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Файл:Biotechnology (Биотехнология). Учебно-методическое пособие
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18) willful combination
19) compelling
p) бесполезна в лучшем случае
The idea of nanotechnology was first
20) evocative
q) с самого начала, заново
r) вызывающий воспоминания
s) превратить мечту в реальность
t) растительное волокно
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is available, today, to anyone with a laboratory and
imagination. You can create custom nanomachines with commercially
available kits and reagents. You can design and build nanoscale assemblers
that synthesize interesting molecules. You can construct tiny machines that
seek out cancer cells and kill them. You can build molecule-size sensors for
detecting light, acidity, or trace amounts of poisonous metals.
Nanotechnology is a reality today, and nanotechnology is accessible with
remarkably modest resources.
Nanotechnology is the ability to build and shape matter one atom at
a time.
presented by physicist Richard Feynman. In a
lecture entitled “Room at the Bottom,” he
unveiled the possibilities available in the
molecular world48. Because ordinary matter is
built of so many atoms, he showed that there is
a remarkable amount of space within which to
build. Feynman’s vision spawned the discipline
of nanotechnology, and we are now amassing
the tools to make his dream a reality.
We are now in the midst of the second major revolution of
nanotechnology. Now, scientists are attempting modify matter one atom at
a time. Some envision a nanotechnology closely modeled after our own
macroscopic technology. This new field has been dubbed molecular
nanotechnology for its focus on creating molecules individually atom-byatom.
48
All opening quotes are taken from Richard P. Feynman’s 1959 talk at the
California Institute of Technology, as published in the February 1960 issue of
CalTech’s Engineering and Science.
101
K. Eric Drexler has proposed methods of constructing molecules by
With simple raw materials, he envisions
forcibly pressing atoms together into the desired molecular shapes, in a
process dubbed “mechanosynthesis” for its parallels with macroscopic
machinery and engineering.
building objects in an assembly- line manner by
directly bonding individual atoms. The idea is
compelling. The engineer retains direct control over
the synthesis, through a physical connection between
the atomic realm and our macroscopic world49.
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 4:
1) Nanotechnology is the ability to destroy matter at a time.
2) The idea of nanotechnology was first presented by physicist K. Eric
Drexler.
3) Feynman’s vision spawned the discipline of nanotechnology, and
we are now amassing the tools to make his dream a reality.
4) Atoms are almost unbelievably small; but a million times bigger
than objects in our familiar world.
5) When men and women first restructured matter to fit their needs, an
approach opposite from nanotechnology was taken.
6) Today, chemists build molecules of defined shape and specified
properties.
6. Прочитайте, переведите и озаглавьте текст
Nanotechnology is a new approach that refers to understanding and
mastering the properties of matter at the nano-scale: one nano-meter (one
billionth of meter) is the length of a small molecule. At this level, matter
exhibits different and often amazing properties and the borders between
established scientific and technical disciplines fade. Hence the strong
interdisciplinary character that is associated with nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology is often described as having a “disruptive” or
“revolutionary” potential in terms of its possible impact on industrial
49
EUR 21151. Nanotechnology. Innovation for tomorrow’s world. Luxembourg:
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2004 . 56 pp.
102
production routes. Nanotechnology offers possible solutions to many
current problems by means of smaller, lighter, faster and better performing
materials, components and systems. This opens up new opportunities for
wealth creation and employment. Nanotechnology is also expected to make
some essential contributions to solving global and environmental challenges
by realising more specific-to-use products and processes, save resources
and lower waste and emissions50.
7. Переведите предложения письменно
1. В настоящее время был достигнут огромный прогресс в мировых
нанотехнологических гонках.
2. Нанотехнологии откроют пути к созданию новых продуктов со
значительно усовершенствованными, а иногда и абсолютно
новыми свойствами. Нанотехнологии сыграют решающую роль в
решении проблем 21 века.
3. В равной степени нанотехнологии важны и в обеспечении и в
упрочении позиции наших стран как центров исследований и
инноваций, тем самым способствуя созданию новых рабочих мест.
4. Будущая конкурентоспособность продукции многих важных
промышленных секторов в значительной степени зависит от
исследований и открытий в наномире.
