Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Biotechnology (Биотехнология). Учебно-методическое пособие
.pdf
Unit 18. WHY IS COMPOSTING A BENEFICIAL PROCESS?
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
organic, banana, composting, microscopic, humus, metal, plastic, natural,
container, protein
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to turn into, to compose, to decompose, to speed up, to break down, to
grow, to be recycled, to be thrown into, to give off, to accept, to smell, to be
poked
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) crumpled paper
2) to have smth in common
3) garbage can
4) yeast
5) food scraps
6) to enrich the soil
7) pile
8) benefit
9) inconvenience
10) odor
a) куча, яма
b) иметь что-то общее
c) дрожжи
d) неудобство
e) мусорное ведро
f) польза
g) обогащать почву
h) скомканная бумага
i) кормоотходы
j) запах
4. Переведите текст
Why Is Сomposting a Beneficial Process?
Egg shells, onion skins, banana peels, grass clippings, and crumpled
paper. What do these things have in common? With the help of
biotechnology, these items can be turned into a nutrient-rich soil that can be
used to help plants grow, so it is good for the environment.
Everything organic will eventually decompose. Composting is a
process that speeds up the decomposition of organic matter by providing the
ideal conditions. Living things decompose when microscopic organisms
71
break down the organic matter into simpler forms of matter. Most of the
decomposition, about 80 to 90 percent, in a compost pile is done by the
bacteria. Other microorganisms, such as yeast and some fungi, also help.
There are bacteria already living on most things; so when a piece of food or
other organic matter is left alone long enough, the bacteria on it will make it
start to decompose. Composting takes advantage of this naturally occurring
process by giving the bacteria the things it needs to grow. The more
bacteria there are, the faster the organic matter breaks down.
Compost piles need four things to work well: nutrients, water,
oxygen, and decomposing microorganisms, called decomposers. The
nutrients come from the organic material that is put in the pile. The types of
things that can be put into a compost pile fall into two main categories:
“browns” and “greens.” The browns are organic materials that are high in
carbohydrates and provide the element carbon; they include such things as
autumn leaves, straw, and paper products (napkins, paper towels, paper
bags, coffee filters, newspaper, and so on). The greens are organic
materials that are high in protein and provide the element nitrogen; they
include such things as grass clippings and food scraps (egg shells, coffee
grounds, tea bags, apple cores, and so on). A compost pile works best when
the brown items and green items are placed in alternating layers.
The water is provided either naturally, from the rain, or when
someone waters the pile if it has dried out. The compost pile gets oxygen by
being turned every now and then, and also by being exposed to the air.
After the bacteria go to work, they start to break down the organic
material. The resulting product of the decomposition of organic material is
called humus, or compost. Humus is a dark brown, nutrient-rich material;
it can be used to enrich the soil where plants are grown to give them a boost
of nutrients to help them grow well. Items that are not organic cannot be put
into a compost pile because inorganic materials will not decompose (metal,
glass, plastic etc.). Meat, bones, foods covered in oils, and dairy products
are also not good for a compost pile because they can attract animals (who
may try to eat the compost) and they can make the compost pile smell
worse.
Composting is an example of biotechnology because people are
using decomposer microbes to help make nutrient-rich soil for plants36.
36
Biotechnology: with student activities. Laura M. Johnson, 2011.
72
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными, в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 5
1) “Green” ingredients provide the carbon in a compost pile.
2) A compost pile works best when the “brown” and “green” ingredients
are placed in alternating layers.
3) Bacteria and other decomposing microorganisms are added to the
compost pile.
4) The product of a compost pile is called humus.
5) Banana peels and crumpled paper are just garbage.
6) Fungi do most of the decomposition in a compost pile.
7) Organic things will never decompose.
8) A compost pile gets nutrients from the organic material that is put in
the pile.
6. Ответьте на вопросы (множественный выбор)
1). What percent of the decomposition of a compost pile is due to bacteria?
a. 100 percent b. 90 to 100 percent c. 80 to 90 percent d. 70 to 80 percent
2). Which of these are decomposing microbes that are involved in
composting?
a. fungi b. yeast c. bacteria d. all of the above
3). Which of the following substances does a compost pile not need?
a. metal b. nutrients (nitrogen and carbon) c. oxygen d. water
4). Which of the following is considered a “brown” ingredient in a compost
pile?
a. paper bags b. egg shells c. tea bags d. banana peels
5). Which of the following is considered a “green” ingredient in a compost
pile?
a. coffee filter b. apple core c. autumn leaves d. straw
6). Which of the following items is the only one that can be put into
compost?
a. glass b. plastics c. inorganic items d. organic items
7. Ответьте на вопросы
1. Explain how composting takes advantage of a natural process.
2. Imagine that organic things did not decompose. What would our Earth be
like?
