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Файл:Miscellaneous items. Общеразговорный английский язык. Учебное пособие.pdf
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4.10. MAKE A REPORT on the topic “Labour Hours and Spare
Time”, paying attention to the following points in your
speech:
- interrelation of work and leisure time;
- factors that shape work and leisure time;
- leisure time and leisure activities;
- theatre-going and film-going as entertainment.
UUNNIITT55..HHoolliiddaayyssaannddFFeessttiivvaalls
s
5.1. BEFORE READING learn the following words and phrases
which are essential on the topic:
activity holiday – активный отдых, активные формы
проведения отпуска
budget travel - экономичное путешествие, недорогие путешествия
calendar – календарь, повестка дня, опись, повестка дня
carer’s leave – отпуск по уходу за родственником
celebration - празднование; празднество, торжество
community leave – отпуск в связи с необходимостью выполнения
общественных обязанностей
compassionate leave - отпуск по семейным обстоятельствам (в
связи с тяжкой утратой в семье)
extended period of time - длительный период времени
festival = festivity – фестиваль, празднество; празднование, торже-
ство
fixed holiday – праздник с фиксированной датой
holiday - праздник, день отдыха, каникулы, отпуск
holiday-maker = vacationer – отпускник, отдыхающий, турист
leave - время отдыха, отпуск
leave without pay - неоплачиваемый отпуск, отпуск без сохране-
ния денежного содержания, отпуск «за свой счет»
legal holiday = bank holiday - официальный нерабочий день; вы-
ходной, установленный законом нерабочий день
long service leave – дополнительный отпуск в связи с многолетним
стажем работы в организации
movable holiday - переходящий праздник (с подвижной датой)
national holiday - общенациональный, общегосударственный
праздник
package holiday - туристическая поездка с предоставлением всего
комплекса услуг
62
paid annual leave - ежегодный оплачиваемый отпуск, очередной
оплачиваемый отпуск
parental leave - родительский отпуск (в связи с рождением ребен-
ка)
personal leave – отпуск по семейным обстоятельствам
religious holiday - религиозный праздник
secular holiday = civic holiday – светский праздник
sick leave - отпуск по болезни
to afford - иметь возможность, быть в состоянии, позволить себе
to celebrate = to make holiday – праздновать, веселиться, отмечать
приятное событие
to commemorate – 1) ознаменовывать 2) служить напоминанием,
почтить память 3) отмечать, праздновать
to take a vacation - брать отпуск
travel agents - туристическое агентство
vacation – каникулы, отпуск
5.2. SCANNING
Types of Holiday
Part 1
1. The word “holiday” has at least three different meanings:
i) a day-off when most people do not go to work or school, especially because of a religious or national celebration;
ii) an extended period of time when people are not at work or
school;
iii) days spent travelling or resting away from home.
2. “Holiday” in its first meaning is a festival or a day set apart for
religious observance or for the commemoration of some extraordinary
event or distinguished person, or for some other public occasion. Originally, in ancient times, holidays were predominantly religious in character and linked to natural events such as the annual course of the
sun or the phases of the moon. The word holiday, in fact, is derived
from "holy day." Subsequently, secular or civic holidays commemorating historical occasions or distinguished persons outnumbered holy
days. Thus we may speak about religious and secular holidays.
3. There are some other classifications and groups of holidays,
e.g. fixed and movable; national (bank, public) and regional or even
local.
4. Fixed (or “regular”) holidays are those that occur on the same
day each year, such as Christmas. A holiday is called “movable” or
“floating” if it does not fall on the same numeric date in different
years; it moves every year; for example, Thanksgiving (in the US) occurs on the fourth Thursday of November.
63
5. Legal holidays or bank holidays - days on which banks,
schools, or other public institutions and most places of business are
closed - are designated by legislative enactment or by executive proclamation. In addition to Saturday or Sunday, all countries have their
own list of legal holidays. They are the days set aside to celebrate
such occasions as the achievement of independence, the founding of
the nation, the adoption of a constitution, the birthday of the ruler, or
the national patron saint's day.
