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Файл:Biotechnology (Биотехнология). Учебно-методическое пособие
.pdf
a. Why do we say that microorganisms are a powerful natural force of
self-purification?
b. What are the conditions for their vital activity?
c. Why is it necessary to control the activity of microorganisms?
d. What microorganisms are mentioned in the text?
e. What are hydrocarbons oxidized up to?
f. What are the practical troubles connected with?
g. What is meant by the word “biocide”?
6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний.
мощная природная сила, на поверхности нашей планеты, асфальтовое
покрытие наших дорог, смазочные масла, избыток кислорода, в виде
порошков и паст, для очистки различных емкостей, остаточные
нефтепродукты, в ряде случаев, в процессе их хранения и
использования, механические примеси, широкий ряд мер, быстрое
обнаружение микроорганизмов, герметично, ртуть, производные.
7. Скажите, отражает ли заголовок главный смысл текста. Если
вы не согласны, дайте свой вариант заголовка.
8. Сократите текст, сохранив его основное содержание.
Используйте следующие выражения:
1) The object of this paper is to discuss . . .
2) The paper deals with . . .
3) It begins with ...
4) It deals firstly with ...
5) Then the author goes on to the problem of ...
6) It should be noted that . . .
7) It is interesting to note . . .
8) The conclusion is that . . .
9) In my opinion (I think) the paper is valuable (invaluable), up-to-date
(out-of-date), useful (useless)...
91
Unit 24. OXIDATION OF N-ALKANE MOLECULE
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
molecule, atom, to synthesize, mixture, product, absolute, fraction, material,
methyl, ethyl, glucose, energy, substrate, to transform
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to lead to, to synthesize, to present in, to show, to stimulate, to confront, to
differ from, to carry out, to turn out
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) initial alkane
2) fatty acids
3) consumption
4) odd and even numbers
5) the marked increase
6) oxy-hydrocarbon derivatives
7) acetic acid
8) on the contrary
9) view point
10) store
11) oxidation
a) производные окисленных
углеводородов
b) исходный алкан
c) нечетные и четные числа
d) точка зрения
e) заметное увеличение
f) уксусная кислота
g) запас
h) потребление
i) окисление
j) наоборот
k) жирные кислоты
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Oxidation of N-Alkane Molecule
Oxidation of n-alkane molecule by yeasts leads to the formation of
the fatty acids containing as much carbon atoms as initial alkane. When
growing on the mixture of n-alkanes with odd and even numbers of carbon
atoms the yeasts synthesize the mixture of odd and even fatty acids. It is
well known that odd fatty acids are present in very different products of the
vegetable and animal origin. It has been shown that they are rather
92
intensively metabolized. The harmfulness of the small quantities of the
mentioned lipid fractions has not been established by the very careful
experiments on animals. However, this is not an absolute proof of the
harmlessness of such products when utilizing them systematically directly
for human nourishment. Because of this, in Russia, "paraffin" yeasts are
allowed to be utilized in animal feed only.
The marked increase in attention to the utilizing of the products of
hydrocarbon oxidation is a tendency of the research work in the field of the
single cell protein production in the last few years. Methyl and ethyl
alcohols, lower acids and other oxy-hydrocarbon derivatives are
investigated from the view point of their practical utilization as the raw
material for the microbiological production of yeasts. Investigations carried
out at our Institute discovered that yeasts grown on acetic acid and ethyl
alcohol contain much less "odd" fatty acids in synthesized hydrocarbons
than the yeasts grown on glucose. On the contrary, tri-carbon compounds,
propionic acid especially, stimulate the increased synthesis of fatty acids
with an odd number of carbon atoms. The lipid composition of the yeasts
grown on methyl alcohol is similar to that of the yeasts grown on glucose.
Yeasts grown on some oxy-hydrocarbon derivatives possess rather
favourable chemical composition and meet the requirements of food
quality. The special investigations demonstrated that the process of growth
requires the least expenditure when the larger part of the chemical energy of
the utilized substrate transforms to the chemical energy enclosed in the
biomass. In other words, the expenditure in the fermentation decreases with
increasing energy efficiency of the fermentation process.
It is known that the prices of one and the same raw material are
different in different countries. The energetic yields of microorganisms
growing on one and the same substrate also differ according to the strains
used and the cultivation conditions.
Investigations carried out in different countries show that methyl
alcohol is rather promising as a substrate for biosynthesis. Ethyl alcohol,
acetic acid and some other products of hydrocarbon oxidation turn out to be
of great economic utility in the food yeast production under some
conditions46.
