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Файл:Этика и эстетика в туризме (на английском языке) = Ethics and Aesthetics in tourism (in English). Конспект лекций для обучающихся 3 курса образователь.pdf
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for the society in which it operates, in addition to providing employment, profits and
respect for the rule of law. The Organization should devote part of its resources and
efforts on social channels. Organizations must sacrifice for the benefit and
improvement of the society.
Thus, social responsibility implies a certain level of voluntary response to
social problems by Organization (charity auctions, charity, support of social projects,
the responsibility for its products).
Social Survey of executives of American companies showed that they felt
pressure to increase the social responsibility of economic institutions and regard it as
having great significance in establishing the relationship of business and society.
European institutions have already taken numerous steps in the sphere of
voluntary participation in the life of society. For example, the firm Johnson and
Johnson withdrew from the production and sale of seized capsules "Tylenol" when
found traces of cyanide. That decision cost the company 50 million dollars. Head of
firm J. E. Burke then said: "it is important to demonstrate that we are taking all
possible steps to protect people and that more do we simply cannot".
Company Levi Strauss is the largest clothing manufacturer in the world . In
1984 he allocated 2.4% of their income on multilateral philanthropy in the
communities in which firms conduct their operations.
It is important to stress that the socially responsible behaviour are not only
large organizations. Small enterprise, which allowed the tour to familiarize
schoolchildren with his work is socially responsible. It may be and medical facility of
any pattern of ownership, sending their employees in high school to discuss with
students possible ways for the development of health care, In the sphere of service
and tourism, museums can introduce the days, when the entrance is free etc.
However, it is out of question that profit is important to the survival of
businesses. But be that as it may, the organization should conduct its business in
accordance with community expectations. This view is reflected in the following
statement by Edward J. Harnesa, head of the firm "Procter and Gamble": "the
company management is obliged to use all their talent to give the highest priorities of
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profit and development. However, it must also be sufficiently wide views that, in the
interests of your company realize the importance of compliance with any reasonable
expectation, formed against it within the local community and various sectors of
society concerned. Open recognition of priorities and socially responsible behaviour
of the company ensure that it successfully achieves important secondary objectives.
Profitability and development go hand in hand with the honest attitude to employees,
users of all levels and the local community ".
Code of ethics of the company. "Take care of its staff and customers, and the
market will take care of you." The golden rule is followed by the managers of
commercial enterprises that make up the pride of American business and this policy
is not less effective than a hard financial or administrative control. A central element
of such a policy is ethical management firm (enterprise, tourist company, hotel chain,
travel agency etc. ).
In the countries with developed business infrastructure they are taking different
measures to enhance the characteristics of the ethics of managers and rank-and-file
workers. Such measures include the development of ethical standards, the
establishment of ethics committees, conducting social audits and training of ethical
conduct.
The documents, regulating ethical behavior of the company are as follows:
the mission statement, the code of ethics of the employees, the code of ethics of a
manager, global codes of ethics in tourism, goodwill of the company
A mission statement is a short statement of why an organization exists, what
its overall goal is, identifying the goal of its operations: what kind of product or
service it provides, its primary customers or market, and its geographical region of
operation. It may include a short statement of such fundamental matters as the
organization's values or philosophies, a business's main competitive advantages, or a
desired future state—the "vision".
A mission is not simply a description of an organization by an external party,
but an expression, made by its leaders, of their desires and intent for the organization.
The purpose of a mission statement is to communicate the organisation's purpose and
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direction to its employees, customers, vendors, and other stakeholders.A mission
statement also creates a sense of identity for its employees. Organizations normally
do not change their mission statements over time, since they define their continuous,
ongoing purpose and focus.
Example of the mission statement:
“Our mission is to establish and execute a tourism policy which is based on the
principles of sustainable tourism development to contribute to economic growth
whilst respecting the heritage and environment of the Maltese islands.”
The Minister of tourism of Malta
Ethical standards constitute a system of common values and rules, which are
designed to describe the goals of the Organization, the establishment of normal
ethical atmosphere and determine ethical recommendations in decision-making
processes. To prohibited unethical behavior typically include: bribery, extortion,
fraud, use of information received in confidence conversation, wrongful conduct,
illegal payments to political organizations, etc.
Ethics committees there are daily practice for evaluation from the point of
view of ethics. Almost all members of such committees are the top-level managers.
some organizations do not create such committees, but hiring a specialist in business
ethics, which is commonly called the ethics counsel. the role of a lawyer is to
perform the functions of a "social conscience" of the company, i.e. the formulation of
judgements on the level of morality in action.
Social Audit is proposed for assessing and reporting on the social impact of
action and programs of the organization. It is considered that such reports may
indicate a level of social responsibility of the company.
Teaching ethical behavior officers of all ranks assumes familiarity with the
ethics of business and increasing their sensitivity to the ethical issues that can arise in
front of them.
According to a study by the European Centre for business ethics, "corporations
are much more concerned about the ethics of today than in the past, they have taken
particular steps to introduce ethics in their practice". And despite the fact that the
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press is replete with examples of unethical and unlawful behaviour of employees at
all levels of organizations of various types, in business there are examples of ethical
action staff.