3. List at least five items that are considered either “brown” ingredients or
“green” ingredients in a compost pile.
73
4. (a) Why does a compost pile need oxygen and water? (b) Explain how
the compost pile gets the oxygen and water it needs.
5. (a) How long does it take a compost pile to turn into humus/compost? (b)
What can be done with the humus once it is formed?
6. (a) Explain why things that are not organic cannot be put into a compost
pile.
(b) List at least five substances that cannot be put into a compost pile.
7. Explain why composting is an example of how biotechnology can help
the environment.
8. Переведите текст письменно
Компосты - это удобрения, получаемые в результате
разложения смеси различных органических веществ естественными
микроорганизмами. Практика компостирования свидетельствует о
существенном резерве санитарной эффективности компостирования
(ферментации) отходов, обработанных специально подобранными
композициями естественных аэробных микроорганизмов. Внесение в
готовое к компостированию органическое сырьё богатого
термофильными аэробными микроорганизмами микробного
биопрепарата, обеспечивает более динамичное и интенсивное
протекание процесса компостирования, существенно повышает
санитарно-бактериологические показатели продукции
компостирования – гумуса37.
9. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
10. Представьте себя в роли журналиста местной газеты. Ваш
редактор хочет, чтобы вы написали статью на тему: “Роль
биотехнологии в защите окружающей среды”.
• Why people are concerned about the environment?
• What biotechnology is?
• How people are using biotechnology to help the environment?
37
http://www.aveal.com.ua/docs/view/35/
74
Part 4. BIOTECH TRENDS AND EUROPEAN POLICY
А
B
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Unit 19. ADVANCES IN MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF
PETROLEUM
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
argument, biomass, epoch, biosynthesis, protein, technology, distillate,
corrosion
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to present, to deal with, to obtain, to discuss, to direct, to analyze, to purify,
to enter, to provide
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) fodder yeast
2) beyond argument
3) derivatives
4) nutritious value
5) harmlessness
6) lubricants
7) petroleum
8) microbiological processing
9) purified
10) deparaffmization
a) очищенный
b) смазочные масла
c) нефть
d) бесспорно
e) микробиологическая
переработка
f) питательность
g) производные
h) депарафинизация
i) кормовые дрожжи
j) полезность
4. Прочтите текст. Скажите, соответствует ли данный заголовок
содержанию текста. Обоснуйте свой ответ.
Advances of Microbiological Processing of Petroleum
A number of reports presented at the 8th World Petroleum
Congress dealt with microbiological processing of petroleum for the
purpose of obtaining protein-rich microbial biomass. Since then significant
75
advances have been made in this field. Industrial production of fodder
yeasts from purified liquid n-paraffins has been started in a number of
countries.
The importance of this development lies in the expansion of protein
resources for humanity. But more important yet is the practical realization
of the first step to the production of principally new fodder product hydrocarbon yeasts.
It seems beyond argument that humanity enters a new epoch of
various usage of microorganisms, first of all, in fodder and food production.
Petrol hydrocarbons — as a new source of energy for biosynthesis — make
a turning point of tremendous importance in the life of humanity.
Microbiological processing of oil products and their derivatives into
single-cell protein is discussed. Special attention is directed both to the
principles of technology providing the high nutritious value and
harmlessness of the product and to the definition of their fields of
application (technical, feed, food). The microorganism applications of
deparaffmization of gas oils, oil-distillates, lubricants and for the production
of pharmaceutical and other preparations from hydrocarbons are analyzed.
The problem of oil-products protection against microbiological
corrosion and investigations of microbiological protection of the
environment against pollution by oil products are discussed in the below
articles38.
5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний:
ряд докладов, микробиологическая переработка, с целью получения,
значительные успехи, очищенные жидкие н-парафины,
углеводородные дрожжи, одноклеточный белок, особое внимание,
область применения, защита окружающей среды от загрязнения
38
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Указ. соч.
76
6. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:
1) 3а последние годы достигнуты значительные успехи в области
микробиологической переработки нефти с целью получения
микробиологической биомассы, богатой белком.
2) В ряде стран началось промышленное производство кормовых
дрожжей из очищенных жидких н-парафинов.
3) Человечество вступает в новую эпоху различного использования
микроорганизмов.
4) Нефтяные углеводороды - это новые источники для биосинтеза.
5) В данной статье будет рассматриваться микробиологическая
переработка нефтяных продуктов и их производных в одноклеточный
белок.
6) Особое внимание было уделено принципам технологии,
обеспечивающим высокую питательность продукта.
7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
l) Did reports presented at the World Petroleum Congress deal with
microbiological processing of petroleum?
2) What has been started in a number of countries?
3) Does humanity enter a new epoch of various usage of microorganisms?