46
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Microbiology and
Biotechnology. Указ. соч.
93
5. Какое из следующих утверждений не соответствует тексту:
1 ) Odd fatty acids are rather intensively metabolized.
2) Attention to the utilizing of hydrocarbons as the raw material for the
yeast growing is increasing.
3) Yeasts grown on some oxy-hydrocarbon derivatives meet the
requirements of food quality.
4) The prices of one and the same raw material are different in different
countries.
6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1) What does oxidation of n-alkane molecule by yeasts lead to?
2) When does yeast synthesize the mixture of odd and even fatty acids?
3) What is well known about odd fatty acids?
4) Are they intensively metabolized?
5) What has not been established by the very careful experiments on
animals?
6) What recommendations have been devised?
7) What do they guarantee?
8) What is a tendency of the research work in the field of the single cell
protein production in the last few years?
9) What did investigation carried out discover?
10) The lipid composition of the yeasts grown on the methyl alcohol is
similar to that of the yeasts grown on glucose, isn't it?
11) What substrate is better for the yeast growing?
12) What products of hydrocarbon oxidation are of great economic utility in
the food yeast production?
7. Определите количество смысловых частей в тексте из
упражнения 4, озаглавьте каждый из них. Передайте содержание
каждой смысловой части на английском языке.
94
Unit 25. BIOTECH TRENDS AND EUROPEAN POLICY
А
B
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
insulin, diabetic, molecular, genetics, genome, process, transplantation,
company, project, component
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to produce, to create, to acquire, to impact on, to attract, to take off, to
compete, to expect
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) in vitro fertilized embryo
2) non-fertile couples
3) to benefit from
4) cutting edge
5) stem cell-mediated organ
transplantation
6) to take bold steps
7) unprecedented investments
8) to take off into its full growth
9) to unravel
10) crucial
11) target identification
12) virtually
13) efficacy
14) breakthrough
a) войти в полный рост, начать
полностью расти
b) искусственно оплодотворенный
эмбрион
c) то, что находится на
продвинутой ступени развития
d) небывалые, беспрецедентные
инвестиции
e) клеточно-опосредованная
пересадка органов
f) решающий, критичный
g) бесплодные пары (семьи)
h) разгадать, объяснить
i) извлекать пользу, выгоду и
чего-либо
j) крупное научно-техническое
достижение; прорыв (в науке)
k) делать смелые шаги, активно
принимать меры
l) фактически, в сущности
95
m) определение це
ли
n) эффективность, сила;
действенность
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Biotech Trends and Earopean Policy in the 21st Century
In the late seventies/early eighties, it was biotechnology, which
made it possible to produce recombinant insulin in large quantities to meet
the high market demand from the millions of diabetics worldwide, and
create in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos for non-fertile couples who
otherwise would not have been able to acquire children. Since then, an
explosive development in Life Sciences and in particular in Molecular
Genetics-deciphering of the human genome led to newly acquired
molecular knowledge, which when fully converted to application using
biotechnology will revolutionize our life. Nowadays, biotechnology impacts
on almost every human activity including health care (drug discovery
process, possibility to benefit in the future from stem cell-mediated organ
transplantation); food industry (genetically engineered food); and security
(biodefence/anti bioterrorism). As a result, Genetics and Biotechnology
attracts the attention of an increasing number of scientists as well as the
mass media and the general public.
On the other hand, international organizations, governmental
agencies, large pharmaceutical corporations, and small/medium
biotechnology companies (Biotech SMEs) take bold steps aimed to increase
their participation in the world hiomarkel with parallel unprecedented
investments in bio-related projects across the globe. It is estimated that
bioeconomy will take off into its full growth during the end of tho second
decade of the 21st century. For over two decades researchers have been
trying to study the molecular origin of a large number of human diseases.
However, it is only within the last few years that genetic discoveries have
significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of
major illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, AIDS, arthritis, osteoporosis, etc.
The fact that virtually every human disorder has an inherited (genetic)
component is now widely accepted among members of the scientific
community. Unravelling the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible
for the development of a disease is the first crucial step towards the
production of novel drugs, with the following steps being: target
identification, lead generation, drug development, and drug marketing.
96
Pharmaceutical companies, Biotech SMEs, and cutting edge
University research groups compete in the race for the most rapid
production of high efficacy drugs with less adverse effects using the power
of molecular genetics. Pharmacogenetics is expected to have an
unprecedented impact on the practice of medicine in the years to come.
Molecular Medicine born from the breakthrough discoveries in molecular
genetics, and individual-based therapeutic treatment, will be the biotrends
in the 21st century47.
