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Файл:Biotechnology (Биотехнология). Учебно-методическое пособие
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5. Определите, какой характер носит текст; представляет ли он
собой описание, объяснение, повествование, рассуждение.
6. Просмотрите текст, найдите в нем следующие слова и
словосочетания, дайте их русские эквиваленты и запомните их:
Within a relatively narrow range, activity of hydrogen ions, at the required
level, systems obeying the equation, to prevent dissociation, enzyme, to
proceed, medium, to affect the properties, solvent, solute particles, the
primary source of energy, solar radiation, to store, the bonds of various
compounds, to maintain, to derive from, in particular, to couple, the most
common mediator, markedly, to alter, to inhibit
7. Дайте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний:
Биохимические реакции, физические и химические параметры,
диссоциация, ионная сила, осмотическое давление, эндо- и
экзогенные реакции, катализатор, фермент, источник энергии,
солнечная радиация, свойство, частица, раствор
8. Скажите, в связи с чем употреблены следующие
словосочетания:
a) Osmotic pressure and ionic strength
b) Energy requirements
9. Объясните значение слов exergonic и endergonic
10. Ответьте на вопрос:
What does the rate of biochemical reactions depend on?
11. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
41
Unit 10. THE CELL
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
object, metabolism, virus, organelles, mechanism, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, membrane, colloid, protein,
glycogen, lipid, proenzymes, differentiation, glycocalyx, antigen, cycle,
metabolic
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to include, to be classified, to require, to possess, to contain, to be based on,
to observe, to serve, to behave, to induce, to designate, to be unlimited with,
to undergo, to divide, to restore
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) perpetuation
2) unicellular
3) cell
4) contractile
5) cilia
6) nucleous
7) fragella
8) reproduction
9) differentiated
10) cardiac muscle
11) with respect to
12) untenable
a. сжимающийся, сокращающийся
b. реснички
c. сохранение
d. несостоятельный
e. одноклеточный
f. сердечная мышца
g. жгутики
h. ядро
i. размножение
j. видоизмененный
k. относительно
l. клетка
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст
The Cell
The cell is the principal unit of living objects. The term living
objects includes generally all objects that are capable of metabolism and
42
reproduction. (Thus, viruses cannot be classified as living objects as they
alone, without participation of living cells, are not capable of reproduction).
To support these two basic functions, certain structures designated
as cell organelles were formed in the cell during evolution. They maintain a
coordinated and regulated performance of the partial mechanisms (reaction
processes) required for the perpetuation of basic life functions.
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
The following cell organelles are essential for the existence of
living objects: nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes, lysosomes, and microbodies. Cell membranes, involved not
only in the separation of the living system (cell) from the environment but
also forming defined spaces inside the cell (functional compartments), are
the main supporting structure of all these organelles and participate in the
formation and function of most of them. They often represent up to 80% of
the cell mass. The structureless, colloid system filling the cell space is
designated as cytosol.
Independently living cells (unicellular organisms) usually contain
all the above structures and, in addition, they possess a cell wall and
possibly some contractile structures (cilia and flagella).
The outer part of the plasma membrane binds complex chemical
structures (proteins, glycoproteins), also designated as glycocalyx. They
serve to discriminate between the species' own cells and those of other
species. If these structures enter parenterally higher organisms they behave
as antigens and induce the formation of different specific antibodies in
specially differentiated cells.
43
Starting at its origin from another cell, every all undergoes the socalled life cycle, at the end of which either it divides to give rise to a new
individual or it dies. The duration of this cycle is species-specific and
ranges, according to the present knowledge, from hours to tens of years23.
5. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие с данными ниже
утверждениями, основываясь на информации, полученной из
текста.
a) The cell is the principal unit of animate objects.
b) Cell organelles maintain a coordinated and regulated performance of
the partial mechanisms.
c) Cell membranes are the main supporting structure of all the organelles.
d) Cell membranes participate in the formation of the inanimate objects.
e) A differentiation of functions based on differentiation of structures is
found in multicellular organisms.
f) Every living object is ultimited with respect to the length of its
existence.
6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
a) What does the term “living objects” include?
b) Can viruses be classified as living objects?
c) What are functional compartments?
d) What is cytosol?
e) What serves to discriminate between the species own cells and those of
other species?
f) What can you say about the length of the existence of a living object?
g) What cell organelles do you know? What are their functions?
7. Расскажите, что из себя представляет клетка.
8. Расскажите, как происходит жизненный цикл живого
объекта.
23
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Указ. соч.
44
Unit 11. THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ESSENTIAL TO LIFE
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
nickel, atmosphere, helium, generalization, purines, pyrimidines,
nucleotides, combination, anion, metal
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to occur, to add, to remain, to surprise, to select, to constitute, to gain, to
lead, to explain, to note, to form, to charge, to provide, to require, to
diminish
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
А
1) Building-block
2) To set a limit
3) To be responsible for
4) Living matter
5) In no way
a. обусловливать, быть причиной
b. живая материя
c. зд. основа
d. никоим образом
e. установить предел
B
4. Переведите текст
The Chemical Elements Essential to Life
How many of the naturally occurring elements are essential to life?
After more than a century of investigation the question still cannot be
answered with certainty.
Only some time ago the best answer would have been twenty. Since
then four more elements have been shown to be essential for life, for
example, for the growth of animals, such as fluorine, silicon, tin, and
vanadium.
Nickel is thought by the scientists soon to be added to the list.
In many cases the exact role played by these elements would
remain unknown or unclear. Both chemists and biologists have long been
surprised by the way the evolution has selected certain elements as the
building-blocks of living organisms.
Thus the composition of the earth and its atmosphere obviously sets
a limit on what elements are available.
