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twenty four hours a microbial cell processes a mass of nutritive substances
exceeding its own weight 30 or 40 times40.
9. Переведите следующий отрывок текста:
Среди биотехнологических штаммов водорослей, широко
используемых во всем мире для получения ценных медицинских
препаратов, пищевых и кормовых добавок, наибольший интерес
представляют 3 вида — спирулина, дюналиелла и хлорелла.
Изучение питательной ценности биомассы спирулины,
проводившееся во многих странах, показало ее полезность и
целесообразность использования в рационах детского и диетического
питания здоровых и больных людей и для кормления животных41.
40
http://www-fa.upc.es/personals/fluids/oriol/ale/eolss.pdf
41
http://innosfera.org/node/381
81
Unit 21. CERTAIN SPECIFICS OF MICROBIOLOGICAL
А
B
PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN BIOMASS
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
substrate, organic, biomass, microorganism, method, separation, culture,
product, protein, process, cultivation, synthetic, climate, evolution
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to be carried out, to be supplied, to be provided with, to be segregated from,
to obtain, to dry, to require, to depend on, to use
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) coil
2) to omit
3) distinctive features
4) in its essence
5) in conformity with
6) conjecture
7) a sizable part
8) fertilizer
9) poisonous chemicals
10) unlike
11) waste water
12) incentive
13) fermenter
14) aqueous solution
a) огромная часть
b) отличительные черты
c) кольцо, спираль
d) догадка, предположение
e) в отличие от
f) пропускать, не включать
g) ядовитые химикаты
h) в соответствии с
i) водный раствор
j) побудительный мотив
k) по своей сути, по существу
l) удобрение
m) биореактор, ферментер
n) сточная вода
82
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Certain Specifics of Microbiological Production of Protein
Biomass
Modern production of single cell protein (SCP) is carried out in
fermenters with capacities of several hundred m3. Aqueous solution of
mineral salts and organic substrate are supplied continuously to the medium
where microorganisms are reproducing. It is essential that the growing
microorganism culture is intensively provided with oxygen and that the heat
generated in the process of biological oxidation be removed. Grown up
cells are segregated from the liquid phase by separation, though other
methods are also possible, for example, flotation for small bacterial coils.
Besides, properly selected conditions permit one to obtain cultures
containing a greater volume of wet cells than that of water in the
intercellular space. It is advisable to dry such dense cultures omitting the
stage of the biomass separation from the aqueous medium. Before drying
the biomass is usually subjected to plasmolysis. A powdery or granulated
resulting product, rich in protein, is obtained after drying.
The technology of petroleum hydrocarbon processing into a
microorganism biomass is similar to chemical technology in the intensity of
the process and equipment. However, cultivation of microorganisms is a
purely biological process in its essence. Therefore it would be incorrect to
call the obtained products of microbiological origin synthetic and even
artificial.
Such microbiological production is basically similar to agricultural
production. At the same time microbiological production has a number of
distinctive features. It is often emphasized that microbiological production
is industrial and does not require land for cultivation, does not depend on
the climate and weather conditions and may be planned exactly. Moreover,
a countless variety of microorganisms, and types of their nutrition and a
high growth rate of unicellulars allow both a rapid evolution of
microorganisms strains with valuable properties, and easy manoeuvring in
the utilization of suitable kinds of raw materials in conformity with the
conjecture established for a given period of time.
Great achievements of the human society in plant-growing have led
to the fact that a sizeable part of dry land on our planet is cultivated.
The recent decades are characterized by intensification of plantgrowing which involves extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides. Further
expansion of pesticide usage may cause additional harmful influence on the
environment Besides, increasing doses of pesticides get into the food of a
83
huge part of population. Unlike agriculture, microbiological industry does
not use pesticides, and its products do not contain any poisonous chemicals.
The waste water of microbiological industry can be easily purified. These
distinctive features of microbiological ways of food and feed production
will be an incentive to their broad practical application42.
5. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
a. What is supplied to the medium where microorganisms are
reproducing?
b. What product is obtained after drying?
c. What distinctive features does microbiological production have?
6. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4 по следующему плану.
a) Modern production of single cell protein.
b) The difference between microbiological industry and agriculture.
c) Their influence on the environment.
7. Переведите отрывок текста с русского на английский язык:
Микробные клетки сами по себе могут служить конечным
продуктом производственного процесса. В промышленном масштабе
получают два основных типа микроорганизмов: дрожжи, необходимые
для хлебопечения, и одноклеточные микроорганизмы, используемые
как источник белков, которые можно добавлять в пищу человека и
животных. Пекарские дрожжи выращивали в больших количествах с
начала 20 в. и использовали в качестве пищевого продукта в Германии
во время Первой мировой войны43.
