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Файл:Biotechnology (Биотехнология). Учебно-методическое пособие
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new, simple routes for synthetic processes and, consequently, new ways to
solve environmental problems.
When designing a new synthetic process, a suitable catalyst for the
reaction must be found, and enzymes are ideal candidates for this role. Over
the past decade, the industrial use of enzymes has developed rapidly
because of their unique functions, and is gathering increasing attention,
particularly their use in solving environmental problems. However, in many
cases, the substrates in industrial processes are artificial compounds, and
enzymes known to catalyze suitable reactions for such processes are still
unknown. Therefore, screening for novel enzymes that are capable of
catalyzing new reactions is constantly needed. In addition, the discovery of
new enzymes will provide clues for designing new enzymatic processes.
One of the most efficient and successful means of finding new
enzymes is to screen a large number of microorganisms, because of their
characteristic diversity and versatility. Such enzymes are useful catalysts
for the synthesis of many biologically and chemically useful compounds.
Enzyme screening is very important in the diverse microbial world.
Screening is a key step in process development, but it is obviously
very difficult to propose a rational method of screening for novel enzymes.
However, there are three important stages in a general strategy: (1)
designing the process and deciding the type of enzymatic activity desired;
(2) deciding which groups of microorganisms are to be selected and
screened; and (3) designing an appropriate, convenient and sensitive assay
that will allow as many microorganisms as possible to be screened. It is also
important, during the course of screening, to observe the functions of
microorganisms carefully in order to obtain the desired (but random)
result30.
5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1) Where do enzymes have applications?
2) What will open new routes for synthetic processes?
3) What are ideal candidates for the role of a suitable catalyst for the
reaction in a new synthetic process?
30
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Указ. соч.
61
4) Why has the industrial use of enzymes developed rapidly over the past
decade?
5) Why is screening for novel enzymes that are capable of catalyzing new
reactions constantly needed?
6) What is the most efficient and successful means of finding new
enzymes?
7) What are the important stages in a general strategy of screening?
6. Укажите, какие одинаковые сведения (факты, мысли)
содержатся в предыдущем и данном текстах.
7. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
8. Переведите текст.
1) The conventional process for the synthesis of acryl-amide
involves copper-catalyzed hydration of the nitrile. However, there are
various problems with this process, including the formation of many
different byproducts. To avoid this, an enzymatic process has been
designed, with the key enzyme in this process being a nitrile-hydrating
enzyme (nitrile hydratase, orNHase).
2) After the enzymatic process has been designed and the target
reaction set up, the next step is to search for the required activity by
screening the microorganisms. Ideally, all existing microorganisms should
be screened but, as this is impossible, it is necessary to concentrate on
potential strains. An enrichment-culture technique based on the ability to
assimilate the reaction substrate is an efficient method to concentrate on the
potential strains in natural samples31.
31
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme
62
Part 3. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
А
B
Unit 16. CAN ETHANOL AND E85 REDUCE OUR USE OF FOSSIL
FUELS?
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
ethanol, gas, gasoline, natural, resource, energy, alternative, fermentation,
process, combination
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to ride, to need, to pull into, to fill, to produce, to damage, to increase, to
renew, to run out, to grow, to gasoline, to improve, to run on, to power
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) fossil fuel
2) gas station
3) a major source
4) air pollution
5) alternative source
6) carbon dioxide
7) to reduce the amount
of
8) biofuel
9) to release pollutants
10) sugar cane
11) fuel mileage
a) сократить количество
b) пробег на единицу
израсходованного топлива
c) альтернативный источник
d) ископаемое топливо
e) биотопливо
f) главный источник
g) бензозаправочная станция
h) сахарный тростник
i) загрязнение воздуха
j) выделять загрязняющие вещества
k) углекислый газ
4. Переведите текст
Can Ethanol and E85 Reduce Our Use of Fossil Fuels?
The last time you were riding in a car and it needed gasoline, you
probably did not think much about the driver pulling into the nearest gas
station to fill the tank. Gasoline is the main fuel for the approximately 135
million cars that are on the road in the United States. However, it is also a
63
major source of pollution, which hurts our environment. Gasoline is an
example of a fossil fuel, made from the fossilized remains of plants and
animals from millions of years ago. Other examples of fossil fuels are coal,
oil, and natural gas. When burned, fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide,
which can damage Earth’s atmosphere. Some scientists think that the
increase in carbon dioxide from human activities in the past 50 years is
likely a major cause of the reported global warming.
In the past few decades, there has been greater interest in the search
for an alternative (renewable resources) to regular gasoline for our vehicles
in an attempt to reduce the amount of pollution.
One alternative to gasoline that is becoming increasingly popular is
ethanol. Ethanol is a clear, colorless, non-toxic liquid fuel made from the
sugars found in plants. In the United States, ethanol is made mostly from
corn; however, in other countries (like Brazil, the country with the largest
ethanol production) sugar cane is the primary source of ethanol. Ethanol is
mainly made as a result of the fermentation process. Fermentation is the
process by which yeast cells eat the sugars in plants, producing the liquid
ethanol (and also the waste gas carbon dioxide). Biotechnology is the
process of using living things to improve our lives. In fermentation, the
living thing that we use is the yeast fungus; it helps us by making a fuel that
can be used as an alternative to gasoline.