4) Is microbiological processing of oil products and their derivatives into
single-cell protein discussed here?
5) Why must you pay attention to the principles of technology?
6) Microbiologists will discuss the problem of oil-products protection
against microbiological corrosion, won't they?
8. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4 по плану:
1) The purpose of microbiological processing of petroleum.
2) The importance of industrial production of fodder yeasts from purified
liquid n-paraffins.
3) Petrol hydrocarbons.
4) The problems discussed in the article.
77
Unit 20. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF BIOMASS
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
lysine, treonine, biomass, microorganism, content, product, technology,
nicrobiology, progressive
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to suffer from, to possess, to contain, to select, to increase, to compensate,
to allow, to regard, to involve, to produce, to utilize
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) deficiency
2) cereals
3) on the other hand
4) excess
5) meat showings
6) cattle-breeding
7) tempting
8) sufficient
9) inferior
10) to complement
11) unicellular
a) достаточный
b) избыток, излишек
c) дополнять
d) с другой стороны
e) заманчивый, соблазнительный
f) показатели мяса
g) недостаток, дефицит
h) животноводство
i) хлебные злаки
j) одноклеточный
k) худший по качеству
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Nutritive Value of Biomass
It is well known that a great part of humanity suffers from
deficiency of high-quality proteins. Such proteins of animal origin, as in
eggs and milk, possess the most favourable combination of amino-acids.
The nutritive value of meat and fish proteins is somewhat lower. The
amino-acid composition of vegetable proteins is significantly less
favourable. Thus, cereals have only few of deficient essential amino acids.
Single-cell microorganisms contain much protein (40-70% of dry
wt). The amino acid composition of unicellular proteins is close to that of
78
animal proteins. Moreover, it is often possible to select those strains of
which the proteins contain much of those particular amino-acids which are
deficient in cereals. Thus, the lysine content of some yeast proteins is 5
times higher than that of wheat proteins and the treonine content is 2 times
higher. By mixing vegetable products with a small quantity of unicellular
biomass it is possible not only to increase the total protein content of the
mixture but also to raise substantially the nutritive value of the aggregate
protein. On the other hand, a certain excess of sulphur-containing amino
acids in wheat proteins compensates for their lack in yeast proteins. It
allows one to obtain a product with a protein component of such a high
nutritive value that it may equal the most valuable proteins (egg, milk) and
exceed the corresponding meat showings.
Theoretically cattle-breeding may be regarded as processing of
vegetable products with deficient nutritive protein component into more
valuable animal proteins. Protein losses involved in processing vegetable
proteins into animal proteins amount to about 3/4 of the volume. One may
ask whether it is reasonable to use such valuable products only as feed in
cattle-breeding.
The oil-processing and microbiological industries are capable of
organizing production of unicellular biomass in a volume sufficient at the
present level of vegetable protein production to satisfy completely the
population of our planet with highly valuable protein. It is possible to
produce some millions tons of yeasts and add them to wheat and other
cereals to eliminate the protein deficiency in peoples' nourishment.
So, it is the question of complementing vegetable products with
products of microbiological industry, by using the achievements of
microbiology and technology in order to eliminate the protein deficiency.
Even if there were no protein deficiency in the world, it would be still
necessary to develop production of microbial proteins as something
progressive and in keeping with the present level of science and
technology39.
39
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Microbiology and
Biotechnology: Указ. соч.
79
5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
l) Do you agree with the statement that a great part of humanity suffers
from deficiency of proteins?
2) Can you compare the nutritive value of products of different origins?
3) How is it possible to increase the total protein content of a mixture?
4) Is it possible to raise the nutritive value of the aggregate protein?
5) What are the protein losses involved in processing vegetable proteins
into animal proteins?
6) Are oil refinery and micro-biological industries capable of producing
unicellular biomass in a volume sufficient to satisfy completely the
population of our planet with highly valuable protein?
7) What do you think of the possibility to use such products for the
nourishment of people?
6. Перегруппируйте предложенные пункты плана в
последовательности, соответствующей содержанию прочитанного:
1) Protein losses.
2) Nourishment of people.
3) Nutritive value of proteins of different origins.
4) Oil processing and microbiological industries.
5) Mixtures of wheat and yeast biomass.
7. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4
8. Прочитайте следующий отрывок текста и скажите, какую
информацию относительно предшествующего контекста он
содержит: поясняющую, уточняющую или дополнительную:
The total biomass of the Earth's microorganisms is considerably
greater than the biomass of all farm crops and animals taken together.
Yeasts, bacteria and algae comprise a practically inexhaustible source of
protein which is essential for any living organism.
Microorganisms grow with truly cosmic speed. If a newborn calf
could synthesize protein in its organism as quickly as it is done by
microbial cells, it would grow into a bull weighing 500 kg in one day. In
80
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]