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Файл:Biotechnology (Биотехнология). Учебно-методическое пособие
.pdf
The first paragraph deals with …
First the author points out (notes that, describes) …
Then follows a discussion on …
Finally the author admits that …
11. Определите, согласны Вы или не согласны со следующими
высказываниями
Biotechnology is rapidly spreading all over the world.
The development of science brings only progress.
Science and technology should be used only in peaceful.
12. Выразите свое отношение к следующим цитатам:
"Science is wonderfully equipped to answer the question "how?" but it
gets terribly confused when you ask the question "why?".
Erwin Chardaff.
"Science has radically changed the conditions of human life on earth. It
has expanded our knowledge and our power but not our capacity to use
them with wisdom.”
J. William Fulbright.
"The work of science is to substitute facts for appear ances, and
demonstrations for impressions."
John Ruskin.
11
Unit 2. A LONG HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
A
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
control, function, history, ferment, structure, genetics, transgenic,
technique, complex, insecticide, polymerase, fragment, reaction, therapy,
immune, tomato, to clone, group, progressive, insulin
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to domesticate, to leaven, to ferment, to insecticide, to discover, to describe,
to prove, to develop, to approve, to suffer from, to create, to claim, to allow,
to complete, to prevent, to undernourish, to detect, to carry
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) milestone
2) livestock
3) crossbreeding
4) pea
5) trait
6) offspring
7) double-helical structure
8) PCR
9) fingerprinting
10) disorder
11) FDA
12) major tool
a) полимеразная цепная реакция
b) снятие отпечатков пальцев
c) этап, веха
d) горох
e) скрещивание
f) потомство
g) домашний скот
h) расстройство, заболевание
i) двуспиральная структура
j) черта
k) главный инструмент
l) управление по контролю за
продуктами и лекарствами
12
4. Переведите текст
A Long History of Biotechnology
The long history of biotechnology includes many exciting
discoveries. The following timeline outlines just some of the numerous
milestones in the field of biotechnology4:
B.C.E. (Before Common Era)
8000 Humans domesticate crops and livestock.
4000–2000 Biotechnology first is used to leaven bread and to ferment
beer, using yeast.
C.E. (Common Era)
100 First insecticide is developed.
1761 Joseph Koelreuter reports successful crossbreeding of crop plants
in different species.
1830 Proteins are discovered.
1865 Science of genetics begins when Austrian monk Gregor Mendel
studies garden peas and discovers genetic traits are passed from
parents to offspring in a predictable fashion.
1919 Biotechnology first is used in print.
1944 DNA is proven to carry genetic information.
1953 Scientific journal Nature publishes James Watson and Francis
Crick’s manuscript describing the double-helical structure of DNA,
which marks the beginning of the modern era of genetics.
1975 United States government first is urged to develop guidelines for
regulating experiments in recombinant DNA.
1981 Scientists at Ohio University produce the first transgenic animals
by transferring genes from other animals into mice.
1982 First biotech drug — human insulin produced in genetically
modified bacteria — is approved by the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA).
1983 Polymerase chain reaction technique is conceived. PCR, which
uses heat and enzymes to make unlimited copies of genes and gene
fragments, later becomes a major tool in biotechnology research and
product development worldwide.
1984 DNA fingerprinting technique is developed.
1989 Plant Genome Project begins.
4
http://www.aboutbioscience.org
13
1990 Human Genome Project, an international effort to map all the
genes in the human body, is launched. First experimental gene therapy
treatment is performed successfully, on a 4-year-old girl suffering from
an immune disorder. First transgenic dairy cow used to produce human
milk proteins for infant formula is created.
1994 First whole food produced through biotechnology, the Flavr Savr
tomato, is approved by the FDA.
1997 First animal is cloned from an adult cell (a sheep named Dolly, in
Scotland). First weed- and insect-resistant biotech crops are
commercialized. Group of Oregon researchers claims to have cloned
two Rhesus monkeys.
2000 First complete map of a plant genome is developed. “Golden
rice” announcement allows the technology to be available to
developing countries in hopes of improving the health of
undernourished people and preventing some forms of blindness.
2002 Draft version of the complete map of the human genome is
published. Biotech crops are grown on 145 million acres in 16
countries.
2003 GloFish, the first biotech pet, hits the North American market.
The fish is bred specially to be able to detect water pollutants and
glows red under black light because of the addition of a natural
fluorescence gene. Dolly, the cloned sheep that made headlines in
1997, is euthanized after developing progressive lung disease5.