Ethanol was used as a fuel as far back as the 1800s. All gasolinepowered cars can run on a type of fuel called E10, which is made of 10
percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline. Another alternative fuel that is
growing in popularity in the United States is called E85; it is an ethanol–
gasoline fuel mixture that consists of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent
gasoline. Unlike E10, the fuel E85 is not available everywhere and cannot
be used to power all cars. The type of car that can use E85 is called a
Flexible Fuel Vehicle.
Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) can run on regular gasoline or on a
combination of ethanol and gasoline, up to 85 percent ethanol. Only some
car models are FFV versions. Aside from E85 fuel not being widely
available yet, another drawback is that it reduces the fuel mileage—the
distance the car can travel on a gallon of fuel. FFV typically get from 20 to
30 percent fewer miles for each gallon of fuel. So even if E85 is priced
lower than gasoline, it might cost more to use the combination fuel because
you would have to fill the tank more often.
Despite these problems, the process of using yeast to make ethanol
as an alternative to gasoline is growing in popularity. In the future,
scientists hope to see this use of biotechnology lead to a decrease in the
64
pollution caused by vehicles. Only time will tell if ethanol really is the “fuel
of the future”32.
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 5
a) When burned, fossil fuels produce oxygen gas, which in large amounts
can damage Earth’s atmosphere.
b) In the United States, sugar cane is the primary source of ethanol.
c) The country with the largest amount of ethanol production is Brazil.
d) Ethanol is made by a process called fermentation.
e) Ethanol was first used as a fuel for vehicles in the early 1900s.
f) E85 fuel has less ethanol in it than E10 fuel has.
g) All types of cars can run on E85 fuel.
h) Regular cars can travel more miles on one gallon of gasoline than FFVs
can travel on one gallon of E85.
6. Ответьте на вопросы (множественный выбор)
1). How many cars are there in the United States?
a. 13 million b. 35 million c. 135 million d. 153 million
2). Gasoline is an example of a(n)
a. biofuel b. renewable resource c. ethanol d. fossil fuel
3). Which of the following is not an example of a renewable resource?
a. gasoline b. plants c. wind energy d. solar energy
4). Which of the following is responsible for turning the sugar in plants into
ethanol?
a. bacteria b. mold c. yeast d. wind energy
5). In which part of the United States is E85 mostly sold?
a. Midwest b. Southwest c. Northeast d. South
6). Flexible Fuel Vehicles get which percent lower gas mileage than regular
vehicles?
a. 0 to 20 b. 20 to 30 c. 30 to 40 d. 40 to 50
7. Ответьте на вопросы
a) Predict what will happen if we continue to burn fossil fuels as a fuel
source.
32
Biotechnology: with student activities.
65
b) Give two reasons that explain why people are interested in using
renewable resources rather than fossil fuels as an energy source.
c) Explain why making ethanol is an example of biotechnology.
d) Compare E85 with E10 (give two to three ways in which they are
different).
e) Evaluate the difficulties about using E85 to fuel a car (give two
reasons).
8. Переведите текст письменно
E85 содержит до 85% этаноловой смеси с
добавлением 15% бензина. Это топливо предназначено только для
транспортных средств с двигателями FlexiFuel, заправлять которые
можно и обычным бензином. Но если двигатель вашего автомобиля
предназначен для заправки обычным бензином, вы не можете
использовать E85.
В летний период данный вид топлива содержит 85% этанола –
так возникло название E85. А в зимний период содержание этанола в
топливе уменьшается до 75%, чтобы вы могли без проблем завести
свой автомобиль даже с наступлением холодов33.
9. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
33
http://www.statoil.lv/ru/toplivo/produktsiya/bioetanol-e85/
66
Unit 17. HOW DOES BIOREMEDIATION WORK?
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
tragedy, barrel, ecosystem, effect, hypothermia, microorganism, microbe,
method, separate, bacteria
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to clean up, to keep free of, to drill for, to be capped and sealed, to affect, to
be saved, to be sickened and killed, to escape from, to occur, to consume, to
clean up, to involve, to break down, to fix, to ingest, to digest, to convert
into
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) bioremediation
2) free of pollutants
3) oil-drilling rig
4) oil spill
5) marine life
6) damage
7) environment
8) endangered species
9) crude oil
10) invertebrates
11) mammals
12) devastating
13) contamination
14) to ingest
15) fertilizer
a) проглатывать, съедать
b) морская жизнь
c) сырая нефть
d) биологическая очистка
e) вред
f) виды, находящиеся под угрозой
исчезновения
g) позвоночные
h) без загрязнителей
i) разрушительный
j) загрязнение
k) нефтяная вышка
l) окружающая среда
m) разлив нефти
n) удобрение
o) млекопитающие
67
4. Переведите текст
How Does Bioremediation Work?
