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Файл:Этика и эстетика в туризме (на английском языке) = Ethics and Aesthetics in tourism (in English). Конспект лекций для обучающихся 3 курса образователь.pdf
Misunderstanding of gestures can cause suspicion, fear, resentment and even
aggression on the part of man, is expressed in different gestures.
Gait is a stable fixation of the gestures, peculiar cartogram personality.
Educated people has a smooth, firm and soft tread.
The gait should be easy and natural, without any affectation and easily *. While
avoiding any unnecessary movements, walking around the body give this situation
that would constitute one harmonic whole. Every lady and girl should follow to gait
she had a graceful, smooth.
Straight posture, flexible and measured the movement-the main components of
beautiful gait. Balzac called gait physiognomy of its body, with its constituent
rhythm, dynamics, pitch, amplitude of body transfer in motion weighing.
Gait is judged on mood, health, his age, nature. According to
A.K. Tarasova: "not everyone can find physical well-being even if internal
concentration. You should be able to manage your body movement".
The absence of a culture of movement difficult language.
Gait of a woman should be easy. This should only move the legs rather than the
head, hips, hands. Stepping on the full foot. Your knees should fully be straightened.
Regardless of heel height, a woman should not be mincing to "tiptoe" or stomping
heels. Of course, gait more graceful woman who wears shoes with high heels and
narrow skirt.
Footwear significantly affects gait. Weight step shoes with rigid, bowing not
sole or on very high heels. Should be agreed upon by the movement of the upper and
lower extremities. When walking your hands, elongated in the elbow joint and
brushes with freely bent fingers (not compressed in a fist) are close to the body,
almost touching it.
Natural and easy gait, posture helps a woman look slim and attractive. Always
ensure that when walking back was straight, tummy slightly retracted, knees straight
but without tension, arms slightly bent at the elbows.
Men are attracted to women with a gait easy shake your hips.
High heel makes your feet beautiful, visually extending them. When the
muscles of the calves and buttocks tighten, making the ankle more subtle,
harmonious silhouette.
Heel stud is called one of the most common and powerful erotic symbols.
About gait daughter Princess Ligovskoj Mikhail Lermontov in his work "a hero
of our time," writes: "Its easy, but a noble gait had something Virgin, the nostalgia
from the definition, but the friendly gaze.
And G. Pechorina said: "It was my gait and lazy, but I noticed that he wasn't
waving-a sure sign of some stealth nature."
Man, confident, goes fast, arms hanging loosely, Chin lifted. Conversely,
depressed, crestfallen man goes, dragging his feet, his hands in his pockets, his head
bowed low. Anxious people begging around back, forward.
Facial expressions (from Greek -Mimetic) expressive movement
facial muscles, which are one of the forms of manifestation of feelings, human
sentiment. Through an expression eye face passed a different state of mind of the
person: joy, anger, sadness, fear, skepticism, etc.
The main characteristic of facial expressions is its integrity and dynamism.
According to
In a Labunskoj, in mimic terms, the six basic emotional States (anger, joy, fear,
suffering, of surprise and disgust) all movements of the facial muscles are coordinated.
All people, regardless of nationality and culture in which they grew up, with
sufficient accuracy and consistency interpret the mimic expression configuration as
appropriate. The main informative load bear eyebrows and lips. The easiest way you
can identify the emotions of joy, surprise, disgust, anger, harder-sadness and fear.
A kind of mimičeskim familiar to people is smile. It improves mood and
performance. Facial expression helps to create the appropriate mood. Facial muscles
are closely associated with the structures of the brain. It has been proved that when
the image on the face of joy in humans include mechanisms to ensure that the natural
smile. Human Mood improves.
Reddening occurs due to the weakened muscle of small arteries, filling the
capillary vessels. This attenuation depends on the excitation of the
sosudodwigationah centres. The small vessels are filled with the blood under the
influence of emotions of shame almost all human races. On the faces of black little
noticeable.
Ashampoo person cannot meet the gaze with the audience, so it almost always
lowers her eyes and looks askance. Sudden redness is sometimes accompanied by a
small selection of tears, restless eye movement.
These emotional signals are barely noticeable. High brows and talk about
embarrassment, confusion, surprise.
With facial expressions very closely linked view or Visual contact.
American psychologists r. Èkslajnom and l. Vintersom shows that the view is
associated with the process of forming speech and difficulty of the process. When a
man only generates thought, he often looks away ("space"), when the thought fully
prepared, the interlocutor. Hearing the same more looks toward the speaker and "send
feedback".
Using the eye passed the most accurate and open signals from all human
communication signals, because eyes occupy a central position in the human body
and the pupils behave completely independently. Communicating, people seek
reciprocity and experiencing discomfort if it is missing.
When a man is aroused, his pupils dilate and, conversely, angry, dark mood
causes them to shrink. Expansion and contraction of the pupils is not controlled by a
person.
View serves as a means of establishing contact, interaction, synchronization
means of obtaining feedback information and that partner "enabled" in the
communion, listens, understands.
Long fixed look in the eyes-the desire to subjugate his allotted towards opinion
could mean stealth or disagreement.
Distinguish views: business, casual or social and intimate.