The ethics of corporate behavior.
Alfred Marshall (British Economist of the 19th century, a representative of the
Cambridge School of political economy): "even the most are purely economic
relationship in life involve honesty and truthfulness and many of these relationships
require if not noble, then at least the absence of meanness ".
On the first place in the management of the company should be the internal
order. The firm's code of ethics can be formulated as follows: the company will not
tolerate the immoral or illegal actions taken to misrepresented understood its benefits
or for personal gain: the company's reputation above any benefits. The company and
the employee should be a boon for each other.
Mutual care firm (senior management) and employees should be as follows:
the company has an active social policy and employees comply with the code of
conduct, a tradition established in the enterprise.
Building a social policy, company management must comes from the
understanding that it is possible to force subordinates to come to service six times a
week and set working day lasting 10-12 hours, but you can't force anyone "placed" in
the workplace: a good, responsible work is a voluntary contribution, which is
possible only when an employee feels cared for, feels a co-owner of the company.
Attention to staff and the trust, as the practice shows, give tangible results:
production efficiency and, ultimately, higher income of the enterprise and the
employee.
In 80-ies. The 20th century took place in the press reported that the company
"tandem computer successfully competes with IBM on its traditional markets, as has
made at the highest level of service. And all because its founder Jimmy Trejbit
adheres to the five truths: 1) all people are good; 2) workers, managers and the
company is an integrated whole; 3) each corporation must understand its events; 4)
all employees of the company should benefit from its success; 5) task managers is to
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create an atmosphere in which all of the above.
E. Carnegie, stressing the importance of the human factor in manufacturing,
said: "leave me a factory, but take away my people and soon the floors in the
workshops of zarastut grass. Take away my factories, but leave me my people — and
soon we will have new plants much better past ".
In Corporation with a highly developed culture accepted work well. It's not that
there's more to pay. In her guide gives workers feel that they are is the most
important asset of the company. Employees pay for their devotion, which is what the
company promotes its own staff, prefers to raise qualification or repurpose if
necessary (e.g. in case of reorganization of production) their employees, rather than
replace them with new personnel. Good companies try to create favorable material
conditions to their staff (to participate in the profits, increase the pension funds, pay
bills, doctors assume disability payments, etc.). For example, the well-known
company producing office equipment Hewlett-Packard introduced in the early 90-ies.
cash profit-sharing plan under which the company distributes among 12% of pre-tax
profits. Within a short period of time, thanks to this plan, the average salary in the
company rose by 7%. Optionally, workers can spend up to 10% of their earnings to
purchase shares of the company (for company employees allowance exists: for every
$ 3 the company adds $ 1).
However, all such privileges entitled staff only if they support the company
image and do not violate its laws.
The main, the most common rules of conduct include: strict compliance with
the labour regime; Professional and responsible performance of their duties; the
constant improvement of their skills; participation in public events; protection of
interests of the company.
Information security as one of moral precepts in the information society.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries. of particular importance is the protection of
information. Our civilization is entering a new era where information is the backbone
of the economy and the main value of the Corporation. It is known that a fourfold
increased information leads to doubling of production. The world practice shows,
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that the loss of 20% of the information leads to the ruin of the company at 60 times
out of 100. Firms interested in competitiveness, trying to ensure the effective
protection of their information and to monitor its use. one aspect of such activities is
to work with frames they are charged with the duty of non-disclosure of business
secrets and business information.
Classified information shall be transferred to the category of protected. In
some countries it is protected by law (United States, Germany, China), the other is
the control over the observance of secrecy is based on the "code of conduct" (Japan).
In Russia the information property protection system has not yet developed and for
this period are carried out by order of the head of the company (firm), which lists
information relating to trade secrets. However, it may not relate to information about
directions of activity of the company, because this can lead to the concealment of
facts liable to cause damage to society.
Trade secret arises when some information of interest to the enterprise and is
subject to high competitiveness in the industrial market. Accordingly, a trade secret
is deliberately concealed information about economic interests and different sides
and areas of activity of the company, that is due to the possible threat of economic
security firm. Secrecy under the conditions of market relations protects the
manufacturer from unfair competition: the hidden use of trademark, counterfeiting of
products, deceptive advertising, bribery, blackmail, etc.
Classified as secret in the interest of the company subject to and business
information. In the first place stands out information that may lead to bankruptcy is
the so-called "know-how" (from the English. know - how , literally — know how to):
documented technical expertise of the firm behind its activities. Confidential
information includes information about the development prospects of the firm and its
clients, the amount of lending. Publication of this information leads to the loss of the
enterprise financial stability for some time. Is not subject to dissemination of
information, coupled with adverse effects, namely addresses and home telephone
numbers of employees, current work plans, information on industrial conflict.
In addition to personnel, information leakage may occur through information
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processing systems, in particular through computer tools. In modern science emerged
the concept of computer ethics. it represents a professional code of ethics in the
field of information and computer activities, defines responsibility for failure and
mistakes in the operation of computer programs. In general computer ethics poses the
question about the proper use of information in the information society (creating,
distributing, maintaining, protection). One of the challenges in this regard is the issue
of accountability: who is responsible for the faults in the machine, with its flexible
mathematical software or person that merely monitors the correct functioning of the
technical means? The issue remains controversial.
