможность воздействовать, влиять
complicated - сложный, трудный для понимания
far-reaching results - с серьёзными последствиями
copyright infringement - иск из нарушения авторского права
defamation - клевета
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censorship - цензурирование
privacy - частная жизнь
digital media - цифровые СМИ
contest - оспаривать
authorization - разрешение
pirated - совершенный с нарушением авторского права
filmmaker - кинорежиссёр
offending statements - оскорбительные заявления
negative impact - отрицательный эффект, негативные последствия
defamed - опозоренный, потерпевший от диффамации
recorded - записанный, оформленный в виде записи
public consumption - общественное потребление, использование
gesture - жест
free speech law - закон о свободе слова
governmentally acknowledged - признанный на государственном
уровне
objectionable - предосудительный
sensitive – зд. секретный
adapt to accommodate - изменяться чтобы охватить (распростра-
ниться на)
2.13. QUESTIONS
1. What does mass media law regulate? What is the purpose
of this branch of law?
2. What lawsuits do media lawyers usually bring?
3. What does copyright law cover?
4. What rights and duties are prescribed by copyright law?
5. What is defamation? What is a difference between two types of de-
famation?
6. Is censorship legal in democratic countries?
7. How are Internet communications regulated by mass media law?
2.14. KEY WORDS
accuracy
audience
audio and video recording
broadcaster
broadcasting
communication
comprehension
copyright infringement
credibility
primary source of information
print media
reading skills
relevant
reliable
resource
secondary source of information
tertiary source of information
to cite
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currency
data
electronic media
listening skills
mass media law
physical media
to evaluate
to recite
to research
to review
to transfer
writing skills
2.15. MAKE A REPORT on the topic “Information Resources”,
paying attention to the following points in your speech:
- study skills at university;
- information resources;
- electronic media and education;
- tips for evaluating information resources.
UUNNIITT33..FFaammiillyyRReellaattiioonnssaannddHHoouusseehhoolld
d
3.1. BEFORE READING learn the following words and phrases
which are essential on the topic:
ancestor - предок
aunt - тетя; тетка
baby - младенец
bride = fiancee - невеста
bridegroom = fiancé - жених
brother - брат
brother-in-law - свояк/зять
child (мн. ч.: children) - ребёнок/дети
couple - супружеская пара, супруги
cousin - двоюродный брат, двоюродная сестра; кузен, кузина
daughter - дочь
descendant - потомок
divorced - разведенный
dowry - приданое
engaged - помолвленный
ex-husband - бывший муж
ex-wife - бывшая жена
father = dad = daddy - отец/папа/папочка
father-in-law - свекор, тесть
grandchild - внук; внучка
grandparent - дедушка (бабушка)
husband - муж
infant - ребёнок младшего возраста
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in-laws - родители жены/мужа
kinship - кровное родство
maiden name - девичье имя (фамилия)
marital status - семейное положение
marriage - брак
married - женатый
middle-aged person - человек среднего возраста
minor - несовершеннолетний
mother = Mum, Mom, Mummy - мама
mother-in-law - свекровь, теща
nephew - племянник
niece - племянница
one-parent family - неполная семья
parents - родители
patronymic = middle name - отчество
relative - родственник
sibling - родной брат или сестра
single (person) - одинокий, неженатый
sister-in-law - сноха/заловка
son-in-law - зять (муж дочери)
spouse - супруг, супруга
surname - фамилия
teenager - подросток
to adopt - усыновить
to be born - родиться
to bring up - воспитывать
to court smb – ухаживать, искать расположения
to divorce - расторгнуть брак
to get married - жениться
to give birth – дать жизнь ребенку, родить
to inherit smth - унаследовать что-либо
to resemble - быть похожим на
toddler - малыш, начинающий ходить
uncle - дядя
wedding - свадьба, венчание
widow - вдова
widower - вдовец
wife - жена
youngster – юноша
apartment house = block of flats - многоквартирный жилой дом
attic – чердак, чердачное помещение
back door - черный ход
balcony - балкон
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basement - подвальное помещение, подвальный этаж, фундамент
ceiling - потолок
detached house – особняк, индивидуальный дом
door handle - дверная ручка
door lock - дверной замок
electricity = electric power = power – электричество, электропитание
elevator – лифт, грузоподъёмник
environmental-control system - система кондиционирования сре-
ды, система искусственного климата
family budget - семейный бюджет
fence - забор
fixed expenses - постоянные расходы
foundation – фундамент, основание, фундаментная плита
front door - парадная дверь
gate – калитка, ворота
heating - отопительная система, теплоснабжение
home repairs – ремонт жилья, ремонтно-восстановительные рабо-