8. Перескажите текст упражнения 4, используя следующие
фразы:
The object of this paper is to present (to discuss, to describe) …
The paper (article, topic) begins with …
The first paragraph deals with …
First the author points out (notes that, describes) …
Then follows a discussion on …
Finally the author admits that …
50
http://www.entrancei.com/career-option/nanotechnology
103
Unit 27. T
HE ATOM: OLD IDEA AND THE NEW REALITY
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
material, philosopher, nanometer, millimeter, mineral, popularity, crystal,
sulphate, structure, complex, microscope
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to contain, to consist, to devote, to publish, to attract, to obtain, to split up,
to arrange, to shake, to visualise, to consider, to develop, to poke, to prod
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
A
1) a wide circulation
2) a single raindrop
3) a regular shape
4) size
5) weight
6) due to
7) snowflake
8) modern analytical devices
9) to attract popularity
10) to obtain direct proof
11) to split up
12) x-ray light
13) living matter
14) an ordered structure
15) to arrange regularly
16) regular patterns
17) a hoax
18) forces of self arrangement
19) to visualize, poke and prod
around
20) the scanning tunnel
a) с помощью
b) правильная форма
c) располагаться упорядоченно
d) широкое хождение
e) живая материя
f) получить прямое доказательство
g) современные аналитические
приборы
h) рентгеновский свет
i) правильный рисунок
j) простая капля дождя
k) размер
l) вес
m) силы самосборки
n) сканирующий туннельный
микроскоп
o) завоевывать популярность
p) упорядоченная структура
q) рассеивать
r) снежинка
s) подделка
B
microscope t) показать, нащупать, подвигать
104
4. Переведите текст
The Atom: Old Idea and New Reality
Our material world is made up of atoms. This was the claim made over
2 400 years ago by the Greek philosopher Democratus. The modern Greeks
expressed their thanks by stamping his effigy on their 10-Drachma coin.
This was in wide circulation, although not in the same numbers as atoms. A
single raindrop contains about 1000000000000000000000 of them, for
atoms are miniscule - only one tenth of a nanometer in size, and a
nanometer measures a mere one-millionth of a millimeter.
A few centuries later, Lucretius, a Roman writer, wrote a poem about
atoms: “The Universe consists of infinite space and an infinite number of
irreducible particles, atoms, whose variety is equally infinite. ... Atoms vary
only in shape, size and weight; they are impenetrably hard, unchanging, the
limit of physical divisibility…”
This was all very well, although it was at that point nothing more than
pure speculation. For a long time, no more thought was given to such
matters.
In the 17th century, Johannes Kepler, the famous astronomer, devoted
thought to snowflakes, and published his ideas in 1611: the regular shape
could only be due to simple, uniform building blocks. The idea of the atom
again began to attract popularity.
Scientists who worked with minerals and crystals took the existence of
atoms as granted. In 1912 however, direct proof was obtained at the
University of Munich: a copper sulphate crystal split up x-ray light in the
same way that the material of an umbrella splits up the light from a lantern the crystal had to consist of atoms, arranged in an ordered structure, like the
yarn in umbrella material, or a pile of oranges in a market.
The reason why the atoms in the crystal arrange themselves so
regularly is simple. The matter makes itself as comfortable as possible, and
the most comfortable way is a regular, ordered structure. Even nuts shaken
in a bowl form regular patterns, and this process is even easier for atoms.
Simple patterns are however not always the ones that are most easily
reproducible. Driven by forces of self-arrangement, the matter of the Earth
has over billions of years taken on a fantastically complex and, in some
cases, even living form.
Modern analytical devices can now visualise such highly complex
components of living matter down to a scale of nanometers.
105
Finally, in the 1980s, an instrument was developed, known as the
scanning tunnel microscope, that can not only visualise the individual atoms
within a crystal - many people considered the first images to be a hoax - but
can also poke and prod them around.
The stage was now set for a radical new departure: nanotechnology51.
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 5:
A single raindrop contains about 1000000000000000000000 of them,
for atoms are miniscule - only one eleventh of a nanometer in size, and
a nanometer measures a mere one-millionth of a millimeter.
Our material world is made up of atoms.
In the 17th century, Johannes Kepler, the famous chemist, devoted
thought to snowflakes, and published his ideas in 1611: the regular
shape could only be due to simple, uniform building blocks.
Scientists who worked with minerals and crystals took the existence of
atoms as granted.
Modern analytical devices can’t still visualise such highly complex
components of living matter down to a scale of nanometers.
6. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту
a. What is an atom?
b. Why do the atoms in the crystal arrange themselves so regularly?
c. What happened in 1980s?
7. Переведите предложения
1. The ratio of the diameter of a magnesium atom to a tennis ball is the
same as that of a tennis ball to the Earth. Just think of that when you next
take a magnesium tablet!
2. Atoms are not generally loved. When we hear about them, we tend to
think of terrible explosions or dangerous radiation. But this only refers to
technologies involving the atomic nucleus. Nanotechnology is concerned
with the shell of the atom, this is the scale at which nanotechnology comes
into play.
51
EUR 21151. Nanotechnology. Innovation for tomorrow’s world. Luxembourg:
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2004 . 56 pp.
106
3. One of the most refined technology on an atomic scale is the
А
В
photosynthesis process, which collects the energy for life on Earth. This is a
matter for every individual atom. Whoever can copy it using
nanotechnology will have unlimited energy for all time.