42
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Microbiology and
Biotechnology. Указ. соч.
43
Лысак, В.В. Микробиология: учеб. пособие. – Минск : Изд-во БГУ, 2007.
84
Unit 22. SAFETY OF PROTEIN BIOMASS
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
reality, component, accumulation, selection, method, enzyme,
psychological, product, protein, structure, cultivation, utilization, paraffin,
bacteria, alkanes, glucose
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to be free from, to represent, to turn into, to lead to, to isolate, to add, to
involve, to increase, to be removed, to consider
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) inordinate consumption
2) partial lost
3) prior to excretion
4) daily consumption
5) well-grounded
6) staple products
7) groat
8) to do away with
9) residual hydrocarbons
10) labeled glucose
11) cabbage leaves
12) foreign
13) nucleic acid
14) additional costs
a) обоснованный
b) крупа
c) частичная потеря
d) до выделения
e) чрезмерное употребление
f) меченая глюкоза
g) ежедневное потребление
h) зд. инородный, чужой главные
продукты
i) покончить
j) остаточные углеводороды
k) капустные листья
l) дополнительные затраты
m) нуклеиновые кислоты
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Safety of Protein Biomass
Protein containing products of microbiological industry must be
free from harmful nonprotein components. Nucleic acids represent an
undesirable component of unicellulars in case of their inordinate
85
consumption in food. The high growth rate of unicellulars is accounted for
by a higher, compared to meat and fish, content of nucleic acids. The
organism of an animal turns the purine bases that are present in nucleic
acids into uric acid, then into urea and ammonia prior to excretion. But in a
human being the process of purine breakdown stops at the stage of uric acid
production. An increase of the uric acid content in plasma may lead to an
accumulation of urates in the individuals predisposed to that. Therefore,
according to nutritionists, daily consumption of nucleic acids with food by a
human being must not exceed 2 g.
Some methods for nucleic acids removal have been worked out in
the USA. Nucleic acid content may be lowered to some extent by selection
of proper conditions for yeast cultivation. Finally, it is also possible to
isolate proteins from the cells and then add them to food. Naturally, it
would involve a further complication of production and thus, additional
costs and a partial loss of protein.
The nutritionists need lengthy investigations to establish the safety
of adopting the biomass of various bacteria for food. It is only natural,
because until now humanity has never used in food such bacteria, as
Pseudomonas, E. coli, Bacillius, Hydrogenomonas, etc. It is absolutely safe
for people's health to add biomass of nonpathogenic bacteria even to the
feed of livestock whose meat or dairy products will be used for food.
Bacteria contain much protein (up to 10% of dry wt), and their mass
cultivation may prove to be extremely promising. But, undoubtedly, the
mass cultivation of yeasts (their utilization for food has a history of many
centuries) stays in the first place in the space of time.
The supposed carcinogenity of hydrocarbon yeasts is not wellgrounded. The 3,4-benzopirene content of the yeasts grown on gas oils or nparaffins is the same or even lower than that of the conventional foodstuffs
for nourishment. The yeasts grown on n-alkanes contain residual n-alkanes.
Inconsiderable quantities of n-alkanes are contained in a great variety of
products of vegetable and animal origin. Plants synthesize n-alkanes and
cabbage leaves represent a classical object for revealing the metabolism of
n-alkanes. That is why it is not true to consider n-alkanes to be foreign to
living nature. It has been shown by special investigations on animals that nalkanes are metabolized by the animal organism. And yet their content in
conventional foodstuffs is usually lower than that in "paraffin" yeast.
Therefore technological processing has been worked out which makes it
86
possible to decrease n-alkane content in yeast to efficiently low values
(tenth parts of percent of dry wt)44.
5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний:
нежелательный компонент одноклеточных, высокий темп роста, по
сравнению с мясом и рыбой, содержание мочевой кислоты в плазме, у
людей, предрасположенных к этому, по мнению диетологов,
дальнейшее увеличение, полное или частичное удаление нуклеиновых
кислот, значительно ниже, привлекательность, принятие, до сих пор, в
области питания, мясные или молочные продукты, предполагаемая
канцерогенность углеводородных дрожжей, незначительные
количества н-алканов.
6. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:
1) Было бы желательно добавить 10-20 граммов (сухого веса) в
основные продукты.
