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Файл:Biotechnology (Биотехнология). Учебно-методическое пособие
.pdf
7. Ответьте на вопросы
1. Describe how farmers would use selective breeding to create bigger
plants.
2. Explain why selective breeding is an example of biotechnology.
3. How could a person use selective breeding to create a very fast breed of
dog?
4. What are the three drawbacks to the practice of selective breeding?
8. Переведите текст письменно
Для получения наиболее продуктивных форм
микроорганизмов широко применяют методы селекции. Путем отбора
выделяют расы микроорганизмов, наиболее активно синтезирующие
тот или иной используемый человеком продукт (антибиотик, витамин
и др.). Микроорганизмам свойственна изменчивость (мутации). Путем
их отбора получают наиболее активные расы.
Селекция находит широкое применение и в отношении
микроорганизмов, используемых в пищевой промышленности.
Например, путем селекции выделяют наиболее продуктивные формы
дрожжей, повышающие качество хлеба16.
9. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
16
http://bio.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200601204
31
PART 2. BIOCHEMISTRY AS A BASIS
А
B
OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit 7. THE SCIENCE BEHIND BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
organism, chromosome, structure, gene, genome, type, engineering,
cloning, splicing, donor, recipient, protein, popularity
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие выражения:
to be composed of, to determine, to be derived from, to contain, to be
transferred into, to be introduced into, to improve, to serve, to inactivate
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) makeup
2) the greatest discovery
3) genetic trait
4) sexual reproduction
5) individuals of the same
a) особи одного вида
b) важнейшее открытие
c) половое размножение
d) состав
e) наследственная черта, признак
species
4. Прочитайте и переведите цитату. Выучите высказывание
наизусть
“It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.”
Conan Doyle.
5. Переведите текст
The Science behind Biotechnology
All biotechnology is based on the science, or biological functioning,
of organisms17.
17
http://www.aboutbioscience.org/
32
Organisms are composed of cells that contain DNA in their
chromosomes. The structure of DNA molecules holds information that is
used by cells as a formula for the organism, determining the characteristics
of an organism. That information is encoded on the DNA’s genes, which
are derived from a four-letter alphabet (A, C, G and T) and usually contain
between 1,000 and 100,000 letters. The entire makeup of an organism’s
genes is called the genome and can contain between four million letters (for
a simple bacteria) and three billion letters or more (for a human being).
DNA is the same chemically and physically for all organisms. This
fact made possible perhaps the greatest scientific discovery in the field of
biotechnology: learning that DNA from any organism will function if it is
transferred into another organism.
Diverse Fields Contribute to
Molecular Biotechnology
Input
Output
Combining DNA from different organisms in the same species
results in modified organisms with a combination of the parents’ traits. This
sharing has been used since prehistoric times and occurs naturally through
sexual reproduction. However, this type of DNA combination based on
sexual reproduction can occur only between individuals of the same
species. A Holstein cow can be mated with a Hereford bull because the two
animals are different breeds of the same species: cattle.
Modern biotechnology in use today is based on the science of genetic
engineering. Under the umbrella of genetic engineering exists other
technologies, such as transgenics, cloning and many others18.
18
http://www.bic.searca.org/resources/biotechnology.html
33
Cloning Into Bacterial Cells
Restriction
Endonuclease
DNA Ligase
transformation
6. Ответьте на вопросы
1. What sciences are connected with biotechnology?
2. What is the purpose, structure and function of DNA?
3. What connections between biotechnolgy and genetic engineering can
you name?
7. Переведите текст на английский язык
Результаты биотехнологических исследований могут быть
использованы и внедряются:
- в здравоохранении, где продуктами биотехнологии являются
антибиотики, вакцины, ферменты, гормоны, средства доставки
медицинских препаратов к месту локализации болезни;
- в растениеводстве и животноводстве, где успешно
применяются биопестициды, биогумус, кормовые антибиотики,
белково-витаминные концентраты (БВК), исследуются процессы
силосования и сенажирования кормов, создания трансгенных
растений19.
