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Файл:Biotechnology (Биотехнология). Учебно-методическое пособие
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Unit 4. DID PEOPLE FIRST BAKE BREAD BY ACCIDENT
А
B
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
process, organism, dioxide, gas, fermentation, microorganism, dessert,
toast, salad
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to be crushed into, to make, to develop, to be mixed with, to be baked into,
to look like, to cause, to get, to produce
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) bread
2) grain
3) flour
4) dough
5) flatbread
6) yeast
7) fungus
8) croutons
a) лаваш
b) дрожжи
c) хлеб
d) зерно
e) тесто
f) мука
g) гренки
h) гриб
4. Переведите текст
Did People First Bake Bread by Accident?
Another example of an early type of biotechnology is the process of
breadmaking. As with the development of cheese, no one is exactly sure
how bread was first made. It is known that bread has been around for
thousands of years, so its introduction happened long before events were
written down. Archaeologists have had to make an educated guess as to
how ancient peoples came to make bread. It is thought that, like cheese,
early bread was developed by accident, and that this may have happened in
the Middle East (Mesopotamia and Egypt) about 6000 years ago.
Archaeologists think that before bread was developed, wild grains
were crushed into a substance called flour, which was mixed with water to
21
create a type of dough. This dough was baked into flatbreads over fires or
hot stones. These flatbreads did not look like most of the bread we eat
today. The wheat in the bread also changed over time; as ancient people
grew it, the wheat became less like the original wild grain and more like the
grain we now have.
Bread, as we now know it, results from the effect that a tiny
organism has on the dough. This microorganism is a type of fungus (which
is neither a plant nor an animal) and it is called yeast. This fungus is found
naturally in the air and in the ground. Archaeologists propose that when the
dough was left outside long enough, some yeast that was in the air
accidentally landed on the dough, which caused the dough to rise and form
bread. Since then, yeast has been used by people all over the world to make
breads rise.
Like all other living things, yeast needs nutrients and produces a
waste product. In this case, the yeast gets its nutrients when it eats the
sugars in the flour; and it produces carbon- dioxide gas as a waste. This
process is called fermentation. When gas bubbles form throughout the
dough, the whole dough rises, producing the bread that we are familiar with
today. Although there are many species of yeast, the specific kind of yeast
that is used today is S. cerevisiae, commonly referred to as baker’s yeast.
Bread-making is an example of biotechnology because a living
thing (the microorganism yeast) is used to help humans by turning flour and
water into bread. Clearly, bread is an important part of our lives. We may
use different types of bread to make toast, sandwiches, dessert breads, bread
crumbs for stuffing, and even croutons for salads. Just as people have been
doing for thousands of years, bakers also experiment with creating different
types of breads by adding various ingredients such as fruit, honey, spices,
and nuts. Had ancient people not discovered how yeast could make their
bread rise thousands of years ago, we may never have developed such an
important part of our lives11.
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 4.
a. Bread was probably developed on purpose.
b. Before bread was developed, ground grains and water were baked over
fires to produce flatbreads.
c. Yeast is found only in ground.
11
Biotechnology: with student activities. Laura M. Johnson, 2011.
22
d. The process that makes bread rise is called fermentation.
e. The substance that causes bubbles to form in the dough is hydrogen
gas.
6. Ответьте на вопросы (множественный выбор)
1). Where was bread-making probably developed in
a. Egypt and Mesopotamia b. South Africa c. China d. Australia
2). How many years ago did the discovery of bread probably occur?
a. 2000 b. 4000 c. 6000 d. 10,000
3). The substance that makes bread dough rise is called
a. bacteria b. grains c. yeast d. flour
4). The species of yeast that is commonly referred to as baker’s yeast is
named
a. S. cerevisiae b. E. coli c. P. shermanii d. B. yeastisiae
7. Ответьте на вопросы
a. Describe how archaeologists think bread was developed.
b. Explain how the activity of yeast causes dough to rise.
c. Explain why bread-making is an example of biotechnology.
8. Переведите текст письменно
Хлеб — один из старейших приготавливаемых продуктов,
появившийся ещё в неолите. Первый хлеб представлял собой подобие
запечённой кашицы, приготовленной из крупы и воды, а также мог
стать результатом случайного приготовления или намеренных
экспериментов с водой и мукой12.
9. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
12
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хлеб
23
Unit 5. HOW WAS PENICILLIN’S SPECIAL PROPERTY
А
B
DISCOVERED
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
respiratory, infection, doctor, antibiotic, laboratory, bacteria, experiment,
penicillin, practice, medicine, extract, test
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to prescribe, to get better, to kill, to make sick, to take something for
granted, to occur, to examine, to observe, to grow, to absorb, to move on, to
extract from, to treat, to cure, to contribute
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) substance
2) discovery
3) petri dish
4) sample
5) peculiar
6) mold (mould)
7) alive
8) to survive
9) scratch
10) drug
a) лекарство
b) плесень
c) выжить
d) открытие
e) вещество
f) царапина, рана
g) образец
h) живой
i) чашка Петри
j) особенный
4. Переведите текст
How Was Penicillin’s Special Property Discovered?