2) Дальнейшее увеличение содержания дрожжей в диете было бы
возможно после полного или частичного удаления нуклеиновых
кислот.
3) Выделение белков из клеток и добавление их в пищу повлекло бы
дальнейшее усложнение производства, дополнительные затраты и
частичную потерю белка.
4) Было бы важно преодолеть психологическую неподготовленность
потребителя к новому виду жизни.
5) Это покончило бы с ограничениями, связанными с присутствием
нуклеиновых кислот в продукте.
7. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1) What stands in the way of making protein biomass safe?
2) At what stage does the process of purine breakdown stop in a human
being?
3) How may nucleic acid content be lowered?
44
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Microbiology and
Biotechnology. Указ. соч.
87
4) What would involve a further complication of production?
5) Would digestibility of protein by digestive enzymes increase?
6) What would it be essential to overcome?
7) What do you think of adding biomass of some nonpathogenic bacteria to
the feed of livestock? Is it absolutely safe for people's health or not?
8) What do you know of the yeasts grown on n-alkanes?
8. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4, используя следующие
выражения:
1) The article is devoted to the problem of...
2) It deals with ...
3) It is of great interest for ...
4) The author stresses ...
5) He draws the reader's attention to...
88
Unit 23. PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL OF
А
B
MICROBIOLOGICAL BREAKDOWN OF HYDROCARBONS
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
microbiological, microorganism, dioxide, fraction, planet, reservoir,
microflora, product, recommend, emulgator, stimulate, utilization, control,
bacteria, alkanes, nickel, zink
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to lead, to concern, to estimate, to emulgate, to penetrate, to treat, to
recommend, to be oxidized up, to affect, to add, to suggest
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) self-purification
2) to concern
3) to penetrate
4) mould fungi
5) prevention
6) pipeline
7) carcinogen
8) excess of oxygen
9) oil products
10) admixture
a) проникать
b) самоочищение
c) канцероген
d) избыток кислорода
e) касаться, относиться к чему-
либо
f) плесневые грибы
g) профилактика, предотвращение
h) нефтепродукты
i) трубопровод
j) примесь
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Principles of Control of Microbiological Breakdown
of Hydrocarbons
Microorganisms are a powerful natural force of the self-purification
leading to the hydrocarbon oxidation to water and carbon dioxide on the
surface of our planet. All petroleum fractions and its individual compounds
are oxidized by different microorganisms. It concerns the asphalted cover of
89
roads, fuels, lubricants and even the most powerful carcinogen, 3,4benzopiren.
Microorganisms "work" intensively when there is an excess of
oxygen, hydrocarbon is emulgated and the medium has the temperature
suitable for their vital activity. Zobell estimates that the petroleum oxidation
in the sea occurs at the rate of 36-350 g/m3 annually.
In nature there are many hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms in
the places where hydrocarbons can easily penetrate. However, if
hydrocarbons do not get early and regularly to any reservoir or district, it
may be useful to treat this district with the "ferment" of bact-preparation of
hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms in order to accelerate the
development of hydrocarbon oxidizing microflora of this district. The
"ferments" containing lyophilized living microorganism cells may be in the
form of powders, pastes, liquids. Some inventions recommend the use of
such alive preparations for the purification of different capacities from
residual oil-products. Mineral salts and emulgators can be added to the
"ferments" in order to stimulate the vital activity of microorganisms.
In a number of cases it is necessary to control the activity of
microorganisms which may affect a wide spectrum of oil-products in the
process of their storage and utilization. These are such oil-products as
different fuels, lubricating oils and lubricating-cooling liquids in particular.
Microorganisms (bacteria, mycobactуria, yeasts and mould fungi) usually
"eat away" the N-alkane fraction first of all. Hydrocarbons are oxidized up
to carbon dioxide and water, the latter in its turn being used for the new cell
construction. Complex oxygen-containing organic compounds affecting the
oil-product quality can accumulate in the medium. The practical troubles
are often connected with the overgrowing of petrol-pipelines with
microorganisms and the mechanical admixture. A wide variety of measures
for the prevention of microbiological corrosion of oil-products have been
worked out. The express-methods of the rapid detection of microorganisms
in hydrocarbons have been suggested. Hydrocarbons are kept hermetically,
and biocide additives containing tin, silver, mercury, nickel, copper, lead
and zinc compounds, which are toxic for microorganisms, or organic
biocides, e.g. 8-hydrooxinoline derivatives, are added to them45.
5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
45
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Microbiology and
Biotechnology. Указ. соч.
90
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