6. Holidays as festivals and carnivals help us mark time. They are
the extraordinary events that give shape and meaning to our everyday
existence. Throughout human history the vast array of nations and
peoples have punctuated their calendars with special days to celebrate, commemorate, or trace the passage of their lives. Individually
and as communities, we set aside times to reflect on the past and future, to rest and renew our bodies and souls, and simply to have fun.
7. More over some territories fix their own unscheduled holidays.
In a case when a legal holiday falls on a Saturday it is observed on the
preceding Friday; holidays falling on Sunday are observed on the following Monday.
LEXIS
away from home - вдали от дома
religious observance – соблюдение религиозных обычаев
commemoration - празднование (годовщины); торжест-
венная церемония в память о чем-л., поминовение
distinguished – известный, выдающийся
predominantly – преимущественно, главным образом
annual course - годовой ход
to outnumber - численно превосходить
patron saint's day - день святого–покровителя
mark time - выжидать; медлить; воспринимать ход времени
give shape and meaning - придавать форму и содержание
vast array – масса, огромное количество, большое множество
punctuate – акцентировать, подчеркивать, перемежать
set aside - откладывать
renew – восстановить, освежить, подремонтировать
unscheduled – зд. непредусмотренный, внеплановый
5.3. QUESTIONS
1. What meanings does the word ‘holiday’ have?
2. What classifications of holidays are given in the text above?
3. Can you provide rationale for the existence of movable hol-
idays in some countries?
4. What can the origin of holidays be connected with?
64
5. Why are legal holidays also called ‘bank holidays’?
6. What is the purpose of festivals and carnivals?
7. Do you know any examples of regional and local holidays?
5.4. EXERCISE. Examine the list of public holidays in three
countries, which is given below, and answer the following
questions:
1. Are there movable holidays in all countries?
2. Which country has the longest list of national holidays?
3. Are there any months without national holidays?
4. Do all countries celebrate religious holidays nationwide?
5. What holidays are the same in all three countries?
6. What holidays are associated with a particular historical event?
7. What holidays are dedicated to a distinguished person?
8. What holidays are general for all parts of the United Kingdom?
9. Can you describe any public holiday that is peculiar to the UK or
the USA?
Public Holidays
in Russia
Russian holidays are a kind of a blend of old, official and unofficial, professional and private, religious and secular events. The following are only a few principal holidays in their chronological order:
January 1st:NNeewwYYeeaarr
- many Russians celebrate it twice, on January 1st and 14th, where the last date corresponds to January 1st
in the Julian calendar used in Russia before 1918.
NNeewwYYeeaarrHHoolliiddaayyWWeeeek
k
January 7th:RRuussssiiaannOOrrtthhooddooxxCChhrriissttmmaass
– it is celebrated two
weeks later than in Catholic countries.
February 23rd -SSoollddiieerr''ssDDaayy
orDDeeffeennddeerroofftthheeFFaatthheerrllaannddDDaayy
(known until recently asDDaayyoofftthheeAArrmmyyaannddNNaavvyy
orSSoovviieettAArr--
mmyyDDaay
y
) is popularly viewed as holiday for all men and closely followed in March by its female counter-part, Women's Day, when
women receive flowers, presents and are toasted by men.
March 8th:WWoommeenn’’ssDDaayy
(originallyIInntteerrnnaattiioonnaallWWoommeenn''ssDDaayy
) is
the day of all women.
May 1st:MMaayyDDaayy
(originallyIInntteerrnnaattiioonnaallWWoorrkkeerrss''SSoolliiddaarriittyyDDaayy
), is
now known asSSpprriinnggaannddLLaabboouurrDDaayy
.
May 9th:VViiccttoorryyDDaayy
is a day set apart to commemorate the millions
fallen in World War II.