8. Прочитайте и переведите следующие размерности физических
параметров52:
m – meter
s – second
kg – kilogram
N – Newton
Pa – Pascal
[m/s] – meter to second
[N s/m2] – Newton multiplied by square meter
[Pa s] – Pascal multiplied by second
[m2/s] – square meter to second
[kg/m3] – kilogram to cubic meter
9. Подберите к физическим параметрам из колонки А
соответствующие размерности из колонки В
1) mean fluid velocity
2) characteristic length
3) dynamic fluid viscosity
4) kinematic fluid viscosity
5) fluid density
a) [Pa s]
b) [m]
c) [m/s]
d) [kg/m3]
e) [m2/s]
52
См. Зиятдинова Ю.Н., Валеева Э.Э., Безруков А.Н. The Basics of Process
Technology (Основы технологических процессов): учебное пособие. – Казань:
Изд-во Казан. гос. технол. ун-та, 2008. – С. 10-12.
107
10. Прочитайте и переведите предложения
Eight is the third power of two.
– Восемь представляет собой два в
15 plus 30 is 45
90 minus 45 is 45
9 divided by 3 is 3
22 times 2 is 44
Multiply 8 by 6 and divide the answer by 12.
Add 100 to 50, and subtract the answer from 200.
11. Переведите предложения с помощью примеров, приведенных
выше. Составьте свои математические операции и переведите их
на английский язык
18 ÷ 9 = ?
16.55 - 14 = ?
20 х 4 = ?
Разделите 150 на 3 и умножьте ответ на 10.
Прибавьте 70 к 65 и отнимите ответ от 135.
12. Переведите предложение, используя пример
третьей степени.
(power – степень)
a) Шестнадцать представляет собой четыре во второй степени.
b) Тридцать шесть представляет собой шесть во второй степени.
c) Сто двадцать пять представляет собой пять в третьей степени.
d) Восемьдесят один представляет собой три в четвертой степени.
e) Сто тысяч представляют собой десять в пятой степени.
13. Перескажите текст упражнения 4.
108
Unit 28. EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF NATURE
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
nature, temperature, metallic, ceramics, vacuum, quantum effects,
nanocosmos, nanometre, nanoscopically, catalyst, oxide, ribosome,
popularity
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to be based upon, to restrict, to include, to pass through, to acquire, to
convert, to increase, to be coated with, to reduce, to intimidate
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) to convert light into
2) extreme purity
3) fuel cells
4) to be shaped magnetically
5) laws of day-to-date world
6) wave-like properties
7) semiconductors and isolators
8) surprising properties
9) to be prone to react
10) to be based upon
11) surface tension of water
12) to fluoresce
13) metallic conductor
14) artificial conditions
15) to be in stark contradiction
16) to be coated with other
substances
17) the capabilities of living
nature
a) основываться на
b) металлический проводник
c) возможности живой природы
d) быть готовыми к реакции
e) удивительные свойства
f) противоречить
g) флюоресцировать
h) полупроводники и изоляторы
i) законы повседневного мира
j) превращать свет в
k) волновые свойства
l) топливные батареи
m) искусственные условия
n) наносить на другие вещества
o) абсолютная чистота
p) изменять форму с помощью
магнита
q) поверхностное натяжение воды
109
4. Переведите текст
Exploring the Limits of Nature
Nanotechnology is based upon pure nature: yet the capabilities of
living nature are restricted, it cannot work at either high temperatures, such
as those needed for ceramics, or with metallic conductors. Modern
technology on the other hand has a wide range of artificial conditions
available - extreme purity, cold, vacuum – under which matter reveals some
surprising properties. These include, in particular, quantum effects, which
sometimes appear to be in stark contradiction to the laws of our day-to-day
world. In this way, particles of the nanocosmos can sometimes take on
wave-like properties: an atom, which is apparently a “solid” entity, can pass
through two small gaps at the same time, like a wave, subsequently
emerging again whole on the other side.
Particles acquire completely new properties when their size
approaches a nanometre. Metals become semiconductors or insulators.
Some substances, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), fluoresce in the
nanocosmos in all the colours of the rainbow, while others convert light into
electricity.
When particles become nanoscopically small, the proportion of
atoms on the surface increase greatly in proportion to those inside. Surface
atoms, however, frequently have different properties to those in the centre
of the particle, and usually become much more ready and prone to react.
Gold for instance becomes a good catalyst for fuel cells at nanoscopic sizes.
Nanoparticles can also be coated with other substances, allowing materials
of such composite particles to combine several properties. One example:
ceramic nanoparticles with organic shells, which reduce the surface tension
of water, for the coating of non-misting bathroom mirrors.
Specially-coated nanoparticles of magnetite, an iron oxide, in oil
create a ferro-fluid, a liquid that can be shaped magnetically. Ferro-fluids
are being used in an increasing number of applications, such as sealing
agents in rotary seals for vacuum containers and hard disk housings, or in
adjustable vibration dampers for machines and cars.
Yet nobody should be intimidated by the complexity of
nanotechnology. Even an apple is complicated - cells, ribosomes, DNA which has in no way impaired the popularity of this fruit53.
53
EUR 21151. Nanotechnology. Innovation for tomorrow’s world. Luxembourg:
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2004 . 56 pp.
110
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