Business view covers the "symbolic" triangle on the face of the interlocutor:
forehead-pupil-pupil the right eye the left eye-brow head should look at the slave
business.
If the eyes are moving on the face of the interlocutor through eye-mouth, this
informal (social) opinion. We use them at receptions, parties, etc.
Intimate view passes through the eye line and dips below the mouth. The
lower, the intimnee.
According to Stanislavsky, look-it is direct communication in its purest form,
from the soul-soul. A lot of figurative expressions available in poetry, fiction of
female sorcery, against whom could not resist neither epic nor mortal people
This is explained by the fact that the view is carried out psychological pressure,
that is powerful in its concentration of fluid emission. Psychological effect of the
look is enhanced by the fact that he usually carries information. Indeed, thanks to the
world view is accessible so as to be informative. In everyday communication can
always be witness just how diverse and robust information transmitted.
Modern ethnographers believe that all civilizations are divided into two groups
depending on the direction of their gaze while communicating with others.
One direct look at conversation in the eyes of the interlocutor (Arabs,
Europeans, Latinos). But the duration of a different view. The Russians, the Swedes
are looking more and more than the British.
Other peoples during the conversation view is directed towards the (Japanese,
Korean). Representatives of these two civilizations opinion understand differently.
They feel cocky impolite to look straight in the eye.
For Africans eye contact when communicating is not optional. Talking, nigger
looks straight in the eye to the Europeans, American. It speaks about respect. Asian
women do not look in the eyes of men, and men in the eyes of women. But the
husband to his wife could look in the eye, and it is not.
Studies show that people increasingly looking to the questioner that he doesn't
like, or that he does not trust. But there are cases when a person stares angrily, with
rejection on the one who is the object of his irritation.
The closer together the sides stand, the more sympathetic and friendly they are.
If a person does not look straight in the eye, it is cheating. But there are cases
where people will be lowering his eyes and give them away and speak lies, and vice
versa, a timid man, speaking the truth, will be lowered eyes. So you need to be alert,
aware, if possible.
View looking out into space, peeping at his watch, said about boredom.
Look over the points valid for the interlocutor. He feels guilty, fold your hands
on his chest, puts a leg up on leg.
Covered eyes indicate human uncertainty. At a closed man lips tightly
compressed, upset-corners of the mouth are omitted.
If the interlocutor while talking down forever, means he doesn't want to
continue the conversation. He feels his superiority. His head laid back, look down
upon.
There are instances where the body language specifically taught to achieve
favourable impressions, such as Miss America contestants, Miss Universe. Than with
great skill the contestants will be able to transmit these signals, the more points they
will receive from the judges. But mimic the desired movement can only be for a short
time. Soon the body involuntarily will give signals contrary to his conscious actions.
Some politicians to gain voter location copy body language ... Such people say that
they have a "God's gift".
Prosodic and non-linguistic means
Prosodic is the common name of these rhythmic and intonational parties speech
as height, volume, voice tone, timbre, the intensity of the stress.
Extra-linguistic is inclusion in speech pauses, as well as various kinds of
psychological manifestations of man: crying, coughing, laughing, breath, etc.
By means of regulated flow of speech, language, communication tools are
saved they complement, replace and anticipate speech utterances express emotional
States. The enthusiasm, joy and distrust are passed in a high voice. The same high
voice with a wider range of tone, strength and height of sounds transmitted anger and
fear. However, the relationship between the voice and the character so far clearly has
not been established. Clear and crisp pronunciation clear utterance of sounds, as well
as endings and particles, i.e. distinct articulation points to internal discipline, a
conscious stance, at the same time can be a reflection of the lack of liveliness. Speech
speed also reflects feelings: fast, it is emotion, concern about anything or personal
problems. Slow speech indicative of depression, grief, arrogance or fatigue. Quiet,
slow manner of talking point to calm, serenity, thoughtfulness, intelligence of the
interlocutor. Slowing it (and gestures) shows "inclusion of reverie" internal brakes
about said loss of confidence, obedience due to fatigue or exhaustion. Marked
fluctuations in the rate of speech can be a sign of balance, human excitability.
The accelerating pace of speech (and gestures) indicate that talking all
immersed in the subject of conversation, inspired by what says.
Lively, brisk (until with hasty) manner of speaking, fast paced speech indicate
that interlocutor people temperamental, impulsive, live confident, smoothly expressed
(if undisturbed flow of speech). At the same time, restless, indiscriminate manner of
speaking, almost always accompanied by excessive metal, voice reveals the timidity
(only possible in this situation), uncertainty or anxiety, haste, impermanence,
uncontrollable.
A well-trained man can voice to determine the psychological moment motion
pronouncing one or another phrase, and by observing gestures during speech, can
determine what the voice says people. Therefore, we must not forget that sometimes
the gestures and movements can contradict that tells the voice. Therefore, it is
necessary to control the process and sync it.
The richness of language provides various possibilities for man describing
myself. The more human language words and expressions relating to his inner world,
to the features of his personality, the more it allows the language to understand the
change yourself, the more the differences between themselves and other people he
may notice. People differ in their use of opportunities given to them by language. The
Manager must know the consequences of drinking words and choose the ones that
work on creation, and not to destruction.
