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Файл:Этика и эстетика в туризме (на английском языке) = Ethics and Aesthetics in tourism (in English). Конспект лекций для обучающихся 3 курса образователь.pdf
When a business acquaintance exchanged business cards. When you do this,
you must specify the imprint on the back of business cards in the Chinese language.
When greeting in China accepted the Exchange a handshake. When the first
shake the hand of the most high-ranking persons.
At the initial stage of the negotiations, considerable attention is paid to the
appearance of the partners and the manner of their conduct. On the basis of that
attempts to determine the status of each participant. Focus on people of higher status.
Allot of people expressing sympathy for their side, so that through them you can have
an impact on the opposite side.
The Chinese side usually has well trained specialists in commercially and
experienced personnel. They have extensive information and negotiation process
refer to the previously concluded advantageous contracts for themselves.
Women in business have equal rights with men.
In China it is not customary to bring flowers to the mistress.
Final decisions shall be taken by a Chinese partner is not at the negotiating
table, while at home or in the restaurant, which will be filed at least 25 dishes. The
guest must gradually try everything. Defiantly you cannot refuse. Guest gets up from
the table first.
Gifts made to do the entire organization rather than a person.
1 October-the anniversary of the revolution of China.
Approval of the agreements on the part of the leadership is practically
mandatory. The Chinese side attaches great importance to and implementation of the
agreements reached. Chinese long mulling the decision. When the decision was
adopted, the word becomes so strong as agreement on paper.
Arab countries
For the Arabs, one of the most important elements of the negotiations is to
establish trust between partners. For businessmen of Arab countries are characterized
by a sense of dignity, respect and proper attitude towards their colleagues. They work
together on an issue trying to devise a collective point of view. They have strong
local and national traditions. This feature affects when negotiating. They are sensitive
to issues related to national independence. For example, Kiss the toes indicates the
highest praise. To ask for silence in Saudi Arabia, need to blowing on the fingertips.
One of the Arab-Egyptian communication styles.
Egypt-ancient hotbed of human civilization. For the Egyptians characteristic
sense of national pride following the historical traditions of his country. Another
feature of the Egyptians is the adoption of a strong Board, third-hard and fairly
developed administrative rules of conduct. These features of the Egyptians in the
conduct of their impact negotiations. They painfully react on issues related to national
independence. Reject all what is seen as interference in their internal affairs.
During the talks the Arabs often ask questions about health and the health of
his family partner. You should respond to them briefly, but do not ask such questions.
Of all the types of interaction with partners, the Arabs prefer to bargain.
Arabs-polite people. Almost all businessmen speak English and French.
Business cards are in both English and Arabic.
In Arab countries, a foreigner cannot address with questions or requests to a
woman, since it is considered indecent. All business contacts only with men. Almost
all Arab women do not occupy any position in business life.
In Iraq, women occupy senior positions in public organizations more often.
In Iran, Pakistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Sudan, women in business have
no role. In the United Arab Emirates woman in business in theory, in practice a
woman in business life is rare.
In Egypt, women in business is gradually emerging, with more trained than
men. But until the woman works there, as a rule, in the post of Secretary.
In Iran women hands does not serve and eyes don't look. In business they have
no role.
Paying tribute to the tradition, the Arab businessman when we first met. A
follow-up meeting, chatting can be carried out less than cordially. The Arabs did not
give clear answers "Yes" or "no" and expressed "As Allah will. In the behavior of the
strong Islamic traditions which have an impact on the course and nature of the
negotiating process.
In Egypt, the style guide-patriarchal. One man decides everything, despite the
fact that there are many people in the negotiations.
In Arab countries prefer coffee without sugar, very sturdy, with plenty of
cardamom. After drinking a cup of coffee, after thanking the host, the guest even
pour coffee. And it will continue until the guest does not drink coffee from one of the
coffee pot. To this did not happen, the guest will need to turn the Cup upside down or
push it from side to side. The food at the table decided to take only his right hand, the
left is considered "impure". The dish would be removed from the table if the guest
took from him the food with your left hand. When the coffee offer refreshing drinks,
this means that the meeting is coming to an end. Right hand exchange business cards,
stretch money or a gift. The left hand is considered "impure", so that, without
knowing it, your conversation partner can cause offence. If you want to do business
with the Arabs, not sitting on the leg, putting the leg so that it was visible to the sole.