As you learned before, biotechnology can be helpful in our attempts
to keep the environment free of pollutants. Unfortunately, our need for
biotechnology to help clean up an area sometimes comes after a tragedy. In
the morning hours of April 20, 2010, an explosion happened at an oildrilling rig (a large machine used to drill for oil) in the Gulf of Mexico.
About 64 kilometers (40 miles) off the coast of Louisiana, the Deepwater
Horizon oil rig exploded, killing 11 workers. The incident, now called the
Deepwater Horizon oil spill, was the world’s largest accidental ocean oil
spill to date. By early August 2010, the well had finally been capped and
sealed.
Hundreds of seabirds (such as pelicans), marine mammals (such as
dolphins), and endangered sea turtles have been sickened and killed by the
crude oil both underneath and on the surface of the Gulf’s waters. This loss
is in addition to the thousands of fish and millions of invertebrates that
cannot escape from the effects of the oil.
It can take many years and thousands of workers to clean up an oil
spill. There are many ways an oil spill can be cleaned up, and the time it
takes depends on the severity of the oil contamination. Among the many
methods of cleaning up after a spill is one that involves using helpful
bacteria to break the oil down into water and carbon dioxide. This method
is called bioremediation and it works best in areas where the oil is not too
thick. As you learned, the prefix bio means “living things.” The root word,
remediation, refers to the process of fixing a problem. The two terms
together form the word bioremediation, which means using living things
such as bacteria to help fix an environmental problem such as an oil spill.
Bioremediation can be used to clean up both soil and water.
First, the microorganisms (that is, bacteria) in the area of the oil
contamination ingest or “eat” the oil. Second, the bacteria digest the oil and
convert it into water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The third step
involves the bacteria releasing these substances into the atmosphere.
Using bioremediation to clean up an oil spill has many advantages
over manual methods. First, it is a relatively safe method for cleaning up oil
because it uses bacteria that are already in the area and no toxic chemicals
need to be added. Second, it is relatively easy to carry out because the
polluted soil or water can be treated at the site without having to transport
the contaminated materials to another location. Third, it is not a costly
68
method for cleaning up oil, compared to other methods, because very little
equipment or labor is needed34.
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 5
1) The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the largest accidental ocean oil spill to
date.
2) Bioremediation works best in areas where the oil is not too thick.
3) When bacteria “eat” the oil from a spill, they produce water and
oxygen gas.
4) Scientists add bacteria at an oil spill site for bioremediation to work
faster.
5) The fertilizer that the scientists added to the oil spills was full of
nitrogen and phosphorus.
6) The fewer bacteria at an oil-spill site, the faster the oil clean-up can
happen.
7) There are many advantages to using bioremediation to clean up an oil
spill.
8) Bioremediation is a very expensive method of cleaning up oil spills.
6. Ответьте на вопросы (множественный выбор)
a) In what year did the Deepwater Horizon oil spill occur?
a. 1980 b. 1990 c. 2000 d. 2010
b) How many gallons of oil were leaked into the ocean from the
Deepwater Horizon accident?
a. 206 million b. 4,900,000 c. 11 million d. 125 million
c) How many steps are involved in the bioremediation process?
a. one b. two c. three d. four
d) What is the microorganism responsible for cleanup in bioremediation?
a. yeast b. bacteria c. mold d. algae
e) To help the bioremediation process, what do scientists add to an oil-
spill site?
a. water b. oil c. fertilizer d. bacteria
34
Biotechnology: with student activities. Laura M. Johnson, 2011.
69
7. Ответьте на вопросы
1) Why is an oil spill so deadly for animals? Give two reasons.
2) Explain the two parts of the word “bioremediation.”
3) Describe the three steps of bioremediation.
4) What facts can make the territory an ideal place for bioremediation to
happen?
5) Evaluate if using bioremediation as a method for cleaning up oil spills
is beneficial. Give three reasons to support your evaluation.
8. Переведите текст письменно
Использование природных микроорганизмов для биоремедиации
было продемонстрировано при ликвидации загрязнения нефтью
берегов Аляски после печально известной катастрофы там танкера, в
результате чего одиннадцать миллионов галлонов нефти вылилось в
море. Около полутора тысяч километров береговой линии оказалось
загрязнено нефтью. Было привлечено около 11 тысяч рабочих,
разнообразное оборудование и техника, затрачивалось по 1 млн. долл.
в день.
Процедура биоремедиации береговой линии состояла во
внесении в почву азотсодержащего удобрения, стимулирующего
метаболизм природных микроорганизмов, способных к деградации
содержащихся в нефти углеводородов. Оказалось, что этот метод в 3–5
раз ускоряет процесс деградации нефти. В результате проведенной
биоремедиации отрицательный эффект от загрязнения нефтью,
который, по расчетам, продлился бы 10 лет, был сокращен до 2 лет.
Что касается затрат на биоремедиацию, то они составили менее 1 млн.
долларов35.
9. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
35
http://www.nauka.kz/biol_med/razd4/bioremeditacia_neftanih_zagraznenii.php
70
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