5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты к следующим
словам и словосочетаниям:
отвечать высоким рыночным требованиям, человеческий эмбрион,
молекулярная генетика, преобразованный, человеческая деятельность,
генетически созданная пища, биозащита, растущее число, средства
массовой информации, с другой стороны, фармацевтические
корпорации, участие в мировом биорынке, подсчитывать, за последние
два десятилетия, значительно продвинуться (преуспеть),
унаследованный элемент, широко принят среди, члены научного
сообщества, решающий шаг, небывалое влияние, участвовать в гонке
(конкурировать в состязании), высокоэффективные лекарства,
неблагоприятные воздействия, в последующие года.
6. Объясните значение следующих слов и словосочетаний:
to revolutionize out life, biodefence, human disorder, IDS
7. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам в следующих
предложениях:
1) Biotechnology made it possible to produce recombinant insulin in
large quantities.
2) An explosive development in Life Sciences and in particular in
Molecular Genetics-deciphering of the human genome led to newly
acquired molecular knowledge.
3) Biotechnology impacts on almost every human activity including health
care, food industry and security.
47
http://www.oecd.org/science/innovationinsciencetechnologyandindustry/3493560
5.pdf
97
4) For over two decades researchers have been trying to study the
molecular origin of a large number of human diseases.
5) Genetic discoveries have significantly advanced our understanding of
major illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, AIDS, arthritis, osteoporosis.
6) Virtually every human disorder has an inherited (genetic) component.
7) The underlying molecular mechanisms are responsible for the
development of a disease.
8) Pharmaceutical companies, Biotech SMEs, and cutting edge University
research groups compete in the race for the most rapid production of high
efficacy drugs with less adverse effects.
8. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:
1) Производство новых высокоэффективных лекарств должно
отвечать высоким требованиям рынка.
2) Достижения в области биотехнологии и молекулярной генетики
помогли бесплодным семьям иметь детей.
3) Биотехнология оказывает влияние на многие сферы
человеческой деятельности: здравоохранение, производство пищи,
безопасность.
4) Крупные научные достижения привлекают внимание растущего
числа ученых, средств массовой информации, общественности.
5) Используя новейшие знания в области происхождения
болезней, возможности биотехнологии и молекулярной генетики,
ученые могут помочь миллионам больных людей во всем мире.
9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1) What were the main achievements in the field of biotechnology in the
early eighties?
2) In what fields of science and spheres of human life can newly acquired
molecular knowledge be applied?
3) Why does the development of biotechnology attract to the attention of an
increasing number of scientists?
4) Why are unprecedented investments made in bio-related projects?
5) What information about biotechnological developments do you know
from mass media and other sources?
5) What knowledge do recent genetic discoveries bring us? How are they
interconnected with advances in the field of biotechnology?
98
6) What are the crucial steps towards the production of novel drugs? How
do you understand them?
10. Назовите смежные биотехнологии науки. Что вы о них знаете?
11. Расскажите о развитии достижений в области биотехнологии
и смежных наук, используя данные ниже указатели времени.
Переведите, запомните их и составьте с ними свои предложения,
используя лексику текста:
in the late seventies/early eighties, since then, nowadays, during the end of
the second decade, for over two decades, within the last few years, in the
years to come, in the 21st century.
99
Part 5. FROM BIOTECHNOLOGY TO BIONANOTECHNOLOGY
А
B
Unit 26. NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
nanotechnology, laboratory, nanomachines, synthesize, atom, molecule,
sensor, metal, reality, problem, engineering, product, transmutation,
combination, reaction, characterization, mechanics, macroscopic,
technology, instruction, object, assembler
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to create, to design, to build, to construct, to seek out, to detect, to shape, to
present, to unveil, to spawn, to approach, to transform, to invent, to pound,
to develop, to understand
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) to synthesize molecules
2) to seek out cancer cells
3) acidity
4) trace amounts
5) poisonous metals
6) modest resources
7) ability to build
8) at a time
9) ordinary matter
10) to make one’s dream a reality
11) useless at best
12) misleading at worst
13) atomic scale
14) from the bottom up
15) a top down approach
16) plant fiber
17) raw materials
a) токсичные металлы
b) скромные денежные средства
c) интригующий, очень
интересный
d) способность строить
e) ничтожное количество
f) кислотность
g) сразу
h) сырье
i) искать раковые клетки
j) простое вещество
k) обманчива в худшем случае
l) сознательная комбинация
m) нисходящий подход или
сверху вниз
n) синтезировать молекулы
o) атомная шкала
100
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