ты по дому
household – домовладение, домашнее хозяйство; домочадцы
housing – обеспечение жильём, жилищные условия, жильё, жи-
лищное строительство
landlord /landlady - владелец /владелица дома (помещения)
lighting – освещение, система освещения
lodging – жилище, жильё, сдаваемая комната
mortgage - ипотека/ипотечный кредит (кредит, взятый для по-
купки дома)
rent – квартирная плата, рента, аренда | снимать или сдавать в
аренду (помещение)
residential building - жилой дом
roof - крыша
semi-detached house - двухквартирный дом
shed - сарай
staircase - лестничная клетка
telephone-wiring system – проводной (стационарный) телефон
tenant = lodger – жилец, квартирант
terraced house - дом рядовой (ленточной) застройки с отдельным
входом для каждой квартиры
to budget - составлять бюджет, составлять смету, планировать за-
траты
to housekeep - вести домашнее хозяйство
wall - стена
waste disposal system – канализация, система удаления отходов
water supply = running water – водоснабжение, водопровод
window shutter - оконные ставни
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3.2. SCANNING
Family
1. The family is the most basic and ancient of all institu-
tions, and it remains the fundamental social unit in every
society. There is no definition of a “normal” family. Broadly speaking,
the family is a group of people related by blood or law, living together
or associating with one another for a common purpose to provide
shelter and food, and to bring up children. The nature of the family
keeps changing: there are a number of types of family that exist in a
society at any one time.
2. Sociologists divide families into two general types: the nuclear
family and the extended family, which may include three or more
generations living together.
3. A “typical” British family used to consist of a mother, a father
and two children, but in recent years there have been many changes
in family life. Some of these have been caused by new laws and others
are the result of changes in society. For example, as soon as the law
made it easier to get a divorce, one marriage in three now ends in divorce. In addition, modern society is more tolerant than it used to be
of unmarried people, unmarried couples and single parents.
4. British people nowadays have less respect for the formalities of
marriage than they used to. Indeed, many adults now routinely refer
to their spouses as their ‘partner’, rather than ‘husband’, ‘wife’, ‘boyfriend’ or ‘girlfriend’, thus avoiding any indication of whether they are
married or not.
5. One in seven families in Britain is a single-parent family. There
are several different reasons of one-parent family occurrence. Parents
can be on their own because of the death of a partner, divorce, the
break-down of live-in relationships, or births outside marriage to single people.
6. Relationships within the family are different now. Parents treat
their children more as equals than they used to, and children have
more freedom to make their own decisions. The father is more involved with bringing up children, often because the mother goes out
to work.
7. In general, each generation is keen to become independent of
parents in establishing its own family unit, and this fact can lead to
social as well as geographical differences within the larger family
group. Members of a family – grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins,
in-laws – keep in touch, but they see less of each other than they used
to. This is because people often move away from their hometown to
work, and so their family becomes scattered.
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8. Family sizes fell in the last quarter of 20thcentury. This is partly because people have fewer children: in Britain most people have
just two. But the main factor is the increase in the number of one-
person households. A high proportion of men and women living alone
have never married – there is no longer great pressure on people to do
so.
9. And what is an average American family? Most American families consist of a mother, a father and three or four children living at
home. Foreign observers are frequently amazed by the permissiveness
of American parents. The father seldom expects his children to obey
him without question, and children are often allowed to do what they
wish without strict parental control. Americans believe strongly that
the individual person should have the freedom to decide the course of
his or her life. Independence is highly valued in the United States.
Children are expected to make choices – appropriate to their age and
maturity level – in many areas of their lives.
10. By adulthood, Americans want and expect to choose where
they will live, where they will work, and with whom they will socialize
and marry. Young people are expected to break from their families by
the time they have reached their late teens or early twenties and to
live alone or with friends.