You should not send flowers to someone else's wives and manage their health.
Questions for self-check:
1.National peculiarities of ethics. Dress Code of the company and the image of
the organization.
2. Peculiarities of the national ethics of business partners.
3. National culture of entrepreneurship.
3. What and under which circumstances is possible to adopt from the foreign
business experience in the process of tourist business formation.
LECTURE 3.3. ETIQUETTE AND AESTHETICS IN TRAVEL
INDUSTRY.
1.The history of the etiquette, types of the etiquette.
2.Morality and etiquette in travel industry.
3.National peculiarities of the etiquette.
4.Aesthetic, its role in the society and importance for the business of tourism.
The history of etiquette
Etiquett is a code of behavior that delineates expectations for social behavior
according to contemporary conventional norms within a society, social class, or
group.
The French word étiquette, literally signifying a tag or label, was used in a
modern sense in English around 1750. Etiquette is the behaviour that assists survival
and has changed and evolved over the years.
In the 3rd millennium BC, Ptahhotep wrote The Maxims of Ptahhotep. The
Maxims were conformist precepts extolling such civil virtues as truthfulness, selfcontrol and kindness towards one's fellow beings. Learning by listening to everybody
and knowing that human knowledge is never perfect are a leitmotif. Avoiding open
conflict wherever possible should not be considered weakness. Stress is placed on the
pursuit of justice, although it is conceded that it is a God's command that prevails in
the end. Some of the maxims refer to one's behaviour when in the presence of the
great, how to choose the right master and how to serve him. Others teach the correct
way to lead through openness and kindness. Greed is the base of all evil and should
be guarded against, while generosity towards family and friends is deemed
praiseworthy.
Confucius (551–479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and
philosopher whose philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality,
correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity.
Baldassare Castiglione , count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat,
soldier and a prominent Renaissance author, who is probably most famous for his
authorship of The Book of the Courtier. The work was an example of a courtesy
book, dealing with questions of the etiquette and morality of the courtier, and was
very influential in 16th century European court circles.
Louis XIV (1638–1718) "transformed a royal hunting lodge in Versailles, a
village 25 miles southwest of the capital, into one of the largest palaces in the world,
officially moving his court and government there in 1682. It was against this aweinspiring backdrop that Louis tamed the nobility and impressed foreign dignitaries,
using entertainment, ceremony and a highly codified system of etiquette to assert his
supremacy.”[3]
During the Enlightenment era, a self-conscious process of the imposition of
polite norms and behaviours became a symbol of being a genteel member of the
upper class. Upwardly mobile middle class bourgeoisie increasingly tried to identify
themselves with the elite through their adopted artistic preferences and their standards
of behaviour. They became preoccupied with precise rules of etiquette, such as when
to show emotion, the art of elegant dress and graceful conversation and how to act
courteously, especially with women. Influential in this new discourse was a series of
essays on the nature of politeness in a commercial society, penned by the
philosopher Lord Shaftesbury in the early 18th century. Shaftesbury defined
politeness as the art of being pleasing in company:
'Politeness' may be defined a dext'rous management of our words and actions,
whereby we make other people have better opinion of us and themselves.
Periodicals, such as The Spectator, founded as a daily publication by Joseph
Addison and Richard Steele In 1711, gave regular advice to its readers on how to
conform to the etiquette required of a polite gentleman. Its stated goal was "to enliven
morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality... to bring philosophy out of the
closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at teatables and coffeehouses" It provided its readers with educated, topical talking points,
and advice in how to carry on conversations and social interactions in a polite
manner.
The allied notion of 'civility' – referring to a desired social interaction which
valued sober and reasoned debate on matters of interest – also became an important
quality for the 'polite classes'. Established rules and procedures for proper behaviour
as well as etiquette conventions, were outlined by gentlemen's clubs, such as
Harrington's Rota Club. Periodicals, including The Tatler and The Spectator, infused
politeness into English coffeehouse conversation, as their explicit purpose lay in the
reformation of English manners and morals. Etiquette is the virtue of morality and
code of behaviour.