Questions for self-check:
1.The definition of the corporate ethics and the corporate culture.
2. Origin of the social responsibility.
3. The Code of ethics and other ethical normative acts in business.
4. Informational security and the Code of ethics.
5.The essence of the social and moral culture of the business person/
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LECTURE 2.2. PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS
1. Professionalism as a moral value of a person.
2.Origin of the professional ethics, types of professional ethics.
3. Code of ethics in tourism.
Professionalism as a moral characteristic of a person. Society can function
properly and grow only through the continuous process of production of material and
spiritual values and the well-being of society and individual social relations largely
depend on moral qualities of the employees and their relationship at work, both with
clients and within the enterprise.
Professional ethics governs the moral attitudes of people in the labour market:
occupational, economic (entrepreneurial), managerial, scientific, artistic, service and
tourism etc.
Professional ethics is a set of moral standards that define the relationship of
man to his professional duty, as well as to people with whom he is associated,
because of the nature of their profession and, ultimately, to society as a whole.
The professional ethics examines:
— relations of labor collectives to society;
— the attitude of an individual expert to society;
— moral quality of the specialist for best performing professional duties;
— relationship of experts and people who are the target of their activities.
Society regards moral qualities of an employee as one of the leading elements
of his suitability. Elevated moral requirements to occupations like "man-man", i.e.
connected with responsibility for human lives that require high consistency in the
actions (health, education, management, transportation, and personal services).
People of this type "invade" into the inner world of human and moral responsibility
here becomes crucial. For example, when we communicate with a seller, a guide, a
travel agent, you want them not only to perform their duties, but also to be polite and
courteous with us. When we choose educational institution for our children, then we
are looking for not just a good school, but for good, kind, attentive tutors and
teachers. When we decide which doctor to ask for medical help, we are looking for
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not just a first-class specialist in the area, but careful, patient person, capable of
human sympathy.
Types of professional ethics. Typological analysis of human activities
highlights the main types of ethics and every kind of human activity correspond to a
certain types of ethics. Consider the basic kinds of professional ethics.
1. Medical Ethics (focuses on human health, its preservation and
improvement).
2. Teaching ethics (considering teacher as a carrier of profound and
comprehensive knowledge, demanding and magnanimous person).
3. Ethics of a scholar (assumes social responsibility, civil courage, integrity).
4. Creative ethics (expects creative professionals — actors, artists, writers —
preaching the higher values).
5. Engineering ethics (implies responsibility for the invention which is the
security, copyright, confidentiality of information).
6. Judicial ethics (based on the principles of humanism, fidelity to the spirit and
the letter of the law).
7. Business ethics or business ethics (requires awareness of the usefulness of
businessman labour, respect for the rule of law, Government, social order, property,
another personality).
Professional ethics is a concretization of common ethical standards caused by
specificity of personal relationships and professional codes.
Professional code (PC) is a standards of conduct (rules, designs, standards),
prescribing a certain type of moral relationships that appear to be optimal from the
point of view of the performance of their professional activities.
There is, for example a doctor’s PC (Hippocratic oath), the basic principle of
"do no harm!" code (oath), enjoining them always and everywhere to defend the
interests of their country, etc.
PCs can be in the form of statutes, regulations, and instructions. In addition,
professional relationship is governed by various sanctions (promotion, stimulation,
punishment, etc.).
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PCs can be developed:
— at the level of a firm, enterprises and organizations (e.g., the Charter of JSC
"Neva cosmetics");
— at the sectoral level (for example, universally accepted principles of
business securities);
— at the regional level (e.g., code of honor, Bashkortostan entrepreneurs);
— International (for example, the World Tourism Organization Code of
Ethics).
The specificity of business ethics. A particular manifestation of ethics supports
business ethics. Frequently, as identical, used the concept of "economic ethics",
"business ethics", "ethics of market" etc. So the concept of "business people" and
"Entrepreneur", "businessman", we'll use as identical.
The specificity of business ethics is due to the need for the regulation and
organization of economic activity, which involves, firstly, compliance with specific
functions; secondly, with the technological process; thirdly, the need to achieve
specific performance. The market is a local social system, which should be rationally
understood from the standpoint of morality.
Problem of correlation between economics and morality is an ancient problem.
This problem worried medieval theologians, however, they argued that "making
money" hoarding wealth subject to moral condemnation: the money is from the devil.
The formation of new economic relations in Europe in the 16th century — capitalism
of the epoch of industrialists is closely linked with the emergence of Protestantism.
Denying the medieval views, Protestantism has made possible the formation of
business ethics as a result of moral consecration desire for profit. The desire for profit
and God were not only compatible but also interdependent. And reward financial
success was interpreted as a sign of God's location. The idea that moral people will be
lucky in business and good hustlers are, certainly, good ethically was important
dimension of the current economic situation under capitalism. Capitalism has
provided moral competence of "making money".