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 4:
Biotechnology has a long history.
Biotechnology is really a new technology.
Biotechnology was being used in agriculture and food production.
In 1980s, man was able to take pieces of human DNA and isolate a
gene for insulin using biotechnology.
6. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту
What are the main milestones in the field of biotechnology?
What is the major milestone from your point of view?
5
The Biotech Industry Organizations website Bio.org
14
What happened in 1997? What is your attitude to cloning/human
cloning?
7. Переведите предложения на русский язык письменно
1). Today, pioneers of biotechnology are discovering new solutions for
better feed, food and consumer products. They are building on the
knowledge we gained through the scientific innovations of earlier pioneers
such as the Egyptians, Christopher Columbus, Louis Pasteur, Gregor
Mendel and others6.
2). Expanding on their understanding of scientific processes, ancient
Egyptians innovated with their use of advanced fermentation and breeding
practices. The ancient Egyptians made wine using fermentation techniques
based on an understanding of the microbiological processes that occur in
the absence of oxygen. Egyptians also applied fermentation technologies to
make dough rise during breadmaking. Due in part to this application, there
were more than 50 varieties of bread in Egypt more than 4,000 years ago.
8. Переведите следующий текст на английский язык письменно:
Биотехнология (гр. bios - живой, teken – искусство, logos наука) – наука об использовании биологических процессов в технике и
промышленном производстве. Под биологическими процессами
понимают такие процессы, в которых применяются биологические
агенты - организмы, их клетки и ткани, а также биополимеры, в
первую очередь, нуклеиновые кислоты, ферменты.
Биотехнология является междисциплинарной областью знаний,
базирующейся на общей биологии и микробиологии, экологии,
биохимии, молекулярной биологии, биоорганической химии,
биофизике, вирусологии, иммунологии, генетике, инженерных науках
и электронике.
Разнообразные биотехнологические исследования ведутся в
таких приоритетных направлениях развития промышленного
производства и сельского хозяйства, как здравоохранение,
растениеводство и животноводство, технологии окружающей среды и
биоконверсия отходов, технологии возобновляемых ресурсов,
6
http://www2.dupont.com/Biotechnology/en_US/intro/history.html
15
ферментативный катализ, получение новых перспективных продуктов
биотехнологии (тароупаковочные материалы, электроника) и др.7.
9. Определите, согласны Вы или не согласны со следующими
высказываниями
The oportunities of getting education in foreign countries and in Russia
are quite different. Point out the advantages and disadvantages of our
educational system.
Science is a productive force in our country.
Science and technology should be used only in peaceful.
Post-graduate courses give science students all the possibilities for
research work.
The role of a teacher (or research supervisor) is developing a person’s
talent.
Only geniuses have the right to work in science.
10. Выразите свое отношение к следующим цитатам8:
"The only good is knowledge, and the only evil is ignorance".
Diogenes.
"If we widh to reach the highest begin at the lowest.”
"We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing, while others
judge us by what we have already done."
Longfellon.
"The old believe everything, the middle-aged suspect everything, the
young know everything."
Oscar Wilde.
"Curiosity is one of the permanent and certain characteristics of a
vigorous intellect."
Dr.Johnson.
"Self-education is fine when the pupil is a born educator."
John A. Shedd.
7
Основы биотехнологии: учебно-методическое пособие / А.С. Сироткин [и
др.]. – Казань: Изд-во Казан. гос. технол. ун-та, 2006. – С. 3.
8
http://sammysplace.org/sammy/quoteseduc.html
16
Unit 3. HOW DID THE PROCESS OF CHEESE-MAKING START
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
archaeologist, civilization, object, artifact, resource, microorganism,
pasteurization, enzyme, rennin, protein, separate, bacteria
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to be sure, to occur, to transport, to make from, to notice, to turn into, to
kill, to be stored, to separate from, to add, to stick
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) belongings
2) sack
3) stomach
4) edible lump
5) curd
6) rennin
7) rennet
8) liquid
9) whey
10) flavor
11) bubble
12) domesticated
13) nutritional value
a) вкус
b) желудок
c) реннин
d) питательная ценность
e) одомашненный
f) имущество
g) сычужный фермент
h) сыворотка
i) свернувшееся молоко
j) пузырек
k) съедобный комок
l) мешок
m) жидкость
17
4. Переведите текст
How Did the Process of Cheese-Making Start?