45
The solar system, like the universe, seems to be 99 per cent
hydrogen and helium. In the earth's crust helium appears to be essentially
non-existent, except in a few rare deposits, hydrogen atoms constituting
only 22 per cent of the total.
Eight elements provide more than 98 per cent of the atoms in the
earth's crust, namely oxygen 47 per cent, silicon 28 per cent, aluminium 7.9
per cent, iron 4.5 per cent, calcium 3.5 per cent, sodium 2.5 per cent,
potassium 2.5 per cent, magnesium 2.2 per cent.
Of these eight elements only five are among the eleven that account
for more than 99.9 per cent of the atoms in the human body.
Two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, account for 88.5 per cent of
the atoms in the human body, hydrogen supplying 63 per cent of the total
and oxygen 25.5 per cent.
Carbon accounts for another 9.5 per cent and nitrogen 1.4 per cent.
The remaining 20 elements now thought to be essential for life account for
less than 7 per cent of the body's atoms.
Silicon is known to be 146 times more plentiful than carbon in the
earth's crust. Silicon like carbon has the capacity to gain four electrons and
form four covalent bonds. Carbon was selected over silicon as the central
building-block. The difference that led to the preference for carbon
compounds over silicon compounds can be explained: 1) by the unusual
stability of carbon dioxide, and 2) by almost unique ability of carbon to
form long chains and stable rings with five or six members.
The versatility of the carbon atom is responsible for the millions of
organic compounds found on the earth.
If some generalization were made about the role of various
elements it would be interesting to note that six elements carbon, nitrogen,
hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulphur make up the molecular
building-blocks of living matter: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, purines,
pyrimidines and nucleotides.
These molecules not only have independent biochemical roles but
also are the constituents of the following large molecules: proteins,
glycogen, starch, lipids, and nucleic acids. This is the first essential group.
The electrochemical properties of living matter depend on elements
or combination of elements that either gain or lose electrons when they are
dissolved in water, thus forming ions.
The principal positively charged ions are provided by four metals:
sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The principal anions (ions
with negative charge) are provided by the chloride ion, sulphur, and
phosphorus. These seven ions maintain the electrical neutrality of a body
46
fluid and cells. This is considered to be the second essential group. The
third group of essential elements consists of the trace elements. The fact
that they are required in extremely minute quantities in no way diminishes
their great importance24.
5. Выпишите названия всех химических элементов,
встречающиеся в тексте; вспомните, как они звучат поанглийски, проверив правильность произношения по
транскрипции, приведенной в прил. 1.
6. Найдите в тексте упражнения 4 следующие слова и
словосочетания, дайте их русские эквиваленты и запомните их:
naturally occurring elements, to answer with certainty, in many cases,
exact, obviously, available, the solar system, the universe, except, the
earth's crust, covalent bonds, long chains, stable rings, versatility, amino
acid, fatty acids, protein, starch, trace elements, in extremely minute
quantities.
7. Найдите пары синонимов и запомните их:
lately, to account for, recently, essential, to provide, to explain, to supply,
amount, important, quantity
8. Найдите пары антонимов и запомните их:
existent, clear, disappear, negative, unlike, charge, appear, like, stable, to
gain, artificial, unclear, unstable, to lose, discharge, positive, non-existent,
natural
24
Мифтахова Н. Х., Английский язык для химико-технологических вузов:
учебник для I-II курсов. Ч.1.- Казань, 2001. - 79 с.
47
9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
a) Is it possible to answer the question about the number of naturally
occurring elements with certainty?
b) What have the chemists and biologists long been surprised by?
c) What does the solar system consist of?
d) Is there much helium in the Earth crust?
e) What eight elements can provide more than 98 per cent of the atoms in
the Earth’s crust?
f) What two elements account for 88.5 per cent of the atoms in the
human body?
g) What element is more plentiful, silicon or carbon?
h) What elements make up the molecular building-blocks of living
matter?
i) What do the electrochemical properties of living matter depend on?
j) What ions maintain the electrical neutrality of a body?
10. Прочитайте текст. Подготовьте рассказ о периодической
таблице Менделеева.
Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to create a periodic table of
the elements similar to the one we use today. The most important difference
between Mendeleev's table and today's table is the modern table is
organized by increasing atomic number, not increasing atomic weight.
Elements in the periodic table are arranged in periods (rows) and
groups (columns). Atomic number increases as you move across a row or
period.
Rows of elements are called periods. The period number of an
element signifies the highest unexcited energy level for an electron in that
element. The number of elements in a period increases as you move down
the periodic table because there are more sublevels per level as the energy
level of the atom increases
Columns of elements help define element groups. Elements within a
group share several common properties. Groups are elements have the same
outer electron arrangement. The outer electrons are called valence electrons.
Because they have the same number of valence electrons, elements in a
group share similar chemical properties. The Roman numerals listed above
each group are the usual number of valence electrons. For example, a group
VA element will have 5 valence electrons.
48
The periodic table helps predict some properties of the elements
compared to each other. Atom size decreases as you move from left to right
across the table and increases as you move down a column. Energy required
to remove an electron from an atom increases as you move from left to right
and decreases as you move down a column. The ability to form a chemical
bond increases as you move from left to right and decreases as you move
down a column25.
11. Выберите правильный ответ на вопрос: “What elements make
up molecular building-blocks of living matter?”
25
http://chemistry.about.com/library/blperiodictable.htm
49
a) Sulphur and phosphorous make up the molecular building-blocks of
living matter.
b) Carbon and nitrogen make up the molecular building-blocks of living
matter.
c) Six elements, namely carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and
sulphur, make up the molecular building-blocks of living matter.
50
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