19
Основы биотехнологии: учебно-методическое пособие / А.С. Сироткин, [и
др.]. – Казань: Изд-во Казан. гос. технол. ун-та, 2006.
34
8. Пересказать текст из упражнения 5.
9. Выразите свое отношение к следующим цитатам.
1. "Science is organized knowledge".
2. "Science, at bottom, is really anti-intellectual. It always distrusts the
pure reason, and demands the production of objective facts”
H.L. Mencken
3. "Progress is the mother of problems".
4. "Half a truth is often a great lie".
B.Franklin.
5. "Truth is seldom pure and never simple".
Oscar Wilde.
6. "Nothing is ever all wrong. Even a clock the stops is right twice a day".
35
Unit 8. BIOCHEMISTRY
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
biochemistry, metabolize, genetic, nature, conservation, energy, mass,
thermodynamics, system, entropy, basis, dynamic, material, concentration,
isolated, structure, organic, configuration, formula, reactivity, organelles,
orientation, reaction
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to be described, to differ from, to represent, to communicate with, to be
characterized as, to receive from, to remain, to proceed in, to differ in, to be
composed of, to possess, to be visualized, to bear, to evolve into, to be based
on
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) inanimate
2) integral
3) surroundings
4) to mediate
5) result in
6) visualize
7) milieu
8) to underlie
a. неделимый, неотъемлемый
b. лежать в основе, определять
c. окружающая среда (2 раза)
d. приводить к
e. осуществлять, быть
посредником
f. отчетливо представлять себе
g. неживой, неодушевленный
4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
Biochemistry
Biochemistry can be described as chemistry of living objects (cells
and organisms). Living objects differ from inanimate ones basically in their
ability (a) to metabolize, (b) to reproduce (transmit genetic information). Still,
they are an integral part of nature and, therefore, governed by all the principal
laws of nature, such as the law of conservation of mass and energy and the
laws of thermodynamics.
36
Living objects represent open systems (thermodynamically
speaking) or relatively isolated systems (cybernetically speaking), both of
which means that they can communicate with the surroundings. Such
communication is mediated by substrates (sources of free energy) and by
information (resulting in decreased entropy and increased structuredness of
living systems). This is mainly achieved on the basis of Le Chatelier's
principle and results in a steady state that can be characterized as a
dynamic state of a system which, in a given time interval, receives from the
surroundings the same amount of material and energy as it returns to it so
that concentrations inside the system remain unchanged. This is one of the
features in which living objects differ from inanimate isolated systems
where a time-independent, equilibrium, state obtains. In such systems all
quantities remain constant and all processes come to a stop.
Reactions in living systems are thus seen to proceed in time and
space. According to the degree of their development they differ in the
complexity of their structures.
Living structures are usually composed of simple inorganic and
organic compounds, which possess a certain configuration in space that
cannot be visualized from a structural formula at first sight This is
important to bear in mind, especially in connection with the reactivity of
some compounds in situations where others are nonreactive. The relatively
simple compounds evolved into macromolecules and ultimately into
supramolecular structures which form the basis for the construction of the
fundamental building block of living systems - the cell and its organelles.
The molecules have their definite dimensions and relative orientation which
underlies their function.
The function of living systems is based on biochemical reactions
which take place on the cellular and sub-cellular structure mentioned above
as well as in the soluble milieu of the cytoplasm or of extracellular fluids20.
5. Просмотрите текст, найдите в нем следующие слова и
словосочетания, дайте их русские эквиваленты и запомните их:
To describe, cell, to differ from, ability, to reproduce, to transmit, the
principal law of nature, the law of conservation of mass and energy, to
20
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Microbiology and
Biotechnology: учебно-методическое пособие. Уфа: Изд-во Уфимского гос.
нефтяного техн. ун-та, 2005.