It was Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield who first used the word
'etiquette' in its modern meaning, in his Letters to His Son on the Art of Becoming a
Man of the World and a Gentleman. This work comprised over 400 letters written
from 1737 or 1738 and continuing until his son's death in 1768, and were mostly
instructive letters on various subjects. The letters were first published by his son's
widow Eugenia Stanhope in 1774. Chesterfield endeavoured to decouple the issue of
manners from conventional morality, arguing that mastery of etiquette was an
important weapon for social advancement. The Letters were full of elegant wisdom
and perceptive observation and deduction. Chesterfield epitomised the restraint of
polite 18th-century society, writing, for instance, in 1748:
I would heartily wish that you may often be seen to smile, but never heard to
laugh while you live. Frequent and loud laughter is the characteristic of folly and illmanners; it is the manner in which the mob express their silly joy at silly things; and
they call it being merry. In my mind there is nothing so illiberal, and so ill-bred, as
audible laughter. I am neither of a melancholy nor a cynical disposition, and am as
willing and as apt to be pleased as anybody; but I am sure that since I have had the
full use of my reason nobody has ever heard me laugh.
By the Victorian era, etiquette had developed into an exceptionally
complicated system of rules, governing everything from the proper method for
writing letters and using cutlery to the minutely regulated interactions between
different classes and gender
Manners are described as good or bad to indicate whether or not a behavior is
socially acceptable. Every culture adheres to a different set of manners, although a lot
of manners are cross-culturally common. Manners are a subset of social norms which
are informally enforced through self-regulation and social policing and publicly
performed. They enable human ‘ultrasociality’ by imposing self-restraint and
compromise on regular, everyday actions.
It is possible to specifically outline three manner categories; hygiene, courtesy
and cultural norms, each of which help to account for the multifaceted role manners
play in society. These categories are based on the outcome rather than the motivation
of manners behavior and individual manner behaviors may fit into 2 or more
categories.
Hygiene Manners – are any manners which affect disease transmission. They
are likely to be taught at an early age, primarily through parental discipline, positive
behavioral enforcement of continence with bodily fluids (such as toilet training), and
the avoidance or removal of items that pose a disease risk for children. It is expected
that, by adulthood, hygiene manners are so entrenched in one’s behavior that they
become second nature. Violations are likely to elicit disgust responses.
Courtesy Manners – demonstrate one’s ability to put the interests of others
before oneself; to display self-control and good intent for the purposes of being
trusted in social interactions. Courtesy manners help to maximize the benefits of
group living by regulating social interaction. Disease avoidance behavior can
sometimes be compromised in the performance of courtesy manners. They may be
taught in the same way as hygiene manners but are likely to also be learned through
direct, indirect (i.e. observing the interactions of others) or imagined (i.e. through
the executive functions of the brain) social interactions. The learning of courtesy
manners may take place at an older age than hygiene manners, because individuals
must have at least some means of communication and some awareness of self and
social positioning. The violation of courtesy manners most commonly results in
social disapproval from peers.
Cultural Norm Manners – typically demonstrate one’s identity within a specific
socio-cultural group. Adherence to cultural norm manners allows for the demarcation
of socio-cultural identities and the creation of boundaries which inform who is to be
trusted or who is to be deemed as ‘other’. Cultural norm manners are learnt through
the enculturation and routinisation of ‘the familiar’ and through exposure to
‘otherness’ or those who are identified as foreign or different. Transgressions and
non-adherence to cultural norm manners commonly result in alienation. Cultural
norms, by their very nature, have a high level of between-group variability but are
likely to be common to all those who identify with a given group identity.
Rules of etiquette encompass most aspects of social interaction in any society,
though the term itself is not commonly used. A rule of etiquette may reflect an
underlying ethical code, or it may reflect a person's fashion or status. Rules of
etiquette are usually unwritten, but aspects of etiquette have been codified from time
to time.
The etiquette of business is the set of written and unwritten rules of conduct
that make social interactions run more smoothly. Office etiquette in particular applies
to coworker interaction, excluding interactions with external contacts such as
customers and suppliers. When conducting group meetings in the United States, the
assembly might follow Robert's Rules of Order, if there are no other company
policies to control a meeting.