June 12th:RRuussssiiaaDDaayy
orIInnddeeppeennddeenncceeDDaayy
commemorates the
adoption of the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Russian Federation in 1991.
65
November 4th:NNaattiioonnaallUUnniittyyDDaayy
calls for tolerance between various
ethnic and religious groups in the Russian Federation. However,
for many Russians, November 4 is just another day off or a substitute for a holiday that was held on November 7th (GGrreeaattOOccttoobbeerr
SSoocciiaalliissttRReevvoolluuttiioonnDDaay
y
) in the Soviet times.
Public Holidays
in Britain
Keys:
E – England, NI - Northern Ireland, S – Scotland, W – Wales, A - All
January 1st -NNeewwYYeeaarr’’ssDDaayy
(A)
January 2nd -22nnddJJaannuuaarryy
(S)
March 17th -SSaaiinnttPPaattrriicckk''ssDDaayy
(NI)
the Friday before Easter Sunday -GGooooddFFrriiddaayy
(A)
the day after Easter Sunday -EEaasstteerrMMoonnddaayy
(E, NI, W)
1st Monday in May -MMaayyDDaayyHHoolliiddaayy
(A) orEEaarrllyyMMaayyBBaannkkHHoolliiddaayy
Last Monday in May -SSpprriinnggBBaannkkHHoolliiddaayy
(A)
July 12th, 2013 -BBaattttlleeoofftthheeBBooyynnee
orOOrraannggeemmaann''ssDDaayy
(NI)
1st Monday in August -SSuummmmeerrBBaannkkHHoolliiddaayy
(S)
Last Monday in August -SSuummmmeerrBBaannkkHHoolliiddaayy
(E, NI, W)
November 30th-SStt..AAnnddrreeww’’ssDDaayy
(S)
December 25th -CChhrriissttmmaassDDaayy
(A)
December 26th -BBooxxiinnggDDaayy
(A)
Public Holidays
in the United States
January1st:NNeewwYYeeaarr
- celebrating the beginning of the new year in
the Gregorian calendar.
The third Monday in January:BBiirrtthhddaayyooffMMaarrttiinnLLuutthheerrKKiinngg
JJrr.
.
(born January 15th) - combined with other public holidays in
some states.
January 20th every fourth year (the one following the presidential
election):IInnaauugguurraattiioonnDDaayy
- the newly elected U.S. president rei-
terates vow by the United States.
The third Monday in February:GGeeoorrggeeWWaasshhiinnggttoonn''ssBBiirrtthhddaayy
, a feast
is also known as Presidents' Day.
Last Monday in May:MMeemmoorriiaallDDaayy
orDDeeccoorraattiioonnDDaayy
commemorates
all men and women, who have died in military service for the
United States. Many people visit cemeteries and memorials on
Memorial Day and it is traditionally seen as the start of the summer season.
July 4th:IInnddeeppeennddeenncceeDDaayy
- celebrated the day of the signing of the
Declaration of Independence.
66
First Monday in September:LLaabboorrDDaayy
- a day celebrating the
achievements of workers. That day also informally summer ends,
fall begins and the next day the children begin school.
Second Monday in October:CCoolluummbbuussDDaayy
- the holiday has its origins in 1792 when New York celebrated the first anniversary of
the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.
November 11th:VVeetteerraannssDDaayy
- a national holiday commemorating
the day of the signing of the First World War. The day is also a
celebration of veterans of all wars, which the U.S. participated.
Fourth Thursday in November:TThhaannkkssggiivviinngg
- a traditional feast,
which is symbolically thanks for autumn harvest. Dinner on this
day usually consists of roast turkey.
December 25th:CChhrriissttmmaassDDaayy
- the anniversary of the birth of Jesus
Christ.