37
represent, this is mainly achieved, a steady state, the same amount, inside
the system, equilibrium, to come to a stop, to proceed, the complexity of the
structure, at first sight, to bear in mind, in connection with, relatively
simple, definite dimensions, to evolve, cellular
6. Дайте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний
Биохимия, химия живых организмов, способность размножаться,
биохимические реакции, внеклеточная жидкость, ориентация в
пространстве, устойчивое состояние, во времени и в пространстве,
атом – молекула – клетка – ткань – орган - система органов –
организм, закон природы, закон сохранения массы и энергии,
открытые системы, сложность структуры
7. Ответьте на вопросы:
a. What is the difference between living objects and inanimate ones?
b. How can a steady state be characterized?
c. What are living structures composed of?
8. Переведите текст на английский язык.
Биохимия – это наука, которая описывает на языке химии
строение и функции живых организмов. Биохимические концепции
находят применение в медицине, пищевой, фармацевтической и
микробиологической промышленности, сельском хозяйстве, а также в
перерабатывающей промышленности, использующей отходы и
побочные продукты сельского хозяйства21.
9. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
21
http://krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/BIOHIMIYA.html
38
Unit 9. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
physical, chemical, parameter, temperature, concentration, ion, buffer,
dissociation, protein, reactivity, optimum, osmotic, ionic, factor, energy,
radiation, aerobic, process, mediator, enzyme
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to take place, to consider, to maintain at, to result in, to proceed at, to
receive from, to affect, to distinguish, to derive from, to be markedly
altered, to interfere, to achieve
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) constancy
2) to meet the reqirements
3) noxious effects
4) buffer system
5) energy requirement
6) oxidation-reduction
processes
7) exergonic
8) endergonic
9) spatial orientation
10) osmotic pressure
11) ATP
a. пространственная ориентация
b. потребность в энергии
c. вредное воздействие
d. постоянство
e. экзотермический
f. АТФ
g. эндотермический
h. осмотическое давление
i. отвечать требованиям
j. окислительно-восстановительные
процессы
k. буферная система
4. Скажите, о чем, судя по заголовку, может идти речь в данном
тексте. Читая текст, найдите подтверждение вашему
предположению.
Biochemical Reactions
Biochemical reactions take place within a relatively narrow range
of physical and chemical parameters. Beside the limited range of
39
temperatures and pressures we must consider the concentration or activity
of hydrogen ions (pH). This concentration is maintained at the required
level by buffer systems obeying the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
the relative constancy of pH being important for preventing dissociation of
biologically active compounds which may result in changes of protein
shape and reactivity (structural stability or enzyme activity). Some
biochemical reactions proceed at the optimum rate only at a given osmotic
pressure and ionic strength in a medium where ions are present at fairly
constant ratios. All these factors affect the properties and possibly the
function of dispersed molecules and, depending on the nature of the solvent
and of the size of solute particles. We can distinguish between true
solutions, colloid solutions, and suspensions.
Biochemical reactions can proceed only if certain energy
requirements are met. The primary source of energy on our planet has
been solar radiation. A part of this energy is now stored as chemical
energy in the bonds of various compounds. Under the present conditions
which are highly aerobic most of (he energy required for maintaining the
structure of living systems derives from oxidation-reduction processes (in
particular from the oxidation of hydrogen by nlinospheric oxygen). The
individual partial reactions are either exergonic (they lake place
spontaneously) or endergonic (they require a supply of energy). Many
reactions can proceed because they are coupled with exergonic reactions.
The must common mediator of such energy transfer is the molecule of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Biochemical reactions proceed at a rate that depends on the
concentration of the reacting molecules and on the rate constants
characterizing the given type of reaction. This rate can be markedly altered
(usually increased) in living systems by the presence of catalysts (enzymes).
Noxious effects of the environment usually interfere at the level of enzymecatalyzed reactions by inhibiting their progress.
The individual reactions taking place in living objects must be
controlled in a very definite way. This is achieved partly by their spatial
orientation (changes in entropy of living systems), partly by alterations in
the rates of reactions22.
22
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Microbiology and
Biotechnology. Указ. соч.
40
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