If you have ever been sick with an ear or respiratory infection, a
doctor may have prescribed an antibiotic to help you get better. An
antibiotic is a substance that kills the bacteria that can make people sick.
(The prefix anti means “against”; you have already learned that bio- means
“living things.”) While you might take this medicine for granted, there was
a time when a simple infection could kill a person because doctors had no
24
treatment for it. That is, until a discovery occurred one summer day at a
laboratory in England.
In 1928, a British scientist named Dr. Alexander Fleming made a
very important, yet accidental, discovery that forever changed our lives.
Fleming had been studying bacteria. That summer, before he left for a
vacation, Fleming left some petri dishes filled with samples of bacteria out
on his workbench. When he returned, Fleming observed that a type of mold
called Penicillium notatum had landed in the dish and that there were no
bacteria growing around it. A mold is a microorganism that, like yeast, is a
type of fungus. The mold gets its nutrients by absorbing them from other
organisms. The mold may have come in through an open window or
through air vents. Fleming realized the great potential of a substance that
could prevent the growth of bacteria, but he could not extract enough of it
from the mold to use in his own experiments.
It was not until 1939 that two scientists, Dr. Howard Florey and Dr.
Ernst Chain, working together in England were able to extract the bacteriakilling substance from the mold. They called that substance with medicinal
properties penicillin.
Once they had a big enough sample of the penicillin, Florey and
Chain needed to test it on mice before they could consider giving it to
people. To do their experiment, the doctors injected eight mice with a type
of bacteria called Streptococcus. Then they injected four of the eight mice
with penicillin and left the other four untreated. The following day, the four
mice treated with penicillin were alive and no longer had a bacterial
infection. However, the four mice that did not get the penicillin did not
survive. This experiment demonstrated the potential medicinal value of
penicillin.
Penicillin was used in World War II for people fighting in the war.
It saved the lives of many who would have otherwise died from infections.
All three scientists who contributed to the discovery of penicillin
(Dr. Fleming, Dr. Florey, and Dr. Chain) were awarded the Nobel Prize in
Medicine in 1945. The development of penicillin is considered an example
of biotechnology because part of a living thing (an extract from a mold) was
used to help cure people of their bacterial infections. Penicillin has saved
the lives of many people (and animals), and because of this it is sometimes
referred to as a “wonder drug”13.
13
Biotechnology: with student activities. Laura M. Johnson, 2011.
25
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 4
a. In the word antibiotic, the prefix “anti-” means for.
b. Before penicillin, bacterial infections were never deadly.
c. The medicine penicillin is made from a substance extracted from yeast.
a. Dr. Fleming’s discovery was an accident.
b. In Florey’s and Chain’s experiment on mice, none of the mice that were
given penicillin lived.
c. For their work, all three scientists involved in the discovery of penicillin
were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
6. Ответьте на вопросы (множественный выбор)
1). Dr. Fleming discovered penicillin in the year
a. 1928 b. 1939 c. 1941 d. 1945
2). The species of microorganism that landed in Dr. Fleming’s petri dish
was
a. Streptococcus b. Penicillium notatum c. P. shermanii d. S. cerevisiae
3). Penicillin comes from the type of organism that is called a
a. plant b. mold c. mammal d. bacterium
7. Ответьте на вопросы
1) Why did Dr. Fleming suspect that there was something about the mold
Penicillium notatum that could kill bacteria?
2) Briefly describe how Dr. Florey and Dr. Chain tested penicillin on
mice.
3) In the experiment on mice, why did the researchers give only half of
the mice injections of penicillin and leave the other half untreated?
4) What were the results of the experiment on the mice?
5) Why is the development of penicillin an example of biotechnology?
8. Переведите текст письменно
В 1928 году Александр Флеминг проводил рядовой эксперимент
в ходе многолетнего исследования, посвященного изучению борьбы
человеческого организма с бактериальными инфекциями. Вырастив
колонии культуры Staphylococcus, он обнаружил, что некоторые из
чашек для культивирования заражены обыкновенной
26
плесенью Penicillium — веществом, из-за которого хлеб при долгом
лежании становится зеленым. Вокруг каждого пятна плесени Флеминг
заметил область, в которой бактерий не было. Из этого он сделал
вывод, что плесень вырабатывает вещество, убивающее бактерии.
Впоследствии он выделил молекулу, ныне известную как
«пенициллин». Это и был первый современный антибиотик14.
9. Перескажите текст из упражнения 4.