11. This pattern of independence often results in serious problems for the aging parents of a nuclear family. The job-retirement age
is usually 65. The children have left home, married and set up their
own households. Who looks after the older generation? The government gives financial help in the form of a pension but in the future it
will be more and more difficult for the nation economy to support the
increasing number of elderly. At present time, more than half of all
old people are looked after at home. Many others live in Old People’s
Homes, which may be private or state owned.
LEXIS
provide shelter and food – обеспечивать кров и питание
nuclear family - нуклеарная семья; семья, состоящая из
родителей и детей
extended family - большая семья; семья, состоящая из нескольких
поколений
generation - поколение
used to – обычно, раньше, в былые времена
to be tolerant of - относиться терпимо к
single parent - родитель-одиночка
routinely – повседневно, запросто
indication – указание, обозначение
occurrence – появление, распространение, возможность
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on one’s own – сам, один
break-down – распад, разрушение
live-in - связанный с проживанием в определённом месте
equal - ровня
keep in touch - поддерживать связь, непосредственно общаться
scattered - находящийся на большом расстоянии
one-person household - домохозяйство, состоящее из одного лица
permissiveness – терпимость, вседозволенность
maturity level - уровень зрелости, степень самостоятельности
adulthood – совершеннолетие
pattern – пример, образец, модель
aging parents – престарелые родители
3.3. QUESTIONS
1. What is a generalized definition of ‘a family’?
2. What are common members of a family?
3. What two types of families do sociologists distinguish?
4. What are changes in family life caused by?
5. Why are there so many single-parent families nowadays?
6. What is an average family in Russia, England and America?
7. How do family sizes change in modern society? What are the rea-
sons of these changes?
8. How do American parents demonstrate permissiveness in their re-
lations with children? What positive and negative results does
this ‘permissive approach’ lead to?
3.4. SCANNING
Family Budget
1. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics the aver-
age family in the United States spends about 32 percent of
its monthly income on ‘housing’. This includes rent or mortgage payments, property taxes, repairs and furnishings.
2. Next comes ‘transportation’, on which the average family
spends about 18 percent of its income each month. This includes car
payments as well as gasoline, maintenance and public transportation.
3. The average American family spends about 13 percent of its income on ‘food’, combining groceries and dining out.
4. Most families spend around 11 percent on ‘personal insurance’
(homeowners, life or health) and ‘pensions’.
5. ‘Health care’ and ‘entertainment’ each receive about 5 percent
of the average family's budget each month, and ‘clothing’ is close be-
40
hind at 4 percent. Most families spend around 3 percent on ‘cash con-
tributions’ and 2 percent on ‘education’.
6. Alcohol, tobacco and personal care products round out the
budget, at around 1 percent each.
7. How to Budget and Save Money. Any financial adviser would
agree that budgeting is an essential part of your family's economic
planning. The first step in developing a family budget is to keep track
of every penny - literally - that you spend for a month. Using the information from your family monthly bills and bank statements, make
a list of all of your monthly fixed expenses. Fixed expenses include
your utility costs, rent or mortgage payment, other loan payments, insurance payments (life, disability, home), home repairs, municipal
and state taxes, gas and car maintenance, public transport expenses,
education and food costs. These should be items that you need - not
those items that you can do without like your cable television bill.
8. On a second piece of paper, make a list of all of your family
monthly extras. This is how much money you spend on entertainment, dining out, medical & dental expenses, savings, beauty products and treatments, clothing and all of those items you splurge on
every month that are not necessities. Think carefully about this list
and make sure you don't overlook anything like the cost of your weekly outings with friends.
9. Add up all of the items from the two lists and subtract this total
from your monthly salary. The results may surprise you. You may
even discover that you spend more every month than all members of
your family actually make! The bad news is that all of you'll have to
work hard to change your spending habits. The good news is that you
now have the information you need to begin fixing the problem.
10. Look carefully at each list. Are there any expenses that you
can cut back on or completely do away with? Make the necessary ad-
justments to your monthly budget and start seeing your monthly savings increase. Remember to put your savings aside for emergencies
and invest the rest in your retirement and that family vacation you've
been dreaming of.
11. Another technique – ‘envelope budgeting’ - also can be very effective, and an excellent way to force you to live within your means.
With ‘envelope budgeting’, you set aside a specific amount of money
in cash for various categories of spending, including restaurant
meals, grocery shopping, entertainment and gifts. When you deplete
the money in an envelope, you are done spending in that category for
the month, unless you choose to pull money from another part of
your budget.