Proxemics communication
Proxemics (near) explores the location of people in space communication. This
concept was introduced in the early 60-ies. American anthropologist Edward Hall
includes into proxemics characteristics the orientation of the partners in the moment
of contact and distance between them.
People like animals, fish, birds, has a specific airspace around his body, as well
as personal territory, apartment, House, etc.
Mental and ethical comfort in the process of communication is largely
determined by the distance between interlocutors. Knowledge of distance-norm
approximation to man called distances, to predict the reaction of people in the process
of communication.
Regardless of area of residence, the personal dimensions of spatial territory of
average human social standards are the same in principle. It can be divided into four
clear spatial zones:
intimate (from 0 to 45 cm), including the over-intimate zone (0-15 cm)communication with close people;
personal or personal (46-120 cm)-chat with acquaintances; social (120-400
cm)-communicating with strangers and these people; public (over 400 cm)communication lecturer with listeners, etc.
For different peoples these spatial zones are different. For example, North
Americans intimate zone more than Latinos or Japanese. Not tolerate close quarters
introverts.
There are a number of unwritten rules of conduct for Europeans in the face of
overcrowding, for example, in the bus or elevator: with no one allowed to talk, even
with acquaintances; It is not recommended to look at on the other;
a person must be totally impartial, no emotion is not permitted; the closer in
transport, the movement of people should be more reserved; in the elevator should
look only at the pointer.
Perceiving non-verbal information, it should be borne in mind that this is first
and foremost a signal that requires attention. But before you begin to respond to this
signal, it must be considered in the overall context of conversations and in
comparison with other means of communication.
Knowledge of non-verbal means of communication will help business people
to properly assess behaviours, improve relationships with them.
Questions for self-check:
1.What do you understand under communication?
2. What are the main aims and functions of communication?
3.What classifications of interlocutor’s type can you name?
4. Interaction and perception their types and functions.
5.Which communicative styles can you name?
6.What non-verbal types of communication do you know?
LECTURE 3.2. CROSS-CULTURAL ETHICS IN TOURISM.
1. National peculiarities of ethics.
2. Dress Code of the company and the image of the organization.
3. National culture of entrepreneurship.
3. What and under which circumstances is possible to adopt from the foreign
business experience in the process of tourist business formation.
Every nation has its own customs, traditions, culture, political and State
structure. With the development of civilization, the nature of the negotiations and
processes associated with the interpenetration of national styles of communication,
are of great importance. Features based on business etiquette and business ethics are
not only a tradition, but also the national character. Ignorance of national peculiarities
of business communication can produce partner’s unwelcome impression both at the
stage of the negotiating process and in the implementation of these joint projects.
Business done on the economic and ethical basis. It is unacceptable to violate
the generally accepted rules of entrepreneurship in Commerce.
The main indicators of effective entrepreneurship-practical results are: profit,
professional satisfaction, adoption of positive reputation in society, among the
partners, the creation of a Monetary Fund strength of firm or enterprise.
To succeed in business Swedish business people tend to try to learn several
foreign languages, primarily English and German.
When going abroad, you should be familiar, at least in general terms, with
national customs and traditions, characteristic features of the visited country. For
example, it should be borne in mind that Italian businessmen are sensitive enough to
observe the basic rules of business ethics. In Kuwait there is no nightlife. Open doors
working premises for Americans are perceived as the norm, the Germans-as a degree
of disorder. Americans, Japanese are accustomed to working in spacious premises
where everything is in sight, and the Germans, by contrast, were closed to the public.
Loud conversation of American or Italian may be received by an Englishman as a
sign of bad manners.
In Sweden commonly referred to as a partner by name until he himself will not.
In Italy, in Angola calling cards have been little used and in Colombia they hand over
even the doorman. In Israel, the business people invited to the dinner. Work items the
Israelis are discussing at the table, and Hungarians-in the Office. Hungarian party
negotiations almost always considers himself an aristocrat and ashamed to keep
niggling Torg. Many business questions Finns decide the restaurant or sauna
In Norway, the guest of honor at a reception sits to the right of the hostess, and
in China he first tries to dish and the first leaves from the table.
Business representatives should not only know the rules of etiquette, but also
strictly observe them in their practice.
European business culture
England
The British are characterized by efficiency, veneration of the property,
traditions, courtesy, law abidingness . Business people of England the most qualified
in the European business world. They receive professional and psychological
training, training in specialized educational establishments, where carefully worked
out tactics and strategy for business negotiations. In interviews, the British
appreciated listening in business relations-punctuality. Punctuality-rigid rule English
style of communication. Long-standing English tradition is restraint in judgment as a
mark of respect to the interlocutor.
Compliance with formalities-it's a lifestyle. Refer to them by name only after
obtaining special permission.
The British imposed a guaranteed handshake in business Protocol.
English style of negotiation is characterized by the fact that British
businessmen have little time give training talks. They believe that during the
negotiation process, there may be the best solution. They were engaged in
negotiations, involving numerous background and statistical material, in every
position, capturing every detail to reduce risk when making a decision.