These rules are often echoed throughout an industry or economy. For instance,
49% of employers surveyed in 2005 by the American National Association of
Colleges and Employers found that non-traditional attire would be a "strong
influence" on their opinion of a potential job candidate.[29] Business Etiquette at
companies such as IBM influence global business etiquette and professional
standards.[30]
Both office and business etiquette overlap considerably with basic tenets
of netiquette, the social conventions for using computer networks.
Business etiquette can vary significantly in different countries, which is
invariably related to their culture. For example: A notable difference between
Chinese and Western business etiquette is conflict handling. Chinese businesses
prefer to look upon relationship management to avoid conflicts– stemming from a
culture that heavily relies on guanxi (personal connections) – while the west leaves
resolution of conflict to the interpretations of law through contracts and lawyers.
Adjusting to foreign etiquettes is a major complement of culture shock,
providing a market for manuals. Other resources include business and diplomacy
institutions, available only in certain countries such as the UK.
In 2011, a group of etiquette experts and international business group formed a
non-profit organization called IITTI (pronounced as "ET") to help human resource
(HR) departments of multinationals in measuring the etiquette skills of prospective
new employees during the recruitment process by standardizing image and etiquette
examination, similar to what ISO does for industrial process measurements.
Etiquette in retail is sometimes summarized as "The customer is always right."
There are always two sides to the case, of course, and it is a credit to good
manners that there is scarcely ever any friction in stores and shops of the first class.
Salesmen and women are usually persons who are both patient and polite, and their
customers are most often ladies in fact as well as "by courtesy." Between those before
and those behind the counters, there has sprung up in many instances a relationship of
mutual goodwill and friendliness. It is, in fact, only the woman who is afraid that
someone may encroach upon her exceedingly insecure dignity, who shows neither
courtesy nor consideration to any except those whom she considers it to her
advantage to please.
Aesthetics is the study of beauty. Beauty is important in life because it is
representative of our values. Values are beautiful because they define our actions
through life. The study of Values could be called Ethics.
The beauty in ethics is that we can discover the best course of action in every
circumstance, even before we experience it. With ethics we are able to define the
nature of our values and allow them to shape us into the essential goodness that we
have within ourselves.
Aesthetics and Ethics rhyme... there is probably a reason for this. Greek and
Latin root words carry similar meanings and since these words rhyme they have
similar root words in them.
The aesthetic of ethics is utility and pragmatism. The ethics of aesthetics is
biological adaptation and symbolism.
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature
of art, beauty and taste and with the creation or appreciation of beauty.
In its more technical epistemological perspective, it is defined as the study of
subjective and sensory-emotional values, or sometimes called judgments of sentiment
and taste. Aesthetics studies how artists imagine, create and perform works of art;
how people use, enjoy, and criticize art; and what happens in their minds when they
look at paintings, listen to music, or read poetry, and understand what they see and
hear. It also studies how they feel about art—why they like some works and not
others, and how art can affect their moods, beliefs, and attitude toward life. The
phrase was coined in English in the 18th century.
More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on
art, culture and nature". In modern English, the term aesthetic can also refer to a set
of principles underlying the works of a particular art movement or theory: one
speaks, for example, of the Cubist aesthetic.
Some separate aesthetics and philosophy of art, claiming that the former is the
study of beauty while the latter is the study of works of art. However, most
commonly Aesthetics encompasses both questions around beauty as well as questions
about art. It examines topics such as aesthetic objects, aesthetic experience, and
aesthetic judgments. For some, aesthetics is considered a synonym for the philosophy
of art since Hegel, while others insist that there is a significant distinction between
these closely related fields. In practice, aesthetic judgement refers to the sensory
contemplation or appreciation of an object (not necessarily an art object), while
artistic judgement refers to the recognition, appreciation or criticism of art or an art
work.
Philosophical aesthetics has not only to speak about art and to produce
judgments about art works, but also has to give a definition of what art is. Art is
an autonomous entity for philosophy, because art deals with the senses (i.e. the
etymology of aesthetics) and art is as such free of any moral or political purpose.
Hence, there are two different conceptions of art in aesthetics: art as knowledge or art
as action, but aesthetics is neither epistemology nor ethics.