14
http://elementy.ru/trefil/21188
27
Unit 6. SELECTIVE BREEDING AS A FORM OF
А
B
BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов,
определите их значение:
selective, type, gene, physical, energy, organism, result, to effect, to select,
ideal
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы:
to produce, to create, to resemble, to change, to benefit, to look at, to hunt
for, to run down, to breed, to ensure, to be crossed
3. Подберите словам и словосочетаниям из колонки А
эквивалентный перевод в колонке В
1) selective breeding
2) mammal
3) breed
4) trait
5) to mate
6) offspring
7) reproduction
8) seeds
9) inbreeding
10) to resemble
11) drawback
a) размножение
b) порода
c) недостаток
d) походить на
e) черта, особенность
f) семена
g) млекопитающее
h) селекция
i) потомство
j) межродственное скрещивание
k) спаривать
4. Переведите текст
Selective Breeding as a Form of Biotechnology
Dogs are one of the most varied mammal species, with at least 400
different types, or breeds. From Poodles to Chihuahuas to Great Danes, all
these types of dogs are very different, yet they are all the same species.
How did we get so many varieties? The answer is selective breeding.
Selective breeding is the process by which two organisms with desirable
traits are mated, or bred, to produce offspring with those same desired
28
traits. Offspring is a word that refers to the one or more organisms that are
produced by reproduction. In humans, the offspring are babies. The
offspring of two dogs are puppies. The offspring of two plants would be the
seeds that can grow into new plants.
Selective breeding is nothing new. This technique of creating an
ideal organism has been around for thousands of years; it started when
farmers tried to grow the biggest and best types of plants and animals. For
example, farmers noticed that if they used the seeds (kernels) from only the
biggest corn plants, the corn produced from those seeds generally would
also be big. Over time, when this process was repeated, larger varieties of
corn were developed. People noticed the same process with animals. If
shepherds bred together two animals that were the biggest of their kind,
their offspring would usually be big, too. However, people also realized that
if they bred animals that were too closely related (a process called
inbreeding), they could obtain offspring that had severe health problems
and/or deformities.
Early farmers and shepherds realized that plants and animals passed
on some sort of information to their offspring that made the offspring
resemble their parents. Although these people did not know it, what these
organisms were passing on to their offspring were their genes (the
instructions for all traits). In animals, these genes control both the physical
and behavioral traits. Physical traits are how an organism looks (such as its
size, shape, color of fur, and so on). Behavioral traits are how an organism
acts (such as its aggressiveness, level of energy, hunting ability, type of
movement, and so on).
Selective breeding is an example of biotechnology because people
change an organism, over time, in order to benefit their own needs in some
way. For example, let us look at dogs. Thousands of years ago, people
hunted for their food. They needed a dog that was very fast so that it could
help them run down the animal they were trying to hunt. To create a type of
dog that was very fast, those people chose to breed only the fastest dogs that
they had with other fast dogs. This would help to ensure that the dogs’ traits
(that is, genes) that made them fast would be passed on to their offspring.
One of the oldest and fastest dog breeds, the Saluki, is an example of a
breed that was created by people (in the Middle East) who selectively bred
very fast dogs together over a long period of time.
You can see the effects of selective breeding in many other
common organisms, for example, apples, potatoes, cows, and sheep. All of
these life-forms now look very different from how they used to look
thousands of years ago, as people actively selected for different traits, such
29
as size, color, and taste. As a result, we now have many different varieties
of plants and animals.
As useful as selective breeding has been to creating ideal organisms
for people, there are also some drawbacks. It takes a very long time to
create a new type/breed of an organism. Only organisms of the same
species may be crossed. Crossing closely related organisms in the hope of
passing on a desirable trait may pass on undesirable traits as well15.
5. Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными в
соответствии с текстом упражнения 4
a. The Poodle, Chihuahua, and Great Dane are not in the same species.
b. Selective breeding has been around for thousands of years.
c. When selective breeding was first started, it was used to develop
smaller plants and animals.
d. Breeding closely related animals can create offspring with no health
problems.
e. The Saluki was selectively bred to be a very slow dog.
f. It usually takes a very short time to create a new breed of organism.
g. Selective breeding is a process that is very recent.
h. A type of behavioral trait is an animal’s ability to pick up scents and
follow them.
i. Selective breeding takes only a short amount of time.
6. Ответьте на вопросы (множественный выбор)
1). The offspring of a plant would be its
a. puppies b. seeds c. babies d. mold
2). The first people to use selective breeding of plants and animals were
a. scientists b. doctors c. farmers d. teachers
3). Which of these organisms has changed in appearance over time because
of selective breeding?
a. apples b. corn c. dogs d. all of these
15
Biotechnology: with student activities. Laura M. Johnson, 2011.
30
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