One of the earliest examples of how people used a living thing to
help them was in the process of making cheese. Since the development of
cheese happened so long ago, no one is really sure how it came to be.
However, some scientists, called archaeologists, who study past
civilizations by looking at the remains of their objects, or artifacts, think
that it was probably discovered by accident about 6000 years ago. This
most likely occurred in the Middle East, when people did not have many of
the materials that we have today. They used the resources available to them,
most of which came from
animals. So, when traveling, people would sometimes carry their
belongings in sacks made from animal stomachs.
Archaeologists think that cheese was discovered in ancient times
when people, who transported their milk in sacks made from young
animals’ stomachs, noticed that the milk was forming small edible lumps.
These lumps, called curds, are the substances that turn into cheese. The
curds were formed due to an enzyme that lined the sacks. An enzyme is a
protein found in organisms that can have an effect on chemical reactions.
The enzyme from the lining of the stomachs that was turning the milk into
cheese is called rennin, which is extracted from a substance called rennet.
Rennet is found in the stomachs of young calves and other milk-drinking
domestic animals.
While cheese-making is a similar process today, there are two main
differences. First, the milk is now heated to kill harmful microorganisms
before it is turned into cheese (a process called pasteurization). Second, the
enzyme rennin is still used in cheese-making, but it must be intentionally
added to the milk. In most places nowadays, milk is stored in huge tanks
(rather than in small stomach sacks), so the enzyme that makes cheese from
milk has to be added.
When the rennin is added, it makes the proteins in the liquidmilk
stick together and form clumps called curds. These curds are then separated
from the rest of the liquid, which is called whey. After that, various salts
and bacteria are added to create the many different types and flavors of
cheese. Bacteria are microorganisms that have only one cell. Different
bacteria will produce different types of cheese. For example, to create Swiss
cheese, a type of bacterium called P. shermanii is added, which creates gas
bubbles in the cheese. These gas bubbles then leave the holes in the cheese,
giving Swiss cheese its distinct appearance.
18
Cheese-making is an example of biotechnology because people
used a substance from a living thing (rennin from the lining of an animal’s
stomach) to help them make another product; that is, to make cheese from
the milk of domesticated animals. Making cheese was a great advantage to
people when it was first discovered thousands of years ago; the cheese
stayed fresh longer, and was easier to transport, than milk. (Remember, they
did not have refrigerators to help preserve food in those days.) Cheese is
still important today for its nutritional value and its many uses in our
foods9.
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 4
a. A substance called rennet contains the enzyme that turns the milk into
cheese.
b. Rennet is a substance found in the stomachs of milk drinking animals.
c. Rennin is not still used today to turn milk into cheese.
d. Milk is now heated before it is turned into cheese, in order to kill
harmful bacteria.
e. Enzymes are used to create the different types and flavors of cheese.
6. Ответьте на вопросы (множественный выбор)
1). How many years ago did the cheese-making process start?
a. 60 b. 100 c. 600 d. 6000
2). In ancient times, sacks for carrying milk were made from
a. canvas b. animal stomachs c. nylon d. plastic
3). Adding a certain enzyme to milk makes clumps called
a. curds b. proteins c. whey d. butter
4). The name of the enzyme that turns the milk into cheese is
a. P. shermanii b. rennet c. rennin d. milk
9
Biotechnology: with student activities. Laura M. Johnson, 2011.
19
7. Ответьте на вопросы
a. Give an educated guess as to why no one is exactly sure how cheese
was first developed.
b. How do scientists think cheese was developed thousands of years ago?
c. Explain how bacteria are involved in the creation of Swiss cheese.
d. Explain why cheese-making is an example of biotechnology.
e. Give two reasons why turning milk into cheese was helpful for people
living thousands of years ago.
8. Переведите текст письменно
Известно, что сыр начали изготавливать еще в древности.
Вероятнее всего, рецепт сыра не придумали, а открыли во время
наблюдения за молоком, точнее за тем, как оно сворачивается.
По мнению археологов, люди изготавливали сыр еще в
неолите, т. е. приблизительно за 5000 лет до н. э. Таким образом
человечество знает о сыре более 7000 лет. Многие исследователи
предполагают, что место, где изобрели сыр, — Ближний Восток.
Кочевники створаживали молоко кобыл и высушивали его на солнце.
Таким способом они сохраняли молоко во время продолжительных
поисков пастбищ10.
9. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
10
http://www.oliveoil.su/istoriya-sira/istoriya-sira/all-pages
20
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