5.5. EXERCISE. Choose any event in the list of Carnivals of the
World and make a presentation about its history and details
of festivity:
- Barranquilla's Carnival, Colombia;
- the Berlin Carnival, Germany;
- the Carnival of Basel, Switzerland;
- the Carnival of Binche, Belgium;
- the Carnival of New Orleans, the USA;
- the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
- the Carnival of Venice, Italy;
- the Cologne Carnival, Germany;
- the Goa Carnival, India;
- the Nice Carnival, France;
- the Notting Hill Carnival, London, the UK;
- the Pancake Week (Maslenitsa), Russia;
- the Quebec Winter Carnival, Canada;
- the Rotterdam Carnival, Netherlands;
- the Santa Cruz de Tenerife Carnival, Spain;
- the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, Trinidad and Tobago.
5.6. SCANNING
Types of Holiday
Part 2
1. “Holiday” in its second meaning denotes either a vacation
or a break (for students) or a leave (for employees). According to the
season when students are not at school or college there are summer,
autumn, winter or spring holidays (vacations). Working adults also
67
have their holidays – leaves - for a variety of reasons, e.g. annual
leave, personal leave (sick leave, carer’s leave and compassionate
leave, parental leave), long service leave, community leave. In Australia, for instance, these leaves are as follows:
2. Annual Leave: full-time and part-time workers are entitled to a
minimum of 4 weeks of paid annual leave for every 12 months of con-
tinuous service; if during the period that an employee is taking annual
leave a public holiday occurs, then the employee is to be paid for this
public holiday and is not to be paid annual leave for this day.
3. Parental Leave: Australians are entitled to access up to 12
months of unpaid parental leave. Parental leave must be taken in one
continuous bloc.
4. Personal Leave: Sick Leave, Carer’s Leave and Compassionate
Leave: Full-time, permanent workers are entitled to 10 days of paid
sick or carer’s leave per year. Personal leave is for when you are unfit
for work due to illness or injury. Workers are also entitled to 2 days of
paid compassionate leave for each occasion that a member of the employee’s immediate family or household contracts a life threatening ill-
ness, sustains a life threatening injury or dies.
5. Long Service Leave: Long service leave recognises long periods of
continuous service with the same employer (regardless of changes to
job title or role). In normal circumstances long service leave cannot be
cashed out.
6. Community Leave: You can take community leave if you are re-
quired to attend jury service, participate in a voluntary emergency
management activity, or in other special circumstances.
7. In its third meaning “holiday” is a kind of tourist activity that is
not connected with work or business. There is a list of types of holiday according to its duration, seasons, place of destination, transportation, tourists’ mobility, their age, and value for money.
8. Today, travel agents offer all kinds of holidays to all types of
people, as nearly everybody can afford some sort of holiday. These
days, most people choose a package tour, especially when they go
abroad on holiday. They pay for their travel and accommodation in
their own country. Sometimes travel agents sell a “last minute” package or package holidays that someone has cancelled for up to 50%
less than the original cost.
9. In spite of some advantages which travel agents can offer, there
are still quite a few people who “go it alone”, choosing their own destination and booking their tickets and accommodation themselves.
They may choose among these common types of holiday:
cultural tours;
history tours;
68
coach tours (going from place to place by coach);
camping holiday (at a camp site);
walking holiday;
an activity holiday (doing a special activity, e.g. climbing, hik-
ing, cycling, safari, horse riding, sailing, rafting, scuba diving, rowing and canoeing)
city break;
cruising (going from place to place by ship);
gap year travelling;
seaside holiday (at a seaside resort).
LEXIS
full-time worker - работник, занятый полный рабочий день
part-time worker - работник, занятый неполный рабочий
день; частично занятый работник
continuous service - длительный срок службы, непрерывная работа
immediate family - ближайшие родственники, родители и их дети
contract a life threatening illness – заболеть с угрозой для жизни
emergency management - неотложная помощь при чрезвычайных
обстоятельствах
value for money - соотношение цены и качества
go abroad - выезжать за границу
accommodation - размещение; помещение; жилье; квартира; место
(в поезде, на пароходе)
go it alone - брать на себя всю ответственность
book – заказывать, бронировать место, резервировать
safari - охотничья экспедиция, сафари
sailing – мореплавание, плавание под парусами
scuba diving - подводное плавание с кислородным баллоном
city break - короткая поездка в какой-нибудь город на экскурсию
cruising - (развлекательная) морская прогулка
gap year travelling – путешествие во время творческого (академи-
ческого) отпуск (за свой счет) на год (например: дауншифте-
ры, студенты)
seaside - морское побережье, морской курорт
5.7. QUESTIONS
1. Do schoolchildren and college students in Russia have the
same vocations?
2. Do working adults in Russia have such leaves as:
- annual leave;
- carer’s leave;
- community leave;
- compassionate leave;
69
- long service leave;
- parental leave;
- sick leave?
If your answer is positive then what are the terms and guarantees of
such a leave in our country?
3. What do types of holiday as a kind of tourist activity depend on?
4. What service do travel agents provide?
5. What types of holiday trips are in demand among Russian tourists?
5.8. KEY WORDS
activity holiday
bank holiday
budget travel
camping holiday
carnival
city break
coach tour
cultural tour
fixed holiday
history tour
leave without pay
movable holiday
national holiday
package holiday
paid leave
parental leave
personal leave
religious holiday
seaside holiday
sick leave
to book tickets and accommodation
to celebrate
to go abroad
to take a vacation
travel agents
vacation
vacationer
walking holiday
5.9. MAKE A REPORT on the topic “Holidays and Festivals”,
paying attention to the following points in your speech:
- classification of holidays;
- public holidays in different countries;
- leaves and vacations;
- holiday as a kind of tourist activity.
UUNNIITT66..TTrraavveelllliinnggaannddTTrraannssppoorrttaattiioon
n
6.1. BEFORE READING learn the following words and phrases
which are essential on the topic:
air route - маршрут полёта, авиалиния
air transportation = aviation = air carriers - воздушный транспорт,
авиационные перевозки
70
arrival - приезд, прибытие, прилёт
automobile - автомашина, легковой автомобиль, машина
boarding pass - посадочный талон, пропуск на посадку в самолет
bus station – автовокзал
bus stop - автобусная остановка
business trip = duty journey - служебная поездка, командировка
car accident - несчастный случай на автотранспорте, ДТП
carry-on luggage - ручная кладь, ручной багаж
checked baggage - сдаваемый багаж, регистрируемый багаж
check-in – регистрация, отметка о прибытии
check-in counter = ticket counter – стойка регистрации билетов
checkpoint - контрольно-пропускной пункт
coach - междугородный автобус; пассажирский вагон, где есть
только сидячие места
commuter rail – пригородный железнодорожный транспорт
driver - водитель, машинист, шофер; лицо, направляющее движе-
ние чего-л.
fare - стоимость проезда, тариф, плата за проезд
fellow passenger - попутчик
ferry - паром, перевозочное средство
fixed route - постоянный маршрут
fixed schedule - твёрдо установленный график, фиксированное
расписание
flight ticket - билет на самолёт
fuel - топливо, горючее | заправлять(ся) топливом, заправлять(ся)
горючим
highway - шоссейная дорога, автомагистраль
hotel reservation - заказ номера в гостинице, бронирование гос-
тиницы
immigration form – иммиграционный бланк, анкета для пересе-
кающих границу
intercity rail - междугородное железнодорожное сообщение
intermodal transportation – перевозки, связанные с использова-
нием различных видов транспорта в одной поездке или ис-
пользуемый в такой системе перевозок
maritime transport = shipping - морской транспорт, морские пе-
ревозки
metro station – станция метрополитена
mobility - подвижность; мобильность
mode of transportation - вид транспорта, вид передвижения
motor carrier - автотранспортная компания, компания автомо-
бильных перевозок
motorcycle – мотоцикл
parking space = parking